语言学-反义词 13页

Antonymy\nDefinitionofantonymyThreemainsub-types:GradableantonymyComplementaryantonymyConverseantonymy\nDefinitionAntonymyisconcernedwithsemanticopposition.\n(1)Gradableantonymy等级反义关系Featuresofthem:First,GRADABLE.Thatis,themembersofapairdifferintermsofdegree.每对的成员在程度上有区别。（1）Thedenialofoneisnotnecessarilytheassertionoftheother.对一方的否定并非是对另一方的肯定。(2)canbemodifiedby“very”(3)havecomparativeandsuperlativedegrees(4)intermediatedegreesmaybelexicalized(sometimes)\nExamples:good:bad;long:short;big:smallwet-moist-dampish-dryfree-unfree-enslavedrich-well-to-do–welloff-moderatelywealthy-comfortableoff–hardup\nSecond,antonymysofthiskindaregradedagainstdifferentnorms.这种类型的反义词以不同的规范划分等级Criterionvarieswiththeobjectdescribed.Forexample:thecompartionbetweenabigcarandasmallplane\nThird,onememberofapair,usuallythetermforthehigherdegree,servesasthecoverterm.一对反义词中，通常那个较高程度的词用作覆盖整个量级的术语。Thecovertermiscalled“unmarked”i.e.usual覆盖性词称为“无标记词”，即一般词汇。Thecovered“marked”被覆盖的词语称为“标记词”。Unmarkedmarked名词：manwomanauthorauthoresslionlioness形容词：oldyoungwidenarrowdeepshallow名词：length长度height高度width宽度Examples:Howoldareyou?Howtallishisbrother?Howdoyoulikeyourfood?\nComplementaryantonymy互补反义关系Threefeatures:First,Themembersofapairarecomplementary.每对之间互补。(1)Theassertionofonemeansthedenialoftheother,andthedenialofonemeanstheassertionoftheother.(2)can’tbemodifiedby“very”(3)Donothavecomparativeandsuperlativedegrees(4)DonothaveintermediatedegreesEg:alive-deadmale-femalepresent-abscenttrue-false\nthegradablev.sthecontrarythecomplementaryv.sthecontradictory\nSecond,thenorminthistypeisabsolute.划分规范是绝对的。Third，thereisnocovertermforthetwomembersofapair.一对成员没有一个覆盖性词语。\nConverseantonymy反向反义词（1）Themembersofapairdonotconstituteapositive-negativeopposition.每对反义词当中的成员并不构成肯定-否定的对立。（2）Theyshowthereversalofarelationshipbetweentwoentities.表现两个实体之间的一种反向关系。A.reciprocalopposites:buy-sellgain-lossgo-comeB.Spatialopposites:infrontof-behindabove–belowC.Socialopposites:husband–wifeteacher-studentdebtor–creditorfinance-fiancee\n(3)Gradableorcomplementaryantonymyscanconcernonlyoneside.Butconverseantonymysalwaysabouttwosides.Eg:Weichengishandsome.Iborrowedthebookfrommyroomate.\nthankyou!