初中名词讲解与练习 12页

初中语法——名词教学内容;名词的构成，复数及所有格。教学目标：掌握名词的的复数规则及不规则变化，名词所有格的构成。教学重难点：名词的复数不规则变化，名词所有格的构成，及主谓一致。教学过程：一名词：(一)、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如：Beijing,Tom,thePeople’sRepublicofChina(中华人民共和国)专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：theGreatWall(长城)姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：theGreens(格林一家人)。2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：pupil,family,man,foot.普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。▲可数名词可分为个体名词和集体名词，是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如：box,child,orange；▲不可数名词可分为物质名词和抽象名词，是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water,news,oil,population,information.(二)、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：①在单数名词词尾加s。如：map→maps,boy→boys,horse→horses,table→tables.②s,o,x,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如：class→classes,box→boxes,hero→heroes,dish→dishes,bench→benches.[注]：少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如：photo→photos,piano→pianos.③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如：family→families,city→cities,party→parties.④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如：shelf→shelves,wolf→wolves,life→lives,knife→knives.2、不规则变化：1）元音发生变化如man--men(男人)，woman--women(妇女)tooth--teeth(牙齿) ，foot--feet(脚)mouse--mice(老鼠)policeman--policemen(警察)policewoman--policewomen(女警察)2)词尾发生变化。如child--children(小孩) ，ox--oxen(公牛)3)单、复数形式相同。如fish--fish(鱼)，sheep--sheep(绵羊)，deer--deer(鹿)，chinese--chinese(中国人)，yuan--yuan(元)，jinn--jinn(斤) 注意不说anenglish，要说anenglishman.不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：abagofrice→twobagsofrice,apieceofpaper→threepiecesofpaper,abottleofmilk→fivebottlesofmilk.4）形似单数，实为复数意义。如people(人，人们)thesepeople(不说apeople，可说aperson)\npolice(公安，警察)tenpolice(不说apolice，可说apoliceman)5)由man和woman构成的合成名词，变复数将名词及man或woman都变成复数。如amandriver-mendrivers(男司机)awomandoctor-womendoctors(女医生)6)合成名词变为复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数。如passer-by-passers-by(过路人)busdriver-busdrivers(汽车司机)注意如果没有主体名词，就在最后一词上加-s。如：grown-up-grown-ups(成年人)letter-box-letter-boxes(信箱)注意①hair和fruit通常作单数，表示总体。若表示若干根头发或若干种水果，则需用这两个词的复数形式。如wouldyoulikesomemorefruit? 你要不要再吃点水果？weboughtalotoffruitfromthemarket. 我们从市场上买了许多水果，chinahassomegoodfrits. 中国有一些好的水果。(指种类)shehasafewwhitehairs. 她有几要白头发。hisblackhairisgoingwhite. 他的黑发逐渐变成灰白色。注意②wind,snow和rain这类词，有时也可以有复数形式，表示多次的风、雪或雨。注意以boy和girl开头的复合名词变成复数时，一般只把后一名词变成复数。如 boystudent-boystudents(男学生)girlfriend--girlfriends(女朋友)7)有些名词只有作复数。如scissors(剪刀)apairofscissors(一把剪刀)trousers(裤子)shorts(短裤)jeans(工装裤)compasses(两脚规)scales(天平)sunglasses(太阳镜)surroundings(环境)savings(储蓄)writings(作品)名词+man(woman)构成的复合名词，其复数形式通常与简单名词一样，即把man(woman)改成men(women)。如englishman--englishmen(英国人) frenchwoman--frenchwomen(法国妇女)注意german不是复合词，它的复数是germans。(三)、名词所有格：名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如：Childern’sDay(儿童节),mysister’sbook(我姐姐的书)(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如：Teachers’Day(教师节)(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s.如：today’snewspaper(今天的报纸),tenminutes’break(十分钟的课间休息),China’spopulation(中国的人口).(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：afinedaughteroftheParty(党的好女儿).不规则变化(四)、[注解]：\n①‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：myaunt’s(我阿姨家),thedoctor’s(诊所)②两人共有某物时,可以采用AandB’s的形式,如：LucyandLily’sbedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)③“of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：afriendofmyfather’s(我父亲的一位朋友),afriendofmine(我的一位朋友)4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：Thecomputerwasagreatinvention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)Thewaterintheglassisverycold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)2、集体名词(如family,class,team,group,row,police,school等)做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：ClassThreeisaverygoodclass.(三班是好班)如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：ClassThreehaveamapofChina.(三班有张中国地图)3、Chinese,Japanese,fish,sheep,people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：Thereisasheepintheyard.(院子里有只绵羊)/Therearesomesheepintheyard.(院子里有一些绵羊)4、maths,news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：Thenewsisveryexciting.(这个消息令人兴奋)5、glasses,shoes,socks,trousers,gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：ThetrousersareverycheapandIwanttotakethem.(裤子很便宜,我想买)6、alotof后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：Alotofstudentsareplayingbaseballnow.(现在有许多学生在打垒球)Alotoftimewaswastedonthatwork.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)7、and连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：Theteacherandhissonarepickingapplesnow.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果)/Fishandchipsisveryfamousfood.(鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)8、therebe句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：Thereisatableandfourchairsintheroom.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：BothyouandIarerequiredtobeheretomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：Awomanwitha7-year-oldchildwasstandingatthesideoftheroad.(一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)11、either…or…或者neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Eitheryouorheisright.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的)/NeitheryounorIamgoingthere.(你和我都不打算去那里)12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Twomonthsisnotashorttime.(两个月不是个短时间)Twothousandkilometersisquitealongdistance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)13、主语中含有halfof…/(threequarters)of…/all(of)the….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：OverthreequartersoftheinformationontheInternetisinEnglish.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的)/Athirdofthestudentswere\nplayingnearthelake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍)/Allofthewaterintheserivershasbeenpolluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)但是,population一词又有特殊情况：What’sthepopulationofChina?(中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数)/ThreequartersofthepopulationinthiscityareArabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)Step2:练习初中英语名词练习题一、选择正确的答案　( )1.—Arethose______?　　---No,theyaren’t.They’re_____.　　A.sheep;cows        B.sheep;cowC.sheeps;cow        D.sheeps;cows　　( )2.Mum,I’mquitethirsty.Pleasegiveme____.　　A.twoorange B.twobottlesoforange　C.twobottlesorangeD.twobottlesoforanges　　( )3.Ihavegot___newsfrommyfriend.Doyouwanttoknow?　　A.averygood      B.any　C.apieceof        D.twopieces　　( )4.___roomisonthe5thfloor.　　A.LucyandLily     B.LucyandLily’sC.Lucy’sandLily    D.Lucy’sandLily’s　　( )5.EverymorningMr.Smithtakesa____tohisoffice.　　A.20minutes’walkB.20minute’swalkC.20-minuteswalkD.20-minutewalk　　( )6.ThisisJamesAllanGreen.Wecancallhim____.　　A.Mr.Green      B.Mr.AllanC.Mr.James      D.JamesGreen　　( )7.JackandTomare____.　　A.goodfriends    B.goodfriend　C.agoodfriend   D.goodafriend　　( )8.It’sonlyaboutten____walktothenearestpostoffice.　　A.minutesB.minute’sC.minutes’D.minute　　( )9.Heoftenhas____forbreakfast.　　A.twobreads       B.twopieceofbreadsC.twopiecesofbreadD.twopiecesofbreads　　( )10.Mrs.Greenhastwo____.They’reverybright.\n　　A.childs B.child C.children’sD.children　　( )11.WhatdidtheheadmastersayaboutJim’s______.　　A.twomonthsholidayB.twomonths’holiday　C.two-monthholidayD.twomonth’sholidays　　( )12.Iwon’tgotherewithyou,forIhavealotof____todo.　　A.works B.job   C.work   D.working　　( )13.LiLeiisafriendof___.　　A.Isister          B.mysister’sC.mesister        D.mysisterof　　( )14.Haveyouread____?　　A.today’s          B.todaypaper　C.thetoday’spaper  D.today’spaper　　( )15.Howmany___arethereintheroom?　　A.boxes  B.box  C.boxs  D.boxxes　　( )16.Many____havebeenbuiltinourcitysince1987.　　A.factorys           B.factories　C.factoryes           D.factorys　　( )17.Therearelotsof___inthebasketonthetable.　　A.tomatosB.tomatoC.tomatoesD.tomatoss　　( )18.Thecatcaughttwo___lastnight.　　A.mouses B.mice  C.mouse  D.mices　　( )19.Jackwenttohavetwo___pulledoutyesterdayafternoon.　　A.tooths B.tooth  C.teeth D.toothes　　( )20.Inourschooltherearefifty-five___.　　A.womenteachers   B.womanteachers　C.womenteacher    D.woman’steacher　　( )21.Thethree___willbeputintoprison.　　A.thiefs B.thief  C.thievesD.thiefs’二、基本型写出下列名词的复数形式：1.pencil-box___________2.wife_______3.Sunday________4.city______5.dress_______6.Englishman________7.match_______8.Chinese________9.zoo________\n10.exam________11.German__________12.Ihavealotof________(作业)todoeveryday.13.His_______(裤子)arenew,butmineareold.14.Itisthebestoneofthe_________(照片)inmyfamily.15.Aretheybuildingany_______(图书馆)inthecity?16.Canyoucutthisbigpearintotwo_______(半)?17.Attheendof_______(八月),youmustgetreadyforthenewschoolyear.18.Treesareplantedinmostofthemountainv________.19.Ilikea_______.It’sneitherhotnorcold.20.T_______comesafterMonday.㈡、提高型1.June1stis____Dayallovertheworld.A.Child’sB.Childs’C.Children’sD.Childrens’2.September10this___DayinChina,isn’tit?A.Teacher’sB.Teachers’C.TeacherD.Teacherof3._____ismadeof_____.A.Glass;glassB.Aglass;glassC.Glasses;glassesD.Aglass;glasses4.Thisis_______news.A.suchagoodB.averygoodC.sogoodaD.suchgood5.What______itis!Let’sgoswimming.A.afineweatherB.finedayC.afinedayD.badweather6.TheylikeChinese_____.A.foodandpeoplesB.foodsandpeopleC.foodsandpeopleD.foodandpeople7.LucyandIgotoschool_____everyday.A.onfeetB.onfootC.byfootsD.bybuses8.–Arethose_____?-No,theyaren’t.They’re_____.A.sheep;cowsB.sheep;cowC.sheeps;cowD.sheeps;cows9.Whatareyoulisteningto,Jane?____or____?A.amusic;anewsB.music;newsC.music;newsD.music;anews10.Howmany____and____arethereinyourclass?\nA.boystudent;girlonesB.girlsstudents;boysonesC.boysstudent;girloneD.girlstudents;boyones11.Agroupof____aretalkingwithtwo___overthere.A.Frenchmen;GermansB.Frenchmen;GermenC.German;FrenchmenD.Germans;Frenchmans12.Thatbusdriverdranktwo_____.A.glassofwaterB.glassesofwatersC.cupsofteaD.cupoftea13.Mrs.Smithisanoldfriendof_______.A.Bob’smotherB.Bob’smother’sC.motherofBobD.Bobmother’s14.Thetallmanwithabignoseis_______teacher.A.TomandCarlB.Tom’sandCarl’sC.TomandCarl’s15.Thereis______treeinourschool.A.a8-metres-tallB.an-8-metre-tallC.an8metrestall㈢、综合型1.In____time,thosemountainswillbecoveredwithtrees.A.fewyearB.afewyears’C.fewyearsD.afewyear’s2.Didyouhearthe______report?A.policeB.policemen’sC.policemans’D.policemens’3.Webought_____formymother’sbirthday.A.somemeatsB.somepiecesmeatC.apieceofmeatD.piecesofmeats4.–Whoseisthisnewdesk?-It’s_____.A.SueandJim’sB.SueandJimC.Sue’sandJim’s5.–Wouldyoulike_____coffee?-No,thanks.I’vedrunktwo__.A.any;bottlesoforangeB.little;bottleoforangesC.some;bottlesoforangeD.afew;bottleoforange6.–Howmany_____doyouwant?-Two,please.A.kilosofeggB.kiloofeggsC.kilosofeggsD.kiloofbread7.Therailwaystationistwo_____fromourhouse.A.hour’sdriveB.hours’driveC.hour-driveD.hoursdrive\n8.–Whereareyougoing,Lucy?-_______.A.TomyuncleB.Tomyuncle’sC.AtmyuncleD.Atmyuncle’s9.Haveyouread_____?A.anewspaperoftoday’sB.todaynewspaperC.today'snewspaper10.There’realotof___downthere,buthardlyany___.A.horse;peopleB.horses;peoplesC.cow;peopleD.sheep;people11.Lucyputalotof____in____oftea.(2000西安)A.sugar;thetwocupB.sugars;thetwocupsC.sugar;thetwocupsD.sugars;twocups12.Mr.Linoftengivesus_______bye-mail.(2000上海)A.somegoodinformationB.somegoodinformationsC.goodinformationsD.agoodinformation13.–Isthisyourroom?-No,it’s_____room.(2000广州)A.boxofappleB.boxesofapplesC.boxofapplesD.boxesofapple17.–Helpyourselftosome_________.-Thankyou.Ireallylikethem.(2001汕头)A.fishB.orangeC.breadD.cakes18.ThisisanoldphotoofminewhenI_______.(2001吉林)A.haveshorthairsB.hadshorthairsC.haveshorthairD.hadshorthair19.Whereis________sweater?Ican’tseeit.(2001四川)A.LucyB.LucysC.Lucy’s20.Thelittlebabyhastwo_______already.(2001天津)A.toothB.toothsC.teethD.teeths21.Weallhad______lastmonth.Didyoutraveltoanywhere?A.sevendays’holidayB.sevenday’sholidayC.seven-daysholidayD.aseven-daysholiday22.Yesterdayafew_____cametovisitsome______inShantou.A.German;placesofinterestB.Germans;placesofinterestsC.Germans;placesofinterestD.Germen;placesofinterest\n23.Whenautumncomes,______ofmosttreesturnyellowandthenfalldown.A.leafB.leafsC.leaveD.leaves（四）巩固练习(  )1.Shewasveryhappy.She________inthemathstest.A.makesafewmistake            B.madeafewmistakesC.madefewmistakes                  D.makesfewmistake(  )2.Weneedsomemore________.Canyougoandgetsome,please?A.potato       B.potatos            C.potatoes        D.potatoe(  )3.________are________forcuttingthings.A.Knife/used        B.Knives/used         C.Knife/using     D.Knives/using(  )4.Whatbig________thetigerhas!A.tooth             B.teeth               C.tooths            D.toothes(  )5.Pleaseremembertogivethehorsesometree________.A.leafs            B.leaves              C.leaf                D.leave(  )6.--Canwehavesome________?--Yes,please.A.banana           B.oranges             C.apple               D.pear(  )7.Onthetabletherearefive________.A.tomatos         B.pieceoftomatoesC.tomatoes            D.tomato(  )8.Theygotmuch________fromthosenewbooks.A.ideas                B.photos             C.information           D.stories(  )9.Hegaveus________onhowtokeepfit.A.someadvices  B.someadvice         C.anadvice     D.aadvice(  )10.Whenwesawhisface,weknew________wasbad.A.somenews       B.anews              C.thenews        D.news(  )11--Wouldyoulike________tea?--No,thanks.Ihavedrunktwo________.A.any,bottlesoforange                     B.some,bottlesoforangeC.many,bottlesoforanges              D.few,bottleoforanges(  )12.Heishungry.Givehim________toeat.A.twobreads                             B.twopieceofbreadC.twopiecesofbread                    D.twopiecesofbreads(  )13.Itreallytookhim________todrawthenicehorse.A.sometimes       B.hour              C.longtime    D.sometime(  )14.Iwouldliketohave________.A.twoglassesofmilk                  B.twoglassofmilkIC.twoglassesofmilks                      D.twoglassofmilks(  )15.Canyougiveme________?A.atea             B.somecupoftea  C.acuptea          D.acupoftea(  )16.Pleasegiveme________paper.A.one         B.apiece              C.a                    D.apieceof(  )17.Johnbought________forhimselfyesterday.A.twopairsofshoes                       B.twopairofshoeC.twopairofshoes                  D.twopairsshoes\n(  )18.--Howmany________haveyougotonyourfarm?--I'vegotfive.A.sheeps        B.sheep             C.pig                 D.chicken(  )19.Some________cametoourschoolforavisitthatday.A.Germans      B.Germen            C.Germany             D.Germanies(  )20.Inthepicturetherearemany________andtwo________.A.sheep;foxes                            B.sheeps;foxesC.sheeps;fox                              D.sheep;foxs(  )21.Agroupof________willvisitthemuseumtomorrow.A.Hungarian       B.Australian            C.Japanese             D.American(  )22.Thistableismadeof________.A.manyglass       B.glasses              C.someglasses  D.glass(  )23.--Whatwouldyouliketohaveforlunch,sir?--I'dlike________.A.chicken       B.achicken           C.chickens              D.thechicken(  )24.Childrenshouldmake________foroldpeopleinabus.A.room         B.aroom               C.rooms          D.theroom(  )25.Tablesaremadeof________.A.wood          B.somewoods        C.wooden          D.woods(  )26.Iwonderwhy________aresointerestedinaction(武打片)films.A.people        B.peoples             C.thepeople     D.thepeoples(  )27.Ihaveread________oftheyoungwriter.A.works         B.work               C.thisworks          D.theworks(  )28.Let'smeetat7:30outsidethegateof________?A.thePeople'sPark                    B.thePeoples'ParkC.thePeoplePark                    D.People'sPark(  )29.Ifthesetrousersaretoobig,buyasmaller________.A.set           B.one          C.piece                  D.pair(  )30.LastweekIboughtaTV________.A.pair.                B.set               C.piece                D.block(  )31.Thereisa________ofwoodleftontheground.A.cup          B.piece              C.box              D.pair(  )32.Therearesixty-seven________inourschool.A.women'steacher                    B.womenteachersC.womanteachers                      D.womenteacher(  )33.Therearefive________inourfactory.A.womandriver  B.womendriver   C.womandrivers D.womendrivers(  )34.These________weresenttothevillagestohelpthefarmers.A.womendoctor  B.womendoctors  C.womandoctors D.womandoctor(  )35.Theywritemostoftheir________inEnglish.A.businessletter  B.businessletters  C.businesses         D.businessesletters(  )36.Wecametoa________atlastandwentintoit.A.watchshop         B.watchesshop         C.watchingshop       D.watchsshop\n(  )37.Thisshopsellsapples,bananasandthingslikethese.It'sa________.A.foodshop         B.bookshop     C.fruitshop        D.vegetableshop(  )38.Shebrokea________whileshewaswashingup.A.glassofwine         B.glassforwine   C.glasswine        D.wineglass(  )39.I'veforgottenbothofthe________.A.roomnumbers B.roomsnumber   C.roomsnumbers D.roomnumber(  )40.--Isthebroomunder________desk?      --No,it'sunder________.A.theteacher's;myB.teacher's;mine   C.teacher's;me   D.theteacher's;mine(  )41.Excuseme,whereisthe________?A.men'sroom        B.mens'room      C.men'srooms        D.menrooms(  )42.Thefootballunderthebedis________.A.LilyandLucy B.Lily'sandLucy's  C.Lily'sandLucy D.LilyandLucy's(  )43.Thisismy________dictionary.A.sisterMary        B.sister's       C.sister,Mary's   D.sister'sMary's(  )44.Joanis________.A.Mary'sandJacksister              B.MaryandJack'ssisterC.MaryandJacksister               D.Mary'sandJack'ssister(  )45.Inafew________time,thosemountainswillbecoveredwithtrees.A.year         B.years'                    C.year's           D.years(  )46.It'sabout________walkfrommyhouse.A.tenminute        B.tenminutes'         C.tenminute's        D.tenminutes(  )47.Thepostofficeisabitfarfromhere.It'sabout________.A.thirtyminutes'swalk                         B.thirtyminute'swalkC.thirtyminutes'walk                         D.thirtyminuteswalk(  )48.Half________telephonecallsaremadeinEnglish.A.theworld        B.world            C.theworld's        D.world's(  )49.________facetothesouth.A.Windowsoftheroom                        B.ThewindowsoftheroomC.Theroom'swindows                  D.Thewindowsinroom(  )50.Pleasetaketwo________.A.pictureofthepark                   B.picturesoftheparkC.thepicturesofapark                 D.pictureofapark(  )51.Theworkersarerepairing________.A.theroofofthehouse                       B.aroofofthehouseC.roofofthehouse                      D.thisroofofhouse(  )52.MissSmithisafriendof________.A.Mary'smother's                                   B.Mary'smotherC.mother'sofMary                    D.Marymothers(  )53.Thisisabookof________.A.Tom     B.Tom's                     C.her               D.him(  )54.Thepostcardissentby________.\nA.afriendofmyfather                      B.afriendofmyfather'sC.myfatherfriend                       D.myfatherfriend's