Pragmatics语言学 8页

Nicetoseeyouallbackagain!!!ChapterOneIntroduction1.theoriginofpragmatics1)abouttheterm“pragmatics”语用学Theterm"Pragmatics"wasfirstusedbyCharlesWilliamMorris"FoundationsoftheTheoryofSign"(1938).Semioticssyntaxsemanticsusers2)theestablishmentPragmatics,asacomparativelynewandindependentdisciplineoflinguistics,appearedin1970swiththepublicationof"JournalofPragmatics"inHetherlandsin1977.Beforethattimethestudyofpragmaticswaslimitedinthefieldoflinguisticphilosophy.3)Thethreestagesinthedevelopmentofpragmatics:thefirststageisfromthelate1930stolate1940s----Pierce,MorrisandCarnapconsideredpragmaticstobeabranchofsemiology符号学andallthestudieswerewithinthedomainofphilosophy;Thesecondstageisfromthebeginningof1950stolate1960s\n----Austin,SearleandGricemadestudiedonspeechactandimplicaturetheory,andtheirachievementssustainedthebasictheoryofpragmatics.Thestudieswerestillwithinthedomainofphilosophythen;Thethirdstageisafter1970s----thebiggestthreeeventshappenedandpragmaticsbecameanindependentdiscipline.a)In1977MeyandHaberlandstartedtheJournalofPragmaticsinHoland.b)In1983LevinsonandLeechpublishedtheirrespectiveworksPragmaticsandPrincipleofPragmatics,whichsetupthetheoreticsystemofpragmatics.c)theset-upoftheInternationalPragmaticsAssociationin1986inBelgium.2.WhatisPragmaticsSomedefinitionsofPragmatics:1)Pragmaticsisthestudyofallthoseaspectsofmeaningnotcapturedinasemantictheory.2)Pragmaticsisthestudyoftherelationsbetweenlanguageandcontextthatarebasictoanaccountoflangunderstanding.3)Pragmaticsisthestudyoflinguisticactsandthecontexts\ninwhichtheyareperformed.4)Pragmaticsisatheorywhichseekstocharacterisehowspeakersusethesentencesofalanguagetoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.5)Pragmaticsisthestudyoflanguageuseandlinguisticcommunication.6)Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowutteranceshavemeaningsinsituations.WhatdowefindincommonintheabovedefinitionsofPragmatics？meaningcontextBrieflyspeaking,pragmaticsreferstothestudylanguageinuse,orthemeaningincontext,ortheuseoflanguageincommunication,ortherelationshipbetweenlinguisticelementsandthecontextsorsituationsinwhichtheyareused.Languageuse----languagesystemthedistinguishingfeatureoflanguageusefromlanguagesystemis:“Onecanmeanmorethanonesays”Examples:（1）只可意会，不可言传，言有尽而意无尽，词不达意，不知从何说起。\n(2)(1999年4月，朱总理访问美国时在MIT作关于中美贸易的演讲的开场白)1947年我在清华上学时，清华被称为中国的MIT。教科书大部分来自MIT。……我当时就憧憬有一天能来MIT学习，拿个学位。但是，校长先生请不要误会，我绝对不是要个荣誉的学位。……如果我要拿学位，一定要经过考试、答辩。(3)Isthisyourpen?asaunitinthelanguagesystem,isaquestionconcerningtheownershipofapen.Inactualsituations,however,itmayhaveseveraldifferentmeanings.----"MayIuseyourpen?"request----"Don'tleaveitbehind."reminding----"Pickitup!".commandingWhyonecanmeanmorethanonesaysinlinguisticcommunication?ThisiswhatPragmaticstriestoexplain.Inotherwords,pragmaticstriestofindouttheunderlyingprinciplesofthislinguisticphenomenon,ortheprinciplesoflanguageuse.3.PragmaticsandSemanticsthreedifferentviews:\n1)PragmaticsispartofSemantics2)SemanticsispartofPragmatics3)PragmaticsandSemanticsaretwodistinctiveandcomplementaryareasoflinguistics.Thediferencebetweenthetwo:differentlevels.Generallyspeaking,semanticsdealswithmeaningasadyadicrelationbetweenaformanditsmeaning,thatis,"WhatdoesXmean?----XmeansY",whilepragmaticsregardsmeaningasatriadicrelationbetweenspeaker,meaningandform/utterance,thatis,"WhatdoyoumeanbyX?----SmeansYbyX.".semanticsstudieslinguisticmeaning,includingwordmeaningandsentencemeaning,whichistheconceptualmeaning,abstractmeaningandcontext-independentmeaning;whilepragmaticsstudiesutterance’sorspeaker'smeaning,whichisthemeaninginlanguageuseandwhichiscontextdependentandconcrete.Nowlet'suseanexampletoillustratethedifferencebetweenthetwo.\n"Myhusbandwillbebacksoon."PromiseThRequestAnotherexample:“well”Fromthesemanticpointofview,itmeans“inagood,rightorsatisfactoryway”Fromthepragmaticpointofview,themeaningdependsonthecontext,e.g.a)A:HowlonghaveyouknownJohnSmith?B:Well,Ishouldsayaboutfiveyears.Letmeseewaitamomentb)A:Doyouhaveanumbrellawithyou?It’sraining.B:Well,Ineverthoughtitwouldrain!c)A:Doyoulikepopmusic?B:Well,no,notreally.d)A:HowdoyoulikethisdressIboughtyesterday?B:Well,thecolourisnice.\nA:Howaboutgoingtothecinema?B:Well,Ihavetopreparefortheexam.Compare:A:Didyoukillyourwife?B1:Well,yes.B2:Yes.4.PragmaticsandSyntax1)SyntaxstudiessentencesasunitsoftheabstractlinguisticsystemwhilePragmaticsstudiesutterancesasinstancesofthesystem;2)SyntaxstopsatthesentenceleveldiscoursewhilePragmaticslooksatbiggerchunksofconversation;3)SyntaxregardssentencesasstableproductswhilePragmaticstreatsutterancesasdynamicprocesses;4)SyntaxanalysessentencesinisolationwhilePragmaticsanalysesutterancesincloseconnectionwiththeircontextsofsituation.\nExercises:1.请从语用的角度解释下列对话中每个“意思”的意思　（情景：阿呆给领导送红包时，两人所进行的对话）　　领导：“你这是什么意思？”　　阿呆：“没什么意思，意思意思。”　　领导：“你这就不够意思了。”　　阿呆：“小意思，小意思。”　　领导：“你这人真有意思。”　　阿呆：“其实也没有别的意思。”　　领导：“那我就不好意思了。”　　阿呆：“是我不好意思。”2.Somesemanticallyill-formedsentencescanmakesenseiftheyareconsideredpragmatically.Lookatthefollowingsentences:(1)JohnisaHitler.(2)GolfplaysJohn.(3)Boysareboys.Questions:a)Inwhatwaysarethesentencesabovesemanticallyill-formed?b)Inwhatcontextcanthethreesentencesbeusedforcommunication?Whatcanthespeakerineachcasemean?