初中英语名词专题 12页

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  • 2022-08-11 发布

初中英语名词专题

  • 12页
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初中英语专题——名词一、名词的含义名词(Nouns)是词类的一种,也是实词的一种,名词表示人或事物或地点或抽象的事物的名称。如people,desk,wood,love等。二、名词的分类名词可分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。1、普通名词又可分为:(1)个体名词,表示一个具体的事物名称的词。如:cup,desk,student等。一般可数,有单复数形式。(2)集体名词,表示具有集体意义的事物名称的词。如:class,team,family等。一般可数,有单复数形式。(3)物质名词,表示物质的总称或不具备确定形状和大小的物质名称的词。如:clothing,rice,water,cotton等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分。(4)抽象名词。抽象名词主要指一些抽象概念的名称的词。如:love,work,life等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分。2.专有名词:专有名词是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称,即:人名,地名,国家名,单位名,组织名等等,如:China,Newton,London等。\n三、名词的数名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词两种形式,可数名词又可分为复数和单数两种形式。(一)可数名词的复数形式的构成规则1.一般情况下在名词的词尾加s,如:bookbooks,pencil,pencils.2.以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词加-es,其读音为[iz]。如:busbuses,boxboxes,watchwatches,dishdishes等。3.以-y结尾的名词:(1)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,把y改为i再加es,读音为[iz],如:factoryfactories,companycompanies等。(2)以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾,直接在词尾加-s,读音为[z]。如:keykeys,HenryHenrys等。4.以-f和-fe结尾的名词:(1)变-f或-fe为v再加-es,读音为[vz]。如:thiefthieves,wifewives,halfhalves等。(2)直接在词尾加-s,如:roofroofs,gulfgulfs,chiefchiefs,proofproofs等。(3)两者均可。如:handkerchiefhandkerchiefs或handkerchieves.\n5.以-o结尾的名词:(1)以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词后直接加-es,读音为[z]。如:heroheroes,potatopotatoes,tomatotomatoes等。(二)不规则名词的复数形式1.改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。如:manmen,womanwomen,toothteeth,footfeet,mousemice,childchildren等。2.单复数形式相同。如:sheep,deer,fish等,以及由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的名词。如:yuan.另外以-ese或-ss结尾的表示民族的名词也一样同形。如:Chinese,Japanese,Swiss等。以-an结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s.如:Americans,Asians,Russians,Australians,Italians,Germans等。注意:EnglishmanEnglishmen,FrenchmanFrenchmen.3.复合名词的复数形式:(1)在词末加-(e)s,如:afternoons,housewives等。(2)把主体名词变成复数形式。如:lookers-on(旁观者),passers-by(过路人)等。(3)由man或woman作为第一部分的复数名词,两个组成部分皆变为复数形式。如:mandrivermendrivers,womandoctorwomendoctors等。(三)几种特殊的复数形式的名词1.\n有些表示由两部分构成的东西和部分学科的名词总以复数的形式出现。如:glasses(眼镜),shorts(短裤),mathematics(数学),physics(物理学),politics(政治学)等。2.有些复数形式的名词表示特别的意义。如:papers(文件),manners(礼貌),goods(货物),times(时代),conditions(环境;情况)等。3.有些名词在习惯用语中一定要用复数形式。如:makefriendswith(与……交朋友),shakehandswith(与……握手)等。(四)不可数名词1.物质名词和抽象名词多为不可数名词。如:luggage,milk,rice,soup,water,money,meat等。注意:不可数名词在表示量的时候需要用上适当的量词,当数词大于1时,量词须变为复数。如:apieceofadvice(一条建议)fivepiecesofadvice(五条建议),abagofrice(一袋大米)threebagsofrice(三袋大米)。可数名词的量也可以用适当的量词来表达。2.不可数名词的转化(1)物质名词表示种类或具体事物时则成为可数名词。如:glass(玻璃)aglass(一个玻璃杯),tea(茶)twoteas(两杯茶),ice(冰)threeices(三个冰淇淋)。(2)抽象名词具体化时也可成为可数名词。如:beauty(美丽)abeauty(一个美人),youth(青春)ayouth(一个青年)。(3)表示具体事物的可数名词,用于表示抽象或物质意义是,便转化为不可数名词。如:aroom(一个房间)room(空间),achicken\n(一只小鸡)chicken(鸡肉)。四、名词的所有格(一)s所有格的构成1.表示有生命的东西的名词,所有格一般在名词后加's,其构成形式如下:(1)一般单数名词后加's.如:mybrother'sbook,Jack'scat,thegirl'spen等。(2)以-s或-es结尾的复数名词的所有格,只需在名词右上方加“'”。如:girls',teachers'等。注意:在不规则复数名词后,要加's.如:women'sclothes.(3)以-s结尾的专有名词所有格,以读音[z]结尾的,一般在名词右上方加“'”,也可加's,其读音分别为[z]和[iz]。如:Dickens'/Dickens'sbook.注意:若不以读音[z]结尾则仍用's.如:Ross'sbook.(4)复合名词或词群的所有格的词尾's加在后面的名词之后。如:thePresidentoftheUnitedStates'scar美国总统的汽车。注意:当出现同位语时,'s一般加在同位语后。如:ThisismysisterMary'sbag.这是我妹妹玛丽的包。(5)如果一样东西为两个人共有,则只在后一个名词词尾加's,如果不是共有的,两个名词都要加's.如:TomandPeter's\nroom汤姆和彼得的房间(共有)Tom'sandPeter'srooms汤姆的房间和彼得的房间(不共有)(6)表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加上's代表全称。如:atthedoctor's=atthedoctor'soffice在诊所(7)在one及one/body和some,any,no,every结合起来的复合词后。如:someone'sbook.这些代词和else连用,'s应加在else后。如:somebodyelse'spencil.2.表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词,也可以在词尾后加's或“'”以构成所有格。如:today'snews,tenminutes'drive,China'sindustry等。(二)“of+名词”所有格无生命的名词的所有格,通常用“of+名词”的结构来表示。如:thewindowsoftheroom(房间的窗户),thecoverofthedictionary(词典的封面)。(三)双重所有格1.双重所有格的概念及用法所谓双重所有格就是指将‘s所有格与of所有格结合起来一起使用: afriendofmyfather’s我父亲的一位朋友。 aphotoofMrSmith’s史密斯先生的一张照片。(1)表示部分概念,of短语修饰的名词前通常有表示数量的限定词,如:a,an,one,two,some,several,a\nfew,many,any,no等。Thisisapictureofmine.这是我的一张照片。(2)双重所有格与of所有格的不同。如:Heisafriendofyourfather's.他是你父亲的一个朋友。(强调你父亲的朋友不止一个)Heisafriendofyourfather.他是你父亲的朋友。(强调他是你父亲的好友)\n针对性练习一.可数名词的复数规则变化1.map__________girl__________pen__________bag_____car__________2.bus__________brush__________watch__________box__________3.baby__________city__________country__________4.hero__________potato__________zoo_________tomato_________photo__________5.knife__________leaf_______wolf________wife__________life__________二.可数名词复数不规则变化child__________foot__________tooth__________mouse__________man__________三.国人单复数变化German__________Englishman__________Chinese_________四.单复数同形deer__________sheep__________yuan__________中等题1.Therearetwo__________overthere.(watch)2.Iliketaking__________.(photo)3.lcanseea__________andtwo__________standingthere.(man,woman)4.Therearetwobasketsof__________onthefloor.(apple)5.Lookatthose__________.(child)6.Hedoesn'tlikethese__________.(glass)7.Howmany__________canyousee?(radio)8.Therearemoreandmore__________driversinShanghainow.(woman)9.Givemesome__________,please.(water)含性别的复合名词1.Therearetwenty__________inourhospital.A.womandoctorsB.womendoctorC.womendoctorsD.womandoctor2.__________areusuallycarefulindoingexercises.A.GirlstudentsB.GirlsstudentsC.Girls’studentsD.Girl’sstudents可数名词复数不规则变化1.----Whatarethese?--Theyare__________.A.deersB.radiosC.RadioesD.tomatos2.Howmany__________arethereinthese__________?A.tomatos,photosB.tomatoes,photosC.tomatoes,photoesD.potatos,photoes\n3.Mr.Chenhastwo__________.A.toothsB.teethC.teethsD.toothes4.Hereare__________foryou,Sue.A.potatosB.somepotatoesC.threetomatosD.sometomato5.Thenthe__________begantoeatthegreen__________ofyoungtrees.A.deer,leafsB.deer,leavesC.deer,leafD.deers,leafs国人复数变化专项1.Imetsome__________intheparkandtalkedwiththemtheotherday.A.JapaneseB.AmericanC.ChinesesD.English2.---Excuseme,areyou__________?---Yes,I’mfrom__________.A.Japan,JapaneseB.China,ChineseC.England,EnglishD.American,America3.Agroupof__________aretalkingwithtwo__________overthere.A.Frenchmen,GermansB.Frenchmen,GermenC.Frenchmen,GermanD.Frenchmanes,Germans4.Yesterdayafew__________cametovisitsome__________inShantou.A.German,placesofinterestB.Germans,placesofinterestsC.Germans,placesofinterestD.Germen,placesofinterest。5.Two__________andfive__________arestudyingChineseatBeijingUniversity.A.German,EnglishB.Germans,EnglishC.Germans,EnglishmenD.Germen,Englishmen复合名词1.Thedeliciousdishesarecookedby__________.A.womencookersB.womencooksC.womancooksD.womancookers2.Juliewenttothe__________tobuyapairofshoes.A.shoesstoreB.shoe’sstoreC.shoestoreD.shoes’store简单题1.Aftermovingtotheirnewhouse,theLeesboughtsome______inthemallnearby.(08上海)A.furnitureB.chairC.tableD.shelf2.Wehaven’tgotmuch__________forourpicnic.Willyougoandgetsome?(07上海)A.appleB.tomatoC.breadD.biscuit3.Heknows__________Chineseandhas__________Chinesefriends.A.much,manyB.many,muchC.much,muchD.many,many4.I’mthirsty.IthinkI’llbuysome__________.A.waterB.breadC.eggsD.apples5.---Wouldyoulikesome__________?--Oh,yes,just(只)alittle.A.pearsB.orangesC.milkD.grapes6.Look!Therearesome__________onthefloor.AchildBboxesCwaterDgirl7.Therearemany__________inthefridge.\nA.fishB.fruitC.eggsD.bread8.Don’thurry!Westillhave__________timeleft.A.littleB.fewC.alittleD.afewu中等题1.Takesome__________toschool.It’ssohotandyoumayfeelthirsty.A.meatB.breadC.juiceD.orange2.Weseemany__________and__________onthehill.A.horses;sheepsB.horse;sheepC.horses;sheepD.horse,sheeps3.CouldIhavesomethingtoeat?---Sure.Here’ssome.A.chickenB.tomatoesC.orangeD.Potato4.Thereare__________studentsplayingintheplayground.A.agreatdealofB.alargeamountofC.alargequantityofD.anumberof5.Thereis__________milkand__________applesinthefridge.Let’sgetsome.A.little,afewB.little,fewC.alittle.fewD.few.alittleØ不可数名词u简单题1.I’veread__________sportsnewsabouttheF1racetoday.A.twoB.piecesC.twopiecesD.twopiecesof1.Myteachergameme__________.A.agoodadviceB.somegoodadvicesC.somegoodadviceD.goodadvices2.Usually,youngpeoplehaveblack__________andoldpeoplehavewhite__________.A.hairs,onesB.hair,oneC.hair,onesD.hairs,one3.Peterwasbusywithhisworkyesterday.Hedidn’tget__________.A.muchsleepB.manysleepsC.moresleepD.mostsleep4.Ithinkitisawonderful__________.A.workB.informationC.ideaD.news5.Haveyoufoundsome__________ontheleaves?A.dropsofwaterB.dropsofwatersC.dropswaterD.dropofwaters7.Iwanttobuy__________.A.twobottlesofinkB.twobottleofinkC.twobottleofinksD.twobottlesofinksu中等题6.Howmany__________didyouhaveforbreakfast?A.loavesofbreadB.loavesofbreadsC.loafsofbreadD.loafofbread7.Weareveryhappywithour__________inourstudies.A.greatprogressesB.greatprogressC.manyprogressD.lotofprogress8.Pleasepassme__________.Iwillcorrectthem.A.thetestpaperB.somepiecesoftestpaperC.thetestpapersD.somepieceoftestpaper4.I’dliketohaveaglassofmilkand__________.A.twobreadsB.twopiecesofbreadsC.twopiecesofbreadD.twopieceofbread5.Hebought__________.A.twopairsofshoesB.twopairofshoesC.twopairsofshoeD.twopairofshoe抽象名词具体化\n1.Theyhad__________climbinguptothetopofthehill.A.goodtimeB.thegoodtimeC.agoodtimeD.goodtimes2.Shehasgivenus__________.A.agreathelpB.manyhelpsC.alargenumberofhelpD.alotofhelp3.Ihavetowrite__________,butIhave__________towrite__________.A.apaper,nopaper,onB.paper,nopaper,withC.apaper,notanypapers,onD.apaper,notapaper,onu简单题1.Thisis__________room.A.TomandMary’sB.Tom’sandMary’sC.Tom’sandMaryD.TomandMary2.__________motherscouldn’tgotothemeeting,becausetheyhavegonetoChengdu.A.LiLeiandLucy’sB.LiLei’sandLucy’sC.LiLeiandLucyD.LiLeiandLucy3.__________cametovisitusthismorning.A.MyfatherfriendB.friendofmyfatherC.Afriendofmyfather’sD.Oneofmyfather’sfriend4.It’sonlyten__________break.A.minutesB.minute’sC.minutes’D.minutes’s5.Tomwontheboys’__________raceinourschoolsportsmeeting.A.15000-metreB.15000-metresC.15000-metre’sD.1500meters6.Lookattheshoeswithadjustableheels.Theyaremy__________.A.sisterB.sister’sC.sisters’sD.sisters'7.Youmustfinishtheworkin__________.A.threeweekstimeB.threeweeks’timeC.threeweek’stimeD.three-weekstime8.Whoseroomisthis?---It’s__________.A.LiMingB.LiMing’sC.LiMingsD.LiMings’u中等题1.Lookattheshoes.Theyaremy__________.A.sisterB.sistersC.sisters’sD.sisters'2.Thisis__________room.Comein,please.A.JohnandJoanofB.JohnandJoan’sC.John’sandJoan’sD.John’sandJoan3.Wesell__________inourshop.A.womanandchild’sclothesB.womenandchildrenTshirtsC.women’sandchildren’sjacketsD.woman’sandchild’scoats4.Wehadagoodtimeduringour__________holiday.A.twoweeksB.two-weeksC.two-week’sD.twoweeks’5.__________roomisonthe5thfloor.A.LucyandLilyB.LucyandLily’sC.Lucy’sandLilyD.Lucy’sandLily’s6.Ilikethatsonof__________.A.John’ssisterB.Johnsister’sC.John’ssister’sD.John’ssisters7.On__________,allthechildrencanplaygamesallday.A.Children’sDayB.Childrens’DayC.TheChildren’sDayD.childrenday8.Tom'scarismorebeautifulthan__________.A.hisbrother'sandsisterB.hisbrotherandsister\nC.hisbrothersandsistersD.hisbrother'sandsister's9.I’llgoandcallat__________rightafterschool.A.thedoctorB.theSmithsC.SmithD.myuncle’s

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