语言学概论 3页

一、NounInterpretation(名词解释)要求：可用中文作答，每题4分，共20分1.phonemes（音位）2.morphemes（词素）3.socialdialect（社会方言）4.RootsandStems（词根和词干）5.syllabicwriting（音节文字）二、AnalysisQuestions（分析题）要求：可用中文作答，注意写出分析过程，每题10分，共40分1.ThesearewordsfromMichoacanAztec.Wecanfindrepetitionsandnearrepetitionsofthesamewordparts.Thefollowingexamplesillustratethiskindofmorphologicalrule.（这些单词来自于墨西哥的阿芝台克语，我们可以看出每个单词都有相同或相近的部分，下面的例子阐释这种词素规则）（10分）nokali‘myhouse’mopelo‘yourdog’nokalimes‘myhouses’mopelomes‘yourdogs’mokali‘yourhouse’ikwahmili‘hiscornfield’ikali‘hishouse’nokwahmili‘mycornfield’nopelo‘mydog’mokwahmili‘yourcornfield’Quetion:whatisthemorphememeaningthesegivenwordsinAztec:（问题：请写出下列在阿芝台克语中下列单词代表什么词素）(1)house—(5)your—(2)dog—(6)his—(3)cornfield—(7)plural(复数）—(4)my—f.[f][∫]g.[k][θ]h.[s][g]i.[j][w]j.[j][dʒ]a.[h][ʔ]b.[r][[w]c.[m][ŋ]d.[ð][v]e.[r][t]2.Whichofthefollowingsoundpairshavethesamemannerofarticulation,andwhatisthatmannerofarticulation?(下面哪几组音素具有相同的发音方法，并说出具体的方法)(10分)3.AdheringtotheX-barschema,drawphrasestructuretreesforthefollowingsentences(TPs)（根据X-bar规则，请画出下列句子的树状结构（树状图））\na.Thepuppyfoundthechild.(3分)b.Thehotsunmeltedtheice.（3分）c.Myguitargentlyweeps.(4分)4.Giventhesewords,dothevoiceless/voicedalveolarstops[t]and[d]repre¬sentdifferentphonemes,oraretheyallophonesofthesamephone?Pleasewitedowntheanalysisprocess.（10分）Hereareafewhintsastohowaphonologistmightproceed:（在下面给的这些单词中，送气和不送气的齿槽音：[t]和[d]分别代表了两个相同的因为还是不同的音位，请写出分析过程）1.[kudot]‘failures’5.[madon]‘ofaworm’2.[kate]‘cover’6.[maton]‘ofarug’3.[katot]‘roofts’7.[ratas]‘wheel’4.[kade]‘envious’8.[radon]‘ofatrack’三、Essayquestions(论述题)a.GiveexamplesofwhatLanguagecontactis?Whatchangescanbecausedbylanguagecontact?(请举例说明什么是语言接触，语言接触会引起语言的哪些变化？)（20分）b.Describethehistoryofwriting.(简述文字的发展历史)（20分）附：answer（答案）一略二1.(1)house—kali(5)your—mo-(2)dog—pelo(6)his—i-(3)cornfield—kwahmili(7)plural(复数）—-mes(4)my—no-2.Thepairsthathavethesamemannerofarticulationare:c(nasal)鼻音d(fricative)摩擦音f(fricative)摩擦音i(glide)滑音3..41.Checktoseewhetherthereareanyminimalpairs.2.Items(2)and(4)areminimalpairs:[kate]'cover'and[kade]'envious.'Items(5)\nand(6)areminimalpairs:[madon]'ofaworm'and[maton]'ofarug.'3.Concludethat[t]and[d]inFinnishrepresentthedistinctphonemes/t/and/d/.三、略