〖西南大学〗2019年[0057]《英语词汇学》大作业（资料）内附答案 39页

【西南大学】[0057]《英语词汇学》试卷总分:100得分:100第1题,【单项选择题】Inthe19thcentury,goldwasfirst________inCalifornia.A.discoveredB.uncoveredC.recoveredD.incovered正确答案:A第2题,【单项选择题】“loseface”isa(n)_________.A.alienB.translationloanC.denizenD.semanticloan正确答案:B第3题,【单项选择题】TheUnitedNationshasappealedforhelpfromthe________community.A.intra-nationalB.in-nationalC.internationalD.within-national正确答案:C第4题,【单项选择题】Comeon!Cheerup!Don’tjustsithereasstiffasa________.A.kingB.queenC.patientD.poker正确答案:D第5题,【单项选择题】Youwerenotseriouslyinjured.Don’tmakea_________outofa_________.A.mountain,molehillB.molehill,mountainC.hill,molehillD.mount,molehill正确答案:A第6题,【单项选择题】WhichofthefollowingwordsisINCORROCTinwordformation?nA.unhorseB.unmannedC.unfrostD.unhappy正确答案:C第7题,【单项选择题】Thefigureofspeechemployedin“Myfatherisasanitaryengineer”is________.A.hyperboleB.metonymyC.litotesD.euphemism正确答案:D第8题,【单项选择题】Afteramealinarestaurant,youaskthewaiterforthe_________.A.billB.noteC.receiptD.menu正确答案:A第9题,【单项选择题】Wordswithsuchclustersas“ch”,“ph”,“pn”,“rh”asinchasm,phone,pneumaticandrhetoricaremostprobablyof_________origin.A.LatinB.GreekC.ChineseD.German正确答案:A第10题,【单项选择题】Ifthey_______ouroffer,wewill________theirgoods.A.reject,refuseB.refuse,rejectC.reject,rejectD.refuse,refuse正确答案:B第11题,【单项选择题】Weeventuallyranoutofpatiencewithhis________behaviour.A.childB.childishC.childynD.childlike正确答案:B第12题,【单项选择题】Hewas________ofhavingaskedsuchasillyquestion.A.ashamedB.miserableC.sorryD.guilty正确答案:A第13题,【单项选择题】Itookonlya_________ofbeanswithmeandleft.A.handB.handyC.handedD.handful正确答案:D第14题,【单项选择题】Themissilesmissedtheir_________,sotheresearchgroupdidnotreachits_________.A.target,targetB.goal,goalC.target,goalD.goal,target正确答案:C第15题,【单项选择题】Contrary________publicopinion,thisareahaslongbeenaheavenforallformsofinsectlife.A.toB.withC.atD.for正确答案:A第16题,【单项选择题】Nonewideas_______fromthemeeting.A.submergedB.emergedC.mergedD.immerged正确答案:B第17题,【单项选择题】Whichofthefollowingwordshasgonethroughthesemanticchangenofsubjectification?A.maidB.cornC.veryD.gossip正确答案:C第18题,【单项选择题】Havinglostthematch,theteamwenthomein________spirits.A.darkB.deepC.lowD.empty正确答案:C第19题,【单项选择题】TheOldEnglishwordstānmeans________inmodernEnglish.A.stoneB.stainC.staligD.stole正确答案:A第20题,【单项选择题】Afterhisrecoveryfromillness,he________hisformerposition.A.assumedB.presumedC.consumedD.resumed正确答案:D第21题,【单项选择题】In“Elizabethcouldhearvoicesthroughtheopendoor”,theworddoormeans________.A.themoveablebarrierintheentrancetoabuilding,room,cupboard,car,etc.B.thepanelboardC.thechanneltoacertainplaceD.Noneoftheabove正确答案:A第22题,【单项选择题】Amongthesynonymousgroup,oldman,daddy,dad,fatherandmaleparent,________wouldmostprobablyusedbyalawyerinthecourt.A.dadB.oldmannC.fatherD.maleparent正确答案:D第23题,【单项选择题】Whichofthefollowingusuallyappearsinpoems?A.horseB.steedC.gee-geeD.nag正确答案:D第24题,【单项选择题】Themaincharactersinthenovelseemsotruetolife,butactually,theyareentirely________.A.imaginaryB.imaginativeC.imaginedD.imaginable正确答案:A第25题,【单项选择题】Mrs.Smithisafraidthatsheandherhusbanddon’tsee________onNewYearResolutions.A.facetofaceB.eyetoeyeC.backtobackD.hearttoheart正确答案:B第26题,【判断题】ManywordsinEnglishvocabularyarecompositional.A.√B.×正确答案:√第27题,【判断题】IntheMiddleEnglishperiod,Englishlostmostofitsinflections.A.√B.×正确答案:√第28题,【判断题】deeroriginallyreferstoawildanimalofanykind.A.√B.×n正确答案:√第29题,【判断题】LatinelementwasfirstbroughtintoEnglishbyGermanictribes.A.√B.×正确答案:×第30题,【判断题】timeandtideusedtobesynonymoustoeachother.A.√B.×正确答案:√第31题,【判断题】VIPisanacronym,formedbytakingthefirstlettersofaseriesofwordsandpronouncedasasingleword.A.√B.×正确答案:×第32题,【判断题】LondondialectbegantospreadasStandardEnglishintheMiddleEnglishperiod.A.√B.×正确答案:√第33题,【判断题】Amongapple,Fujiapple,fruitandfood,fruitisthebasiclevelcategoryandtherestarethesubordinatecategories.A.√B.×正确答案:×第34题,【判断题】FarewellisshortenedfromFaretheewell.A.√B.×正确答案:√第35题,【判断题】Comparativelyspeaking,askismoreformalthaninterrogate.A.√B.×正确答案:×n第36题,【判断题】Themeaningsofawordformanetworkinwhicheachmeaningenjoysthesamestatus.A.√B.×正确答案:×第37题,【判断题】houseisthesuperordinateofwall,roof,floor,etc.A.√B.×正确答案:×第38题,【判断题】“Justasecond!”isacaseoflitotes(understatement).A.√B.×正确答案:√第39题,【判断题】fall,meaningAutumn,isconvertedfromtheverbfallwhichmeans“droporcomedownundertheinfluencegravity”.A.√B.×正确答案:×第40题,【判断题】Inthesentence,“IpresumethatyouareDr.Livingstone”,presumecanbereplacedby“suppose”.A.√B.×正确答案:√第41题,【判断题】air-conditionerisawordderivedfromadding–ertoair-condition.A.√B.×正确答案:×第42题,【判断题】Aword,carforexample,maymeandifferentlytodifferentpeople.A.√B.×正确答案:√n第43题,【判断题】Comparedwithhorse,gee-geeisstylisticallymoreformal.A.√B.×正确答案:×第44题,【判断题】Wordswithpeculiarclusters,suchas“ch”,“ph”,“pn”,“rh”,“ism”,“ize”etc.aremostprobablyGreekinorigin.A.√B.×正确答案:√第45题,【判断题】Conventionally,nativeelementofEnglishvocabularyreferstothewordsofAnglo-SaxonOrigin.A.√B.×正确答案:√第46题,【解释题】alien正确答案:alien:Alienrefertoawordborrowedfromaforeignlanguagewithoutassimilation,i.e.nochangeoftheforeignsoundandspelling.Forexamples,“coupd’état”,“résumé”,“régime”,etc.areallAliensofFrenchborrowings.第47题,【解释题】stem正确答案:Astemreferstoawordwithallitsinflectionalsuffixeshavebeenremoved.Forexample,intheword“disliked”,iftheinflectionalsuffix“ed”isremoved,wehaveitsstem“dislike”.第48题,【解释题】meronymy正确答案:Meronymyreferstothepart-wholesenserelationship.Forexample,theword“body”and“head”,“arm”,“leg”,etc.haveapart-wholerelationship;technically,thisrelationshipiscalled“meronymy”.第49题,【解释题】generalization正确答案:Generalizationreferstotheextensionofthewordrange,orthewideningofthesemanticscope.Forexample,“manuscript”originallymeans“somethinghandwritten”;presently,itssemanticscopehasbeenwidenedtobe“acopyofanbook,apieceofmusic,etc.beforeithasbeenprinted”.第50题,【解释题】clipping正确答案:Clippingsareformsabbreviatedfromlargerwordsbutshareacommonfunctionwithwordstheyareclippedfrom.Forexample,“advertisement”,“examination”,“gymnasium”allhavetheirclippedform“ad”,“exam”,“gym”.第51题,【问答题】Whatisantonymyandwhatareitsdifferenttypes?正确答案:Antonymyreferstotherelationshipbetweentwoorrarelymorewordsofthesamelanguage,belongingtothesamepartofspeech,identicalinstyleandnearlyidenticalindistribution,associatedandusedtogethersothattheirdenotativemeaningsrendercontraryorcontradictorynotions.Therearethreetypesofantonymy1)Complementaryantonymyreferstotherelationbetweentwowordsthatthedenialofonememberimpliestheassertionoftheother,andviceversa.e.g.malevs.Female;alivevs.dead;boyvs.girl;oddvs.evenTherelationbetweenthemembersofthepairofcomplementaryantonymscanbebestrepresentedinthefollowingdiagram:2)Gradableantonymyreferstotherelationbetweentwowordsthatthetwowordsinquestionarethetwoextremesbetweenwhichdifferentdegreesofgradescanbedistinguished.Seemoreexamplesasthefollowing:goodvs.bad;fatvs.skinny;widevs.narrow;fastvs.slowManypairsofgradableantonymscontainonemarkedtermandoneunmarked,e.g.old/young,heavy/light,fast/slowwherethesecondtermismorerestrictedindistributionthanthefirst.Therelationbetweenmembersofthepairofgradableantonymycanberepresentedinthefollowingway:3)Relationalantonymyreferstotherelationbetweenthetwoitemsdonotconstituteapositive-negativeopposition,andtheexistenceofoneofthepairpresupposestheexistenceoftheother,oroneofthemcannotbeusedwithoutsuggestingtheother.Seemoreexamplesasthefollowing:e.g.predecessorvs.successor;parentvs.child;teachervs.studentlendvs.borrow;employervs.employee;buyvs.sell第52题,【问答题】Makeanaccountofthemechanismsofsemanticchange.正确答案:Therearealtogetherfivemechanismsofmeaningchanges.1)Melioration,alsoknownasameliorationorelevationofmeaning,istheprocesswherebywordswithhumbleoriginsaregraduallyusedinpositive,oratleastneutralcontexts.e.g.knight:Anglo-Saxonorigin,“aboy”,butthroughmilitaryandfeudalassociations,acquiredthemeaningoftitleofrank.2)pejorationordegradationistheprocessbywhichthemeaningofwordsbecomenegativeorlessfavorable.Previouslymentionedwordssuchassilly,idiot,moron,imbecile,villain,churlandhussyaregoodcasesinpointfortheillustrationofpejoration.Thesewordshavebeenconsideredsooffensivethattheyarehardlyusedindailyspeeches.3)Generalizationofmeaning,alsocalledextension,wideningorbroadening,referstotheextensionofthewordrange,orthewideningthesemanticscopeofwords.Itisoneofthemostcommonfeaturesinthehistorynofwords.e.g.noviceOriginallymeant“apersonadmittedtoaprobationarymembershipinareligiouscommunity”,buttodayitrefersgenerallyto“abeginner”4)Specialization,alsoknownasnarrowingorrestriction,theoppositeofgeneralization,istheprocesswherebyawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarroworspecializedsense.Inotherwords,awordwhichusedtohaveamoregeneralsensebecomesrestrictedinitsapplicationandconveysonlyaspecialconceptinpresent-dayEnglish.Thewordgirl,forexample,wasusedtorefertoanyyoungpersoninMiddleEnglishbutisrestrictedtoyoungfemalesfromtheEarlyModernPeriodon.Specializationofmeaningcanalsobeobservedinthewordfowl,whichisnowusuallyrestrictedto“farmyardhen”withitsoldmeaningof“bird”onlyretainsinafewexpressionslikethefowlsoftheairandwildfowl.5)Subjectificationistheprocessbywhichthemeaningofagivenwordchangesfromrelativelyobjectivetoincreasinglysubjective.e.g.very,originally,Frenchwordvraimeaning“true”or“real”;theveryknight:trueknightNowadaysifwesaythat“Lexicologyisveryinteresting”,weusethewordveryinamuchmoresubjectivesensebecausesomeoneelsemaydisagreewithourpersonalevaluation.第53题,【翻译题】Hewasbrainwashedintobelievingmoneymadedefinesthemeans.正确答案:他被洗脑了，相信为了钱可以使用一切手段。第54题,【翻译题】Neveroffertoteachfishtoswim.正确答案:不要班门弄斧。第55题,【翻译题】Bepolite,butdon’tkowtowtohim.正确答案:对他，你应以礼相待，但也没必要卑躬屈膝。第56题,【翻译题】OfcourseIwillhelpher.She’smyfleshandblood.正确答案:我当然会帮助她。她是我的骨肉。第57题,【翻译题】Idon’tlikehim.Hespeakswithtoomany“ifs”,“ands”and“buts”.正确答案:我不喜欢他。说话时满口“假设”、“况且”和“但是”。第58题,【翻译题】Iwon’tcomeouttonight.Iamfeelingoutofsorts.正确答案:我今晚不会来啦。我感觉很不舒服。n第59题,【翻译题】TuhaoandDamaarebotholdwords,buttheygetdifferentmeaningsnow.正确答案:土豪和大妈都是老词，但现在都有了新的意义。第60题,【翻译题】Enoughisasgoodasafeast.正确答案:知足常乐（饱食即珍馐）。第61题,【翻译题】Theyoungarealwaysanxiousatman’sestate.正确答案:年轻人总是急切地盼望着长大。第62题,【翻译题】Herunladylikenesssurprisedallpeopleintheball.正确答案:在舞会上，她毫无淑女风度，令所有人震惊。第63题,Inthe19thcentury,goldwasfirst________inCalifornia.A.incoveredB.recoveredC.uncoveredD.discovered正确答案:D第64题,“loseface”isa(n)_________.A.semanticloanB.denizenC.alienD.translationloan正确答案:D第65题,TheUnitedNationshasappealedforhelpfromthe________community.A.A.within-nationalB.intra-nationalC.internationalD.in-national正确答案:Cn第66题,Comeon!Cheerup!Don’tjustsithereasstiffasa________.A.pokerB.patientC.queenD.king正确答案:A第67题,Youwerenotseriouslyinjured.Don’tmakea_________outofa_________.A.mountain,molehillB.mount,molehillC.hill,molehillD.molehill,mountain正确答案:A第68题,WhichofthefollowingwordsisINCORROCTinwordformation?A.unhorseB.unhappyC.unmannedD.unfrost正确答案:D第69题,Thefigureofspeechemployedin“Myfatherisasanitaryengineer”is________.A.hyperboleB.metonymyC.litotesD.euphemism正确答案:D第70题,Afteramealinarestaurant,youaskthewaiterforthe_________.A.noteB.receiptC.billD.menu正确答案:C第71题,Wordswithsuchclustersas“ch”,“ph”,“pn”,“rh”asinchasm,phone,pneumaticandrhetoricaremostprobablyof_________origin.A.GermanB.ChineseC.GreekD.Latinn正确答案:D第72题,Ifthey_______ouroffer,wewill________theirgoods.A.refuse,rejectB.reject,refuseC.reject,rejectD.refuse,refuse正确答案:A第73题,Weeventuallyranoutofpatiencewithhis________behaviour.A.childishB.childlikeC.childD.childy正确答案:A第74题,Hewas________ofhavingaskedsuchasillyquestion.A.miserableB.guiltyC.sorryD.ashamed正确答案:D第75题,Itookonlya_________ofbeanswithmeandleft.A.handB.handfulC.handyD.handed正确答案:B第76题,Themissilesmissedtheir_________,sotheresearchgroupdidnotreachits_________.A.target,targetB.goal,goalC.goal,targetD.target,goal正确答案:D第77题,Contrary________publicopinion,thisareahaslongbeenaheavenforallformsofinsectlife.A.fornB.withC.toD.at正确答案:C第78题,Nonewideas_______fromthemeeting.A.mergedB.submergedC.emergedD.immerged正确答案:C第79题,Whichofthefollowingwordshasgonethroughthesemanticchangeofsubjectification?A.cornB.gossipC.maidD.very正确答案:D第80题,Havinglostthematch,theteamwenthomein________spirits.A.D.darkB.deepC.lowD.empty正确答案:C第81题,TheOldEnglishwordstānmeans________inmodernEnglish.A.staligB.stoleC.stainD.stone正确答案:D第82题,Afterhisrecoveryfromillness,he________hisformerposition.A.C.presumedB.resumedC.assumedD.consumed正确答案:Bn第83题,In“Elizabethcouldhearvoicesthroughtheopendoor”,theworddoormeans________.A.themoveablebarrierintheentrancetoabuilding,room,cupboard,car,etc.B.thechanneltoacertainplaceC.NoneoftheaboveD.thepanelboard正确答案:A第84题,Amongthesynonymousgroup,oldman,daddy,dad,fatherandmaleparent,________wouldmostprobablyusedbyalawyerinthecourt.A.B.maleparentB.fatherC.oldmanD.dad正确答案:A第85题,Whichofthefollowingusuallyappearsinpoems?A.nagB.steedC.horseD.gee-gee正确答案:A第86题,Themaincharactersinthenovelseemsotruetolife,butactually,theyareentirely________.A.imaginativeB.imaginedC.imaginableD.imaginary正确答案:D第87题,Mrs.Smithisafraidthatsheandherhusbanddon’tsee________onNewYearResolutions.A.eyetoeyeB.hearttoheartC.facetofaceD.backtoback正确答案:A第88题,ManywordsinEnglishvocabularyarecompositional.A.A.√B.B.×n正确答案:A第89题,IntheMiddleEnglishperiod,Englishlostmostofitsinflections.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:A第90题,deeroriginallyreferstoawildanimalofanykind.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:A第91题,LatinelementwasfirstbroughtintoEnglishbyGermanictribes.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:B第92题,timeandtideusedtobesynonymoustoeachother.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:A第93题,VIPisanacronym,formedbytakingthefirstlettersofaseriesofwordsandpronouncedasasingleword.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:B第94题,LondondialectbegantospreadasStandardEnglishintheMiddleEnglishperiod.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:A第95题,Amongapple,Fujiapple,fruitandfood,fruitisthebasiclevelcategoryandtherestarethesubordinatecategories.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:Bn第96题,FarewellisshortenedfromFaretheewell.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:A第97题,Comparativelyspeaking,askismoreformalthaninterrogate.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:B第98题,Themeaningsofawordformanetworkinwhicheachmeaningenjoysthesamestatus.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:B第99题,houseisthesuperordinateofwall,roof,floor,etc.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:B第100题,“Justasecond!”isacaseoflitotes(understatement).A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:A第101题,fall,meaningAutumn,isconvertedfromtheverbfallwhichmeans“droporcomedownundertheinfluencegravity”.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:B第102题,Inthesentence,“IpresumethatyouareDr.Livingstone”,presumecanbereplacedby“suppose”.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:A第103题,air-conditionerisawordderivedfromadding–ertoair-condition.nA.A.√B.B.×正确答案:B第104题,Aword,carforexample,maymeandifferentlytodifferentpeople.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:A第105题,Comparedwithhorse,gee-geeisstylisticallymoreformal.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:B第106题,Wordswithpeculiarclusters,suchas“ch”,“ph”,“pn”,“rh”,“ism”,“ize”etc.aremostprobablyGreekinorigin.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:A第107题,Conventionally,nativeelementofEnglishvocabularyreferstothewordsofAnglo-SaxonOrigin.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:A第108题,alien正确答案:
alien:Alienrefertoawordborrowedfromaforeignlanguagewithoutassimilation,i.e.nochangeoftheforeignsoundandspelling.Forexamples,“coupd’état”,“résumé”,“régime”,etc.areallAliensofFrenchborrowings.
第109题,stem正确答案:
Astemreferstoawordwithallitsinflectionalsuffixeshavebeenremoved.Forexample,intheword“disliked”, iftheinflectionalsuffix“ed” isremoved,wehaveitsstem“dislike”.
第110题,meronymyn正确答案:
Meronymyreferstothepart-wholesenserelationship.Forexample,theword“body” and“head”,“arm”, “leg”,etc.haveapart-wholerelationship;technically,thisrelationshipiscalled“meronymy”.
第111题,generalization正确答案:
Generalizationreferstotheextensionofthewordrange,orthewideningofthesemantic scope.For example,“manuscript” originallymeans“somethinghandwritten”;presently,itssemanticscopehasbeenwidenedto be“acopyofabook,apieceofmusic,etc.beforeithasbeenprinted”.
第112题,clipping正确答案:
Clippings areformsabbreviatedfromlargerwordsbutshareacommonfunctionwithwordstheyareclippedfrom.Forexample,“advertisement”,“examination”,“gymnasium”allhavetheirclippedform“ad”,“exam”,“gym”.
第113题,Whatisantonymyandwhatareitsdifferenttypes?正确答案:
Antonymy referstotherelationshipbetweentwoorrarelymorewordsofthesamelanguage,belongingtothesamepartofspeech,identicalinstyleandnearlyidenticalindistribution,associatedandusedtogethersothattheirdenotativemeaningsrendercontraryorcontradictorynotions. Therearethreetypesofantonymy

1)Complementaryantonymy referstotherelationbetweentwowordsthatthedenialofone memberimpliestheassertionoftheother,andviceversa.

e.g.malevs.Female;alivevs.dead;boyvs. girl;oddvs.even

Therelationbetweenthemembersofthepairofcomplementaryantonymscanbebestrepresentedinthefollowingdiagram:

 

2)Gradableantonymy referstotherelationbetweentwowordsthatthetwowordsinquestionarethetwoextremesbetweenwhichdifferentdegreesofgradescanbedistinguished.Seemoreexamplesasthefollowing:

goodvs.bad;fatvs.skinny;widevs.narrow;fastvs.slow

Manypairsofgradableantonymscontainonemarkedtermandoneunmarked,e.g.old/young,heavy/light,fast/slowwherethesecondtermismorerestrictedindistributionthanthefirst.Therelationbetweenmembersofthepairofgradableantonymycanberepresentedinthefollowingway:

  

3)Relationalantonymy referstothenrelationbetweenthetwoitemsdonotconstituteapositive-negativeopposition,andtheexistenceofoneofthepairpresupposestheexistenceoftheother,oroneofthemcannotbeusedwithoutsuggestingtheother.Seemoreexamplesasthefollowing:

e.g.predecessorvs.successor;parentvs.child;teachervs.student

  lendvs.borrow;employervs.employee;buyvs.sell
第114题,Makeanaccountofthemechanismsofsemanticchange.正确答案:
Therearealtogetherfivemechanismsofmeaningchanges.

1)Melioration,alsoknownasameliorationorelevation ofmeaning,istheprocesswherebywordswithhumbleoriginsaregraduallyusedinpositive,oratleastneutralcontexts.

e.g.knight:Anglo-Saxonorigin,“aboy”,butthroughmilitaryandfeudalassociations,acquiredthemeaningoftitleofrank.

2)pejorationordegradation istheprocessbywhichthemeaningofwordsbecomenegativeorlessfavorable.Previously mentionedwordssuchassilly,idiot,moron,imbecile,villain,churlandhussyaregoodcasesinpointforthe illustrationofpejoration.Thesewordshavebeenconsideredsooffensivethattheyarehardlyusedindailyspeeches.

3)Generalizationofmeaning,alsocalledextension,wideningorbroadening,referstotheextensionofthewordrange,orthewideningthesemanticscopeofwords.Itisoneofthemostcommonfeaturesinthehistoryofwords.

e.g.novice

Originallymeant“apersonadmittedtoaprobationarymembershipinareligiouscommunity”,buttodayitrefersgenerallyto“abeginner”

4)Specialization,alsoknownasnarrowingorrestriction,theoppositeofgeneralization,istheprocesswherebyawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarroworspecializedsense.Inotherwords,awordwhichusedtohaveamoregeneralsensebecomesrestrictedinitsapplicationandconveysonlyaspecialconceptinpresent-dayEnglish.

Thewordgirl,forexample,wasusedtorefertoanyyoungpersoninMiddleEnglishbutisrestrictedtoyoungfemalesfromtheEarlyModernPeriodon.Specializationofmeaningcanalsobeobservedinthewordfowl,whichisnowusuallyrestrictedto“farmyardhen”withitsoldmeaningof“bird”onlyretainsinafewexpressionslikethefowlsoftheairandwildfowl.

5)Subjectificationistheprocessbywhichthemeaningofagivenwordchangesfromrelativelyobjectivetoincreasinglysubjective.

e.g. very,originally,Frenchwordvrai meaning“true”or“real”;thevery knight:trueknight

Nowadaysifwesaythat“Lexicologyisveryinteresting”,weusethewordveryinamuchmoresubjectivesensebecausesomeoneelsemaydisagreewithourpersonalevaluation.
第115题,Hewasbrainwashedintobelievingmoneymadedefinesthemeans.正确答案:
他被洗脑了，相信为了钱可以使用一切手段。
n第116题,Neveroffertoteachfishtoswim.正确答案:
不要班门弄斧。
第117题,Bepolite,butdon’tkowtowtohim.正确答案:
对他，你应以礼相待，但也没必要卑躬屈膝。
第118题,OfcourseIwillhelpher.She’smyfleshandblood.正确答案:
我当然会帮助她。她是我的骨肉。
第119题,Idon’tlikehim.Hespeakswithtoomany“ifs”,“ands”and“buts”.正确答案:
我不喜欢他。说话时满口“假设”、“况且”和“但是”。
第120题,Iwon’tcomeouttonight.Iamfeelingoutofsorts.正确答案:
我今晚不会来啦。我感觉很不舒服。
第121题,TuhaoandDamaarebotholdwords,buttheygetdifferentmeaningsnow.正确答案:
土豪和大妈都是老词，但现在都有了新的意义。
第122题,Enoughisasgoodasafeast.正确答案:
知足常乐（饱食即珍馐）。
第123题,Theyoungarealwaysanxiousatman’sestate.正确答案:
年轻人总是急切地盼望着长大。
第124题,Herunladylikenesssurprisedallpeopleintheball.正确答案:
在舞会上，她毫无淑女风度，令所有人震惊。
第125题,【单项选择题】Thisstoryisa_________todivertthepublicattentionawaynfromtheissue.A.bluemoonB.redherringC.blackhorseD.greenhand正确答案:B第126题,【单项选择题】Overjoyedtoseehislong-lostfriend,Jimmy________atoasttothehealthofthemall.A.suggestedB.spokeC.proposedD.raised正确答案:C第127题,【单项选择题】Thefigureofspeechemployedin“Thepastisabucketofashes”is_________.A.metaphorB.euphemismC.ironyD.litotes正确答案:A第128题,【单项选择题】Ourworkcallsformutualsupport.Weshouldn’t_________eachothersefforts.A.activateB.interactC.counteractD.active正确答案:C第129题,【单项选择题】Theyallthoughtthatsheandherboyfriendwere________.A.birdsofatypeB.birdsofakindC.birdsofabreedD.birdsofafeather正确答案:D第130题,【单项选择题】Exerciseseemstobenefitthebrainpowerofthehealthyandthesick,theyoungandtheold________.A.aliveB.alikenC.throughD.included正确答案:B第131题,【单项选择题】IwaitedforTomforages,buthedidn’t_________.A.turnoutB.turnupC.turninD.turnon正确答案:B第132题,【单项选择题】1.Accordingtothedivine-sourcetheory,language________.A.isgivenbyGodB.theresultofourancestorsimitatingnaturalsoundsaroundthemC.originatedfromthelinkbetweenphysicalgesturesandorallyproducedsoundsD.originatedfromhumanphysiologicaladaptation正确答案:A第133题,【单项选择题】Chokedtraffichasbeena(n)________tourbantransportationsystem.A.archenemyB.primaryenemyC.mainenemyD.majorenemy正确答案:A第134题,【单项选择题】Flyinginanairplanewasoncethoughttobeanimpossible________.A.taskB.professionC.promiseD.problem正确答案:A第135题,【单项选择题】Thescientistsrealizeditwouldbetoo________toshipallpeopleinoneboatbecauseitwasfragile.A.boldB.daringC.riskyD.dangerous正确答案:Cn第136题,【单项选择题】Itookthechildrentothezooto________forthepartytheymissedyesterday.A.makeofB.makeawayC.makeupD.makeit正确答案:C第137题,【单项选择题】Communicationistheprocessof________amessagefromasourcetoanaudienceviaachannel.A.transmittingB.submittingC.transformingD.switching正确答案:A第138题,【单项选择题】Whichofthefollowingusuallyappearsinpoems？_________A.horseB.steedC.gee-geeD.nag正确答案:D第139题,【单项选择题】Accordingto________,humanlanguageistheresultofevolution.A.thenatural-soundtheoryB.thedivine-sourcetheoryC.theoral-gesturaltheoryD.theglossogenetictheory正确答案:D第140题,【单项选择题】Amongthefourprefixesinthefollowing,________isNOTaquantityprefix.A.mono-B.an-C.di-D.multi-正确答案:B第141题,【判断题】Humanlanguagesarederivedfromthenaturalsoundsaroundandarethusonomatopoeicinnature.A.√nB.×正确答案:×第142题,【判断题】Thereexistsanaturalrelationbetweenthesoundandmeaningofaword.A.√B.×正确答案:×第143题,【判断题】Wordscanbemovedaroundwithoutdestroyingthegrammaticalityofthesentence.A.√B.×正确答案:√第144题,【判断题】Withtheaidofjargons,peopleofcertainfieldcancommunicateeffectivelyandeconomically.A.√B.×正确答案:√第145题,【判断题】Thereisnoprincipledclear-cutbetweenthelexiconofalanguageanditsgrammar.A.√B.×正确答案:√第146题,【判断题】Thesynchronicapproachtowordmeaningfocusesonthesemanticchangesovertime.A.√B.×正确答案:×第147题,【判断题】Themeaningofwordscanbeequatedwithwhattheyrefertointherealworld.A.√B.×正确答案:×第148题,【判断题】Wordsloved,cherished,faintedandswirledallsharethesamengrammaticalmeaning,i.e.,“pasttense”.A.√B.×正确答案:√第149题,【判断题】“sense”,asaterminsemantics,denotestherelationshipbetweenwordswithinlanguage.A.√B.×正确答案:√第150题,【判断题】Absolutesynonymsarenoteasytofoundinanylanguage.A.√B.×正确答案:√第151题,【判断题】InstandardAmE,theletterrispronouncedwhereveritappearsasinbar,board,park,etc.A.√B.×正确答案:√第152题,【判断题】Lexicologyisfocusedexclusivelyonlexicalwordsorcontentswords.A.√B.×正确答案:×第153题,【判断题】Manisaword,aroot,astemandafreemorphemeaswell.A.√B.×正确答案:√第154题,【判断题】Thereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.A.√B.×正确答案:√第155题,【判断题】webinarisformedbyblendingwebandseminar,meaning“anonlineseminarorconference”.nA.√B.×正确答案:√第156题,【判断题】Theprototypeofacategoryisindependentfromcontext.A.√B.×正确答案:×第157题,【解释题】grammaticalmeaning正确答案:Grammaticalmeaningreferstothatpartofmeaningwhichindicatesgrammaticalrelationshipsoffunctions,suchastensemeaning,partofspeechofwords,singularandpluralmeaningsofwords,etc.第158题,【解释题】melioration正确答案:Meliorationreferstotheprocesswherebywordswithhumbleoriginsaregraduallyusedinpositive,oratleastneutralcontexts.Forexample,“queen”originallymeans“awoman”,butnowitisusedtorefertothefemalerulerofastate.第159题,【解释题】semanticloan正确答案:Asemanticloanisawordorexpressionthathasdevelopedanewmeaningornewmeaningsduetotheinfluenceofarelatedwordinanotherlanguage.Forexample,theEnglishword“dream”,forinstance,whichoriginallymeantjoy,music,hastakenitsmodernmeaningfromtheNorse.第160题,【解释题】jargon正确答案:Jargonarelanguagespeculiartoatrade,profession,orothergroup.Forexample,RAM,ROM,HardDisk,CPU,etc.arealljargonsofcomputerscience.第161题,【解释题】freephrase正确答案:Freephrasesrefertoanygroupofwordsorexpressionscarryingmeaning.Forexample,“threeBritishexperts”isafreephraseinthesensethateachoftheelements,ifneeded,canbealtered,suchas“twoChinesestudents”,“100Africanmen”,“20readapples”,etc.,eachofwhichcarriesameaningdifferentfromtheothers.n第162题,【解释题】morpheme正确答案:Morphemeistheminimalunitofmeaningorgrammaticalfunctionthatcannotbefurtheranalyzed,e.g.-ly,dog,hand,etc.第163题,【解释题】root正确答案:Arootisthemorphemeinawordfunctioningasthecoreofthemeaning.Forexample,in“disliked”,“like”isthepartleftwithitsprefix“dis”andsuffix“ed”crossedout,but“like”carriesthemeaningcommontoboth“dislike”,and“liked”.第164题,【解释题】subjectification正确答案:Subjectificationreferstotheprocessbywhichthemeaningofagivenwordchangesfromrelativelyobjectivetoincreasinglysubjective.Forexample,“very”originallymeant“true”or“real”,whichareobjectivedescriptive,suchas,veryknightmeant“trueknight”.Presently,“very”ismainlyasubjectiveadverbwithpersonalevaluation.WhenIsay“Itisveryhot”,thedegreeof“hotness”isoutofmyownpersonalevaluation.第165题,【问答题】Whatislexicalmeaningandwhatareitsdifferenttypes?正确答案:Lexicalmeaningisthemeaningofanisolatedwordinadictionary.Thiscomponentofmeaningisregardedasbeingidenticalinalltheformsoftheword.Lexicalmeaningcanbedividedintofivedifferenttypes,i.e.conceptualmeaning,connotativemeaning,socialmeaning,affectivemeaningandcollocativemeaning,eachofwhichwillbeillustratedinthefollowing:1)Conceptualmeaning,alsoknownasdenotativemeaningorlogicalmeaning,isassumedtobethemostbasicandcentralfactorinlinguisticcommunicationandstaysatthecoreofsemanticstudy.Theconceptualmeaningofawordindicatestheconcept,andisthusrelativelystable.Seethefollowingexamples:bachelor:[+HUMAN,+ADULT,+MALE,–MARRIED]spinster:[+HUMAN,+ADULT,–MALE,–MARRIED]wife:[+HUMAN,+ADULT,–MALE,+MARRIED]2)Connotativemeaningorconnotationistheadditionalmeaningthatawordpossessesbeyonditscentralorconceptualmeaning.Connotativemeaningindicatestheassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningoftheword.Seethefollowingexamples:boyconceptualmeaning[+HUMAN,+MALE,–ADULT]connotativemeaninglovable,naughty,noisy,irritating,etc.Connotativemeaningsorconnotationsoftentendtobevariableaccordingtosociety,time,culture,andeventheexperienceoftheindividual.e.g.“西风”vs.“westwind”:sharethesamedenotation,thewindblowingfromthewest“西风”:sadness,bitterness,coldness,departure,etc.“westwind”inBritain:agreeablefigureassociatedwithspringandflowers3)Socialmeaningofwordsreferstotheninformationaboutthepotentialsocialcircumstanceswherethewordsareappropriatetobeused.Socialmeaningvariesaccordingtothefollowingfactors:DIALECT(e.g.thelanguageofgeographicalregionorofasocialclass)TIME(e.g.thelanguageoftheeighteenthcentury,etc.)PROVINCE(e.g.languageoflaw,ofscience,ofadvertising,etc.)STATUS(e.g.polite,colloquial,slang,etc.)SINGULARITY(e.g.thestyleofDickens,ofHemingway,etc.)4)Affectivemeaningconveysthepersonalemotionsandattitudesofalanguageuser,includinghisattitudetothelistener,orhisattitudetosomethingthatheistalkingabout.Inthefollowing,wordsinColumnAareaffectivepositivewhilethoseinColumnBarenegativeinmeaning.ABslimskinnynewunproveninexpensivecheap5)Collocativemeaningispartofthewordmeaningsuggestedbyitsrelationswiththewordsitcanco-occur.Itreferstothegrammaticalorsyntacticrestrictionsonhowwordscanbeusedtogether.e.g.prettyvs.handsome.Althoughthesetwowordssharecommongroundinexpressingthemeaningof“good-looking”,theymaybedistinguishedbytherangeofnounstheymodifyor(inthelinguists’term)collocatewith.第166题,【问答题】Whatisacompoundandwhatisafreephrase?Howcancompoundandfreephrasesbedistinguished?正确答案:Compoundsrefertowordsformedbycompoundingorcombiningtwoormorestems.Freephraseissimilarto“expression”.Itreferstoanygroupofwordswithaidiomaticmeaning.Compoundsaresimilartofreephrasesinstructure,butcompoundsandfreephrasesareessentiallydifferentandcanbedistinguishedbyphoneticfeatures,semanticfeaturesandgrammaticalfeatures.1)Phoneticdifference:Stressincompoundstendstofallontheinitialelementwhilethatoffreephrasesisapttofallonthefinalelement.SeethefollowingexamplesCompoundsFreephrasesgreenhousegreenhouseblackboardblackboardWhiteHousewhitehouseThisruleofdistinctionisnotalwaysreliable.e.g.scholaractivist,MansionAvenue,MayFlowers,silktie.2)Semanticdifferences:Acompoundisasemanticgestalt/gəˈʃtɑ:lt/thatexpressesasingleideajustlikeaword.e.g.greenhouse:abuildingwithglasswallsandroofforthecultivationandexhibitionofplantsundercontrolledconditionsoftemperature,humidity,illumination,whilethefreephrasegreenhousemeansahouseingreencolor.Themeaningsoftheconstituentsincompoundsformaninseparablesemanticwhole.Thechangeofanyelementwillresultinthelossoftheoriginalidentity,thoughaconsiderableamountofcompoundsaretransparentinmeaning,thatis,theirmeaningisthecombinationofthemeaningsoftheirconstituents,flowerpot,washingmachine,scarletfever,etc.3)Grammaticaldifference:Acompoundissupposedtoperformasinglegrammaticalroleinasentencelikeanoun,averboranadjective.Forinstance,asnouncompounds,blackboardandWhiteHousecannotbemodifiedbytheadverbvery,butitisacceptableinphrasesaveryblackboardandaverywhitehouse.第167题,【翻译题】Braveitout,nomatterhowdifficultitis.正确答案:无论那有多困难，你都应勇敢面对。n第168题,【翻译题】RegionalenvironmentalcooperationhasbeencarriedwithAPEC,OPEC.正确答案:地区性环境合作已在亚太经济合作组织和石油输出国组织之间展开。第169题,【翻译题】Oncebitten,twiceshy.正确答案:一朝被蛇咬十年怕井绳。第170题,【翻译题】Softfiremakessweetmalt.正确答案:慢工出细活。第171题,【翻译题】Hisbehaviormeansthatyoushouldstayabitlonger.正确答案:他的行为表明，你得再呆一段时间。第172题,【翻译题】Nothingsucceedslikesuccess.正确答案:一事成，事事顺。第173题,【翻译题】Youneedtofindahobbytoenthuseyou.正确答案:你需要培养一种爱好来使你对生活充满热情。第174题,Thisstoryisa_________todivertthepublicattentionawayfromtheissue.A.bluemoonB.blackhorseC.redherringD.greenhand正确答案:C第175题,Overjoyedtoseehislong-lostfriend,Jimmy________atoasttothehealthofthemall.A.suggestedB.spokeC.proposedD.raised正确答案:Cn第176题,Thefigureofspeechemployedin“Thepastisabucketofashes”is_________.A.euphemismB.litotesC.ironyD.metaphor正确答案:D第177题,Ourworkcallsformutualsupport.Weshouldn’t_________eachothersefforts.A.activeB.interactC.counteractD.activate正确答案:C第178题,Theyallthoughtthatsheandherboyfriendwere________.A.birdsofakindB.birdsofatypeC.birdsofabreedD.birdsofafeather正确答案:D第179题,Exerciseseemstobenefitthebrainpowerofthehealthyandthesick,theyoungandtheold________.A.alikeB.includedC.aliveD.through正确答案:A第180题,IwaitedforTomforages,buthedidn’t_________.A.turninB.turnupC.turnonD.turnout正确答案:B第181题,1.Accordingtothedivine-sourcetheory,language________.A.theresultofourancestorsimitatingnaturalsoundsaroundthemnB.originatedfromhumanphysiologicaladaptationC.originatedfromthelinkbetweenphysicalgesturesandorallyproducedsoundsD.isgivenbyGod正确答案:D第182题,Chokedtraffichasbeena(n)________tourbantransportationsystem.A.archenemyB.mainenemyC.majorenemyD.primaryenemy正确答案:A第183题,Flyinginanairplanewasoncethoughttobeanimpossible________.A.taskB.problemC.promiseD.profession正确答案:A第184题,Thescientistsrealizeditwouldbetoo________toshipallpeopleinoneboatbecauseitwasfragile.A.dangerousB.riskyC.daringD.bold正确答案:B第185题,Itookthechildrentothezooto________forthepartytheymissedyesterday.A.makeawayB.makeupC.makeitD.makeof正确答案:B第186题,Communicationistheprocessof________amessagefromasourcetoanaudienceviaachannel.A.transformingB.transmittingC.switchingD.submitting正确答案:Bn第187题,Whichofthefollowingusuallyappearsinpoems？_________A.nagB.steedC.horseD.gee-gee正确答案:A第188题,Accordingto________,humanlanguageistheresultofevolution.A.thedivine-sourcetheoryB.theoral-gesturaltheoryC.theglossogenetictheoryD.thenatural-soundtheory正确答案:C第189题,Amongthefourprefixesinthefollowing,________isNOTaquantityprefix.A.an-B.di-C.multi-D.mono-正确答案:A第190题,Humanlanguagesarederivedfromthenaturalsoundsaroundandarethusonomatopoeicinnature.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:B第191题,Thereexistsanaturalrelationbetweenthesoundandmeaningofaword.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:B第192题,Wordscanbemovedaroundwithoutdestroyingthegrammaticalityofthesentence.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:An第193题,Withtheaidofjargons,peopleofcertainfieldcancommunicateeffectivelyandeconomically.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:A第194题,Thereisnoprincipledclear-cutbetweenthelexiconofalanguageanditsgrammar.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:A第195题,Thesynchronicapproachtowordmeaningfocusesonthesemanticchangesovertime.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:B第196题,Themeaningofwordscanbeequatedwithwhattheyrefertointherealworld.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:B第197题,Wordsloved,cherished,faintedandswirledallsharethesamegrammaticalmeaning,i.e.,“pasttense”.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:A第198题,“sense”,asaterminsemantics,denotestherelationshipbetweenwordswithinlanguage.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:A第199题,Absolutesynonymsarenoteasytofoundinanylanguage.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:An第200题,InstandardAmE,theletterrispronouncedwhereveritappearsasinbar,board,park,etc.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:A第201题,Lexicologyisfocusedexclusivelyonlexicalwordsorcontentswords.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:B第202题,Manisaword,aroot,astemandafreemorphemeaswell.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:A第203题,Thereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:A第204题,webinarisformedbyblendingwebandseminar,meaning“anonlineseminarorconference”.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:A第205题,Theprototypeofacategoryisindependentfromcontext.A.A.√B.B.×正确答案:B第206题,grammaticalmeaning正确答案:
Grammaticalmeaningreferstothatpartofmeaningwhichindicatesgrammaticalrelationshipsoffunctions,suchastensemeaning,partofspeechofwords,singularandpluralmeanings ofwords,etc.
第207题,meliorationn正确答案:
Meliorationreferstotheprocesswherebywordswithhumbleoriginsaregraduallyusedinpositive,oratleastneutralcontexts.Forexample,“queen”originallymeans“awoman”,butnowitisusedtorefertothefemalerulerofastate.
第208题,semanticloan正确答案:
Asemanticloanisawordorexpressionthathasdevelopedanewmeaningornewmeaningsduetotheinfluenceofarelatedwordinanotherlanguage.Forexample,theEnglishword“dream”,forinstance,whichoriginallymeantjoy,music,hastakenitsmodernmeaningfromtheNorse.
第209题,jargon正确答案:
Jargonarelanguagespeculiartoatrade,profession,orothergroup.Forexample,RAM,ROM,HardDisk,CPU, etc.arealljargonsofcomputerscience.
第210题,freephrase正确答案:
Freephrasesrefertoanygroupofwordsorexpressionscarryingmeaning.Forexample,“threeBritish experts” isafreephraseinthesensethateachoftheelements,ifneeded,canbealtered,suchas“twoChinese students”,“100Africanmen”,“20readapples”,etc.,eachofwhichcarriesameaningdifferent fromtheothers.
第211题,morpheme正确答案:
Morphemeistheminimalunitofmeaningorgrammaticalfunctionthatcannotbefurtheranalyzed,e.g.-ly, dog,hand,etc.
第212题,root正确答案:
Arootisthemorphemeinawordfunctioningasthecoreofthemeaning.Forexample,in“disliked”,“like” is thepartleftwithitsprefix“dis” andsuffix“ed” crossedout,but“like” carriesthemeaningcommontoboth“dislike”, and“liked”.
第213题,subjectification正确答案:
Subjectificationreferstotheprocessbywhichthemeaningofnagivenwordchangesfromrelativelyobjectivetoincreasinglysubjective.Forexample,“very” originallymeant“true” or“real”,whichareobjectivedescriptive,suchas,veryknight meant“trueknight”.Presently,“very” ismainlyasubjectiveadverbwithpersonalevaluation.WhenIsay“Itisveryhot”,thedegreeof“hotness” isoutofmyownpersonalevaluation.
第214题,Whatislexicalmeaningandwhatareitsdifferenttypes?正确答案:
Lexicalmeaning isthemeaningofanisolatedwordinadictionary.Thiscomponentofmeaningisregardedasbeingidenticalinalltheformsoftheword. Lexicalmeaningcanbedividedintofivedifferenttypes,i.e.conceptual meaning,connotative meaning,socialmeaning,affective meaningandcollocativemeaning,eachofwhichwillbeillustratedinthefollowing:

1)Conceptualmeaning,alsoknownasdenotativemeaningorlogicalmeaning,isassumedtobethemostbasicandcentralfactorinlinguisticcommunicationandstaysatthecoreofsemanticstudy.Theconceptualmeaningofawordindicatestheconcept,andisthusrelativelystable. Seethefollowingexamples: 

 bachelor:[+HUMAN,+ADULT,+MALE,–MARRIED]

 spinster:[+HUMAN,+ADULT,–MALE,–MARRIED]

 wife:[+HUMAN,+ADULT,–MALE,+MARRIED]

2)Connotativemeaningorconnotationistheadditionalmeaningthatawordpossessesbeyonditscentralorconceptualmeaning. Connotativemeaningindicatestheassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningoftheword. Seethefollowingexamples:

 boy conceptualmeaning [+HUMAN,+MALE,–ADULT]

connotativemeaning lovable,naughty,noisy,irritating,etc.

Connotativemeaningsorconnotationsoftentendtobevariableaccordingtosociety,time,culture,andeventheexperienceoftheindividual.

 e.g.“西风”vs.“westwind”:sharethesamedenotation,thewindblowingfromthewest

   “西风”: sadness,bitterness,coldness,departure,etc.

   “westwind”inBritain:agreeablefigureassociatedwithspringandflowers

3)Socialmeaningofwordsreferstotheinformationaboutthepotentialsocialcircumstanceswherethewordsareappropriatetobeused. Socialmeaningvariesaccordingtothefollowingfactors:

DIALECT(e.g.thelanguageofgeographicalregionorofasocialclass)

TIME(e.g.thelanguageoftheeighteenthcentury,etc.)

PROVINCE(e.g.languageoflaw,ofscience,ofadvertising,etc.)

STATUS(e.g.polite,colloquial,slang,etc.)

SINGULARITY(e.g.thestyleofDickens,ofHemingway,etc.)

4)Affectivemeaningconveysthepersonalemotionsandattitudesofalanguageuser,includinghisattitudetothelistener,orhisattitudetosomethingthatheistalkingabout. Inthe following,wordsinColumnAareaffective positivewhilethoseinColumnBarenegativeinmeaning.

A      B

slim    skinny

new     unproven

inexpensive  cheap

5)Collocativemeaningispartofthewordmeaningsuggestedbyitsrelationswiththewordsitcanco-occur.Itreferstothegrammaticalorsyntacticrestrictionsonhowwordscanbeusedtogether.

e.g. prettyvs.handsome.

Althoughthesetwonwordssharecommongroundinexpressingthemeaningof“good-looking”,theymaybedistinguishedbytherangeofnounstheymodifyor(inthelinguists’term)collocatewith.
第215题,Whatisacompoundandwhatisafreephrase?Howcancompoundandfreephrasesbedistinguished?正确答案:
Compoundsrefertowordsformedbycompoundingorcombiningtwoormorestems.Freephraseissimilarto“expression”.Itreferstoanygroupofwordswithaidiomatic meaning.Compoundsaresimilarto freephrasesinstructure,butcompoundsandfreephrasesareessentially differentandcanbedistinguishedbyphoneticfeatures,semanticfeaturesandgrammatical features.
1)Phoneticdifference:Stressincompoundstendstofallontheinitialelementwhilethatoffreephrasesisapttofallonthefinalelement.Seethefollowingexamples
Compounds  Freephrases
'greenhouse  green'house
'blackboardblack'board
'WhiteHouse  white'house
Thisruleofdistinctionisnotalwaysreliable.
e.g.scholar'activist,Mansion'Avenue,May'Flowers,silk'tie.
2)Semanticdifferences:Acompoundisasemanticgestalt/gəˈʃtɑ:lt/thatexpressesasingleideajustlikeaword.
e.g.greenhouse: abuildingwithglasswallsandroofforthecultivationandexhibitionofplantsundercontrolledconditionsoftemperature,humidity,illumination,whilethefreephrasegreenhousemeansahouseingreencolor.
Themeaningsoftheconstituentsincompoundsformaninseparablesemanticwhole.Thechangeofanyelementwillresultinthelossoftheoriginalidentity,thoughaconsiderableamountofcompoundsaretransparentinmeaning,thatis,theirmeaningisthecombinationofthemeaningsoftheirconstituents,flowerpot,washingmachine,scarletfever,etc.
3)Grammaticaldifference: Acompoundissupposedtoperformasinglegrammaticalroleinasentencelikeanoun,averboranadjective.Forinstance,asnouncompounds,blackboardandWhiteHousecannotbemodifiedbytheadverbvery,butitisacceptableinphrasesaveryblackboardandaverywhitehouse.
第216题,Braveitout,nomatterhowdifficultitis.正确答案:
无论那有多困难，你都应勇敢面对。
第217题,RegionalenvironmentalcooperationhasbeencarriedwithAPEC,OPEC.正确答案:
地区性环境合作已在亚太经济合作组织和石油输出国组织之间展开。
n第218题,Oncebitten,twiceshy.正确答案:
一朝被蛇咬十年怕井绳。
第219题,Softfiremakessweetmalt.正确答案:
慢工出细活。
第220题,Hisbehaviormeansthatyoushouldstayabitlonger.正确答案:
他的行为表明，你得再呆一段时间。
第221题,Nothingsucceedslikesuccess.正确答案:
一事成，事事顺。
第222题,Youneedtofindahobbytoenthuseyou.正确答案:
你需要培养一种爱好来使你对生活充满热情。