高中英语非谓语ppt课件 91页

非谓语动词的功能用法NON-FINITEVERB\n1.限定动词与非限定动词的区别限定动词在句中可以充当谓语，有人称、数、时态和语态的变化非限定动词在句中不受句子主语、人称和数的限定，不能在句中充当谓语，所以也称为非谓语动词Whathehasdoneisdisappointingandhisparentsfeeldisappointed.Ilikegettingupveryearlyinsummer.\n非限定动词(非谓语动词)non-finiteverb不定式(todo)infinitive动名词V-inggerund分词participle现在分词ing过去分词-ed\n不定式动名词现在分词过去分词主语∨∨宾语∨∨表语∨∨∨∨定语∨∨∨∨宾语补语∨∨∨状语∨∨∨非谓语动词功能一览表\n不定式INFINITE\n3.不定式在句中的作用：主语定语表语宾语状语宾补\n1.不定式的形式不定式通常由不定式符号“to+动词原形”构成，比如动词write的不定式就是towrite。不定式也有时态和语态。例如:\n一般式进行式完成式主动todotobedoingtohavedone被动tobedonetohavebeendone时态语态不定式的形式\n不定式常常带有自己的宾语，宾语+宾语补足语或状语，带有这些成分的不定式统称为“不定式结构”。3.不定式结构eg.HebegantostudyRussian.eg.Hewantedtosendmeagift.eg.Hebegantofeelsad.eg.Itcontinuedtorainheavily.eg.Hedecidedtoliveinthecountryside.\n4.不定式的否定形式不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号之前加not,never等否定词。Wedecidednottobuythehouse.Shewishednevertoseethemagain.Shewastoldnottobeworryinganymore.Iunderstandhimnottohavelefthere.\n5.不定式结构的句法功能不定式结构在句中可以作主语，宾语，补语，表语，定语和状语。⑴Asthesubject：(作主语，谓语用单数)eg.Togivegoodserviceisourduty.eg.Tocleantheroomonceaweekisnecessary.eg.Todevelopagricultureisveryimportant.eg.Tomeetyouisagreatpleasure.\n不定式作主语通常的用法是在主语的位置上放个“it”,而把作主语的不定式结构后置。因此，以上四个句子可以分别改为：Itisourdutytogivegoodservice.Itisnecessarytocleantheroomonceaweek.Itisveryimportanttodevelopagriculture.Itisagreatpleasuretomeetyou.Itis+adj.+of/forsb.todosth.\n⑵Asthepredictive(作表语)不定式作表语有两种情况:①主语和表语都是不定式eg.Toprotectforestsistokeepnaturalbalance.eg.Topromisetoomuchistopromisenothing.\n②主语通常是由hope,idea,job,plan,mistake,suggestion,wish,work等词充当.eg.Thepoorgirl’swishwastobuyapairofwarmshoes.eg.Hissuggestionwastomakeafire.eg.Whathewouldsaywastocallameeting.\n⑶Astheobject:(作宾语:V+todo)（记下！）能带不定式结构作宾语的动词,常见的有agree,ask,beg,begin,decide,expect,forget,hate,hope,learn,like,mean,offer,plan,prefer,refuse,promise,remember,try,want,wish等.eg.TheydecidedtomovetoShanghaiimmediately.eg.Shepreferedtoliveinthecountryside.\neg.Thechildrenbeggedtocomewithus.eg.Itmeansthateveryathletesshouldtrytorunfaster.eg.Ihaveforgottentobringmyumbrella.\n如果作宾语的不定式结构之后带有宾补,就得用“it”作形式宾语并把不定式结构放到宾补的后面。eg.QuitealotofstudentsfinditdifficulttomasterEnglish.eg.Doyouthinkitpossibleforhimtocompletehisstudiesintwoyears’time?\n作宾语用的不定式结构之前还可以带有疑问词。eg.Haveyoudecidedwhentogo?eg.Thelittlegirlforgotwhattosay.eg.Idon’tknowwhichtochoose.这种结构还可以在句中作直接宾语。\neg.Heaskedmehowtopronouncetheword.eg.Hedidn’ttellmewhattodonext.eg.Weshowedthemhowtorepairthecar.eg.Hepromisedmetogetadoctorformydaughter.\n⑷Astheobjectcomplement:(作宾补)（v+sb.todo、v+sb.tobe）在主+谓+宾+宾补句型中，不定式结构可作宾语补语。eg.Shetoldmetogetupearly.eg.I’dlovethemtocometonight.eg.Wethinkhimtobeanoutstandingscientist.eg.Iadvisedhimtoseeadoctorimmediately.\n在feel(一感)；hear,listento(二听)；let,make,have(三使)；see,notice,watch,observe，lookat(五看)等动词之后，不定式通常不带to。(记下！)eg.Isawaboyclimboverthefence.eg.Weallfeltthehouseshake.eg.Iwon’tletyougoalone.eg.WewillhaveTomhelpgroupA.\n但若这些动词用于被动语态，其后的不定式就需要带“to”.eg.Aboywasseentoclimbtohismother.eg.Theclockwasheardtostriketwelve.\n不定式作定语修饰名词或代词时，不定式放在被修饰词之后。不定式与所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系、动状关系。Ihavealotofworktodo.(动宾关系)Heislookingforaroomtolivein.(动状关系)Heisthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.(主谓关系)Hehasgotachancetogoabroad.(同位关系)不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语时，用主动表达被动意义。Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?(5)Astheattributive:(作定语)\neg.Heworkedhardtocatchupwithhisclassmates.(6)Astheadverbial(作状语)不定式作状语可以表示目的，结果，原因等意义。a.表示目的eg.Hewenthometoseehisbrother.eg.TostudythepoliticalsituationinRussia,MarxbegantolearnRussianattheageoffifty.\n为了加强语势，不定式结构还可以用inorderto/soasto来引导。eg.Theoldmanputonhisglassesinorderto/soastoseetheobjectmoreclearly.eg.Inordertogetthemoneyforhighereducation,hedidalotofoddjobs.\nb.表示结果不定式结构表示结果常用于下列形式：eg.Heissocarelessastogeteverythingoutoforder.eg.Heissuchafoolastothinkthateverybodyelseisafraidofhim.eg.It’stoolateforustogohome.eg.Shewastootiredtoworkon.\n此外，还可以在句尾用(only)to…表示一种出乎预料的（通常是不愉快的）结果。eg.Ihurriedtothestationonlytofindthatthetrainhadleft.eg.Hegottotheairport(only)tobetoldthattheflightwascancelled.\nc.表示原因eg.Hewassadtohearthenews.eg.Sheseemedsurprisedtomeetus.eg.I’msorrytohavemadethemistake.eg.I’mgladforyoutohavefinishedtheworksosoon.\n(7)其他用法Totellyouthetruth,Idon’tagreewithyou.tomakemattersworsetobefrank/honestbetoblame，betolet(出租)thelastonetoarrive各种省略to的不定式结构不定式符号to的保留问题（五三P65）\neg.Ihavealotofworktodo.eg.Shehasnoneedtobeworrying.eg.HeissaidtohaveleftShanghai.eg.ThepresidentwasreportedtohavebeenflyingacrosstheAtlantic.2.不定式的时态:\n3.不定式的语态：Themattertobediscussedatthemeetingisahardnuttocrack.Theywereallwaitingforthegatetobeopened.Heissuretohavebeentaughtbyagoodmusician.I’msorryforthearticlenottohavebeenfinishedintime.\n一.不定式的复合结构1.一般来说,动词不定式的逻辑主语就是句中的主语.Iamsorrytohearthat.Weneedoxygentobreath.Hewasseentogooutwithaman.HewantstolearnEnglish.Somestarsaretoosmalltobeseen.Thispointtobeexplainedisaboutthelonghistoryofiron.\n2.在以“宾语＋不定式”的复合结构中，宾语就是不定式的逻辑主语．Shewantsyoutocallhimbackat11.Ioftenheardhimsingthesong.Theywantthemachinetobetestedatonce.\n3.在“for/of”+名词（或代词的宾格）＋动词不定式的结构中，“for/of”后的名词（或代词的宾格）为动词不定式的逻辑主语．Thisisforyoutodecide.Idon’tthinkitadvisable(可取的）forhertostudymedicineTherearealotofexperimentforthestudentstodo.Thisboxistooheavyforhimtocarry.\n动名词GERUND\n1.动名词的形式：语态时态主动式被动式一般式workingbeingworked\n2.动名词的特征eg.YoumustpractisereadingEnglishaloud.eg.Gettingupearlyisagoodhabit.动名词具有动词的特征，可以带有宾语，宾语补足语，状语等。在句中起名词的作用\n3.动名词在句中的作用：主语定语表语宾语\n1)动名词作主语动名词作主语通常表示一种抽象的动作概念，即泛指某种行为和动作。eg.Skatingonrealiceisgreatfun.eg.Collectingstampswillcostyoualotofmoney.eg.Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.eg.Readinghistoryhelpsbroadenyourworldoutlook.\n动名词结构作主语，通常也有两种位置；一种是位于句首；另一种是用it作形式主语，而将动名词结构后置。eg.Itisnouseblaminghimnow.eg.It’sinterestingcollectingstamps.eg.Itispleasantworkingwithyou.eg.It’sawasteoftimesearchingforaringinthewoods.\n*不定式和动名词结构都能作主语，但从语义上看，用动名词结构作主语泛指意义较强，而不定式作主语则表示具体的一次性动作。eg.Readingnovelsisanenjoyment.eg.Toreadthisnovelismyhomework.Compare:\n2）动名词作表语动名词结构作表语也是泛指意义较强，而不定式结构作表语多指具体的一次性动作。eg.Myhobbyisgrowingflowers.eg.Myfavouritesportisplayingtennis.eg.WhatIthoughtmostwasgoingtoChina.\nCompare:WhatI’mgoingtodoistoplaytennisthisafternoon.WhatIamtoldtodoistogotoCanadaatonce.\n*表语往往要求在结构形式上与主语一致，如果主语是动名词结构，表语往往也要用动名词结构；主语如果是不定式结构，则表语也要求用不定式结构。Layingdownarmsisgivinguptherevolutionarycause.Tolayarmsistogiveuptherevolutionarycause.Example:\n3.动名词作动词宾语有一类动词只能带动名词作宾语，不能带不定式作宾语。这类动词常见的有:avoidconsiderdelaydislikeenjoyexcusefinishimaginekeepmindmisspractisesuggestgiveupputoffExample:WhydoyouavoidmeetingGeorge?Whencanyoufinishwritingtheletter?\nIhavedelayedmygoingabroad.Idislikehiscomingtoseemesooften.Heenjoyedtakingthechildrenoutforlongwalks.Doyoumindmyopeningthewindows?\n还有一些动词随后即可跟动名词，又可跟不定式，意义没有区别或区别不大如：attemptbegincontinuehateintendlikelovepreferrequirestartExample:Hebeganlearning/tolearnEnglishattheageoften.Ilikeplaying/toplaychess.\n但是，也有一些动词后跟动名词结构或不定式结构则意义区别很大。forgetregretmeantrystopneedrequirewantgooncan’thelpremember\nremembertododoingforgettododoingregrettododoing记住要做一件事记住过去做过的一件事忘记要做一件事忘记过去做过的一件事对现在要做的事表示遗憾对已发生的事表示遗憾\nmeantododoingtrytododoingstoptododoing表示打算做表示意味着表示尽力做某事表示做某事试一试表示停下来以便做…表示停止做…\ngoontododoingcan’thelptododoingneedrequirewanttododoing接着做另一件事继续做一直在做的事不能帮助做谋事禁不住做某事主语是不定式动作的执行者主语是-ing动作的承受者\nusedtodobeusedtodoingbeafraidtododoing过去经常做（现在已不做)习惯于做某事表示不敢做某事表示害怕担心会…\nExample:Irememberedputtingthebookontheshelf.Irememberedtoputthebookontheshelf.Hetriedwritingwithhislefthand.Hetriedtowritewithhislefthand.\n动名词作介词宾语动名词结构作介词宾语相当于名词词组或名词性从句。eg.Sheisfondofplayingtennis.eg.Ihaveneverheardofhisbuyinganewhouse.\n*在一定的上下文中，动名词结构作宾语的介词常可省略。eg.Doyouhaveanydifficulty(in)findinghishouse.eg.Whatistheuse(of)pretendingtoknoweverything?\n4.动名词作定语动名词作定语通常表示被修饰词的用途。aswimmingpool=apoolforswimmingasleepingcar=acarforsleeping\n5.动名词的时态和语态1)动名词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或之后发生用一般式。eg.Theyareallinterestedinclimbingmountains.\n2)动名词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，用完成式。eg.Iregrethavingmadesuchamistake.eg.Iapologizefornothavingkeptmypromise.\n3)如果动名词与逻辑主语是被动关系，用被动式。eg.Heenteredtheofficewithoutbeingasked.eg.SherememberedhavingbeentakentoParis.\n5.动名词的否定形式notdoingnothavingdonenothavingbeendonenotbeingdoneeg.Writingtoherwithoutgettingareplyisbetterthannotwritingtoheratall.eg.Heregrettednothavingwrittentoher.\n6.动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构是由one’s/one+v-ing构成。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，应用复合结构。Example:Doyoumindmysmokinghere?Hiscomingtoschoollatemadetheteacherveryangry.\n*如果在句中作宾语，复合结构中的代词可以用宾格。eg.Idislikehimcomingtoseemesooften.eg.Ihavedelayedmegoingabroad.\n分词PARTICIPLE\n分词现在分词v.+ing过去分词v.+ed\n1.分词的特征分词也具有动词的特征，可以带有宾语，宾语补足语，状语等。在句中起形容词或副词的作用IhesitatedalongtimethinkinghowIshoulduseit.Isawhimworkinginthefield.\n2.现在分词的形式：主动式被动式一般式writingbeingwritten完成式havingwrittenhavingbeenwritten语态时态\n3.分词在句中的作用：表语定语状语宾语补语\n4.分词在句中作表语1)现在分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征（与句子的主语是主动关系）eg.Thebookisinteresting.eg.Thesituationisencouraging.\n2)过去分词作表语多表示主语所处的状态（与句子的主语是被动关系）eg.Thedoorremainedlocked.eg.Shelookeddisappointed.\n5.分词在句中作定语a)单个分词作定语应放在被修饰词前面eg.Thedyingboyaskedhisfathertwoquestions.eg.Theinjuredmanisabusdriver.\nb)分词短语作定语应放在所修饰词的后面eg.Thekeylostbymylittlesisterhasbeenfound.eg.Themaninjuredintheaccidentisabusdriver.\nc)现在分词作定语与被修饰词为主动关系d)过去分词作定语与被修饰词是被动关系eg.DoyouknowthewomantalkingtoTom?eg.Thisisabrokenglass.\ne)如果分词为不及物动词则表示完成的意思eg.Thegroundwascoveredbyfallenleaves.eg.Childrenshoulddrinkboiledwater.\nf)分词作定语与一个定语从句所表示的意思差不多。eg.Whoisthemanstandingbythedoor?=Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythedoor?\n6.分词在句中作宾补a.现在分词作宾补主要出现在下列词后：find,leave,keep,have,get,see,hear,watch,notice,feelobserve,lookat,listento\nb.现在分词作宾补时，分词与宾语是主动关系，如果是被动关系应用过去分词：Isawhimworkinginthefield.Ifoundthemanlyingonthefloor.Hegothistoothpulledout.\n3)如果是不及物动词过去分词则表示这一动作已经完成eg.WhenIwokeup,Ifoundhimgone.\n6.分词结构作状语：分词结构作状语，可表示时间,原因，条件，让步，伴随和补充说明等，这时分词结构相当于一个状语从句。*用分词作状语时，它的意义上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致*用分词作状语时，分词所表示的动作与句子的主语是主动关系用现在分词，是被动关系用过去分词。\n1)时间状语：eg.Crossingtheroad,hewasrunoverbyacar.=Whilehewascrossingtheroad,hewasrunoverbyacar.分词结构作时间状语相当于when,while等连词引导的从句\n当-ing分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前时，作状语的分词应用完成式having+过去词。eg.Havingdonetheirhome-work,thestudentslefttheclassroom.\n*havingbeendone是现在分词的完成被动式（当分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，并且与句子的主语是被动关系时，就该用-ing分词的完成被动式eg.Havingbeenwoundedbythenoble,theboydiedafewdayslater.=Afterhehadbeenwoundedbythenoble,theboydiedafewdayslater.\n分词结构作原因状语相当于一个表示原因的状语从句。eg.NotknowingEnglish,hecouldnotunderstandthefilm.=Ashedidn’tknowEnglish,hecouldnotunderstandthefilm.2)原因状语:\neg.HavinglivedinShanghaimanyyears,heknowstheplacewell.=AshehaslivedinShanghaimanyyears,heknowstheplacewell.eg.Bornintoapoorfamily,hehadonlytwoyearsofschooling.eg.Notknowinghisaddress,wecouldn’tgetintouchwithhim.=Wecouldn’tgetintouchwithhimbecausewedidn’tknowhisaddress.\n分词结构作条件状语相当于一个条件状语从句eg.Givenmoretime,wecoulddoitbetter.=Ifweweregivenmoretime,wecoulddoitbetter.3)条件状语：eg.Workinghard,youwilldowellinyourexams.eg.Turningtotheleft,youwillseethepostoffice.\n分词结构作让步状语相当于一个让步状语从句eg.Workinghardalltheyearround,thepoorpeasantcouldn’taffordtosendhischildrentoschool.4)让步状语eg.Weighingalmostonehundredjin,theboxwasliftedbyhimwithonehand.=Thoughitweighedalmostonehundredjin,theboxwasliftedbyhimwithonehand.\n分词结构作伴随或附加说明状语具有以下特点：b.分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作是同时发生a.分词表示主语的一个动作5)伴随或附加说明状语：c.分词表示的动作是对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明。通常放在句子的后部，相当于一个并列的谓语。\neg.Thesixblindmenstoodalldaybytheroadside,beggingformoney.=Thesixblandmanstoodalldaybytheroadsideandbeggedformoney.eg.Theywentout,lockingthedoor.=Theywentoutandlockedthedoor.\n5.现在分词的否定形式notdoingnothavingdonenothavingbeendonenotbeingdoneNotknowinghowtoworkouttheproblem,hewenttoasktheteacher.Nothavingreceivedherletterforseveralmonth,hewroteagain.\n6.分词独立结构分词作状语时,有时其逻辑主语与句中的主语不一致,它可以有自己的逻辑主语.该逻辑主语通常用名词或代词的主格表示,放在分词的前面.\n构成”名词(或代词主格)+分词”的结构,称为分词独立结构.该结构通常修饰整个句子,表示时间、原因、条件或伴随情况.Theproblemhavingbeensolved,weendedthemeeting.(=havingsolvedtheproblem,weendedthemeeting.Therainhavingruinedhercap,shehadtobuyanewone.Thenightbeingdark,shewasafraidtogothere.Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.\n注意:分词独立结构主要用于描绘性文字中;口语中用状语从句或并列句更自然些.分词独立结构前面有时带有“with/without”,构成”with/without+宾语(名词或代词)”结构,表示伴随情况.Withhimstayinghereinthehouse,Ifeltquitesafe.Helayinhisbedwitheyesclosed.