SECONDLANGUAGELEARNINGAPPLIEDLINGUISTICS第二语言学习应用语言学 13页

SECONDLANGUAGELEARNINGAPPLIEDLINGUISTICSP.162-171\nWHATISAPPLIEDLINGUISTICS?Afieldthatstudiessecondlanguagelearningbylinguisticanalysisandotherfieldssuchascommunication,education,psychology,andsociology.\nSECONDLANGUAGELEARNINGLearningEnglishinacommunitythatdoesn’tspeakEnglish.EnglishclassinSaudiArabia.LeaningEnglishinaplacewhereitisthespokenlanguage.EnglishclassintheUS.EFLENGLISHASAFOREIGNLANGUAGEESLENGLISHASASECONDLANGUAGE\nACQUISITION&LEARNINGThegradualdevelopmentoflanguageabilitybyusingitnaturallyincommunicativesituationswithnativespeakers.Result:Fluencyinusingthelanguage(asinsocialinteraction)Learningthefeaturesofthelanguage(vocabulary,grammar)thatislearnedinaclassroom.Result:Knowledge‘about’thelanguage.(asintests)\nLANGUAGETEACHINGMETHODSGRAMMAR-TRANSLATIONMETHOD:Earliestmethod-grammarrules,vocabularylists,memorization,focusonwrittenlanguagenotspoken.AUDIOLINGUALMETHOD:Emphasisonthespokenlanguage,languagewasviewedasa‘habit’,tobelearnedbytheuseofdrills,repetition,andimitation.COMMUNICATIVEAPPROACHES:Therecentdevelopmentinsecondlanguagelearning,focusonusingthelanguagetocommunicate.\nTRANSFERUsingsounds,expressions,orstructuresfromthefirstlanguageL1whenusingthesecondlanguageL2.Negativetransfer:whentheL1transferisdifferentandresultsinamistake(adjectiveafternoun)Positivetransfer:whenthelanguagesaresimilarandthelearnertransfersknowledgethatresultsincorrectforms.\nINPUT&OUTPUTThelanguagethatthelearnerisexposedtothatisbeneficialforlearning.Foreignertalk:nativespeakersmodifytheirlanguagetocommunicatewiththelearner.Negotiatedinput:whenthelearnerasksforclarification.P.168Ismeaningfulinteractionbetweenthelearnerandspeakersofthelanguage.Itisoneofthemostdifficultthingstoprovideinthelanguageclassroom.Communicativeapproachestrytogivestudentsthisopportunity.\nLANGUAGEANDREGIONALVARIATIONP.194-202\nLINGUISTICGEOGRAPHYInvestigatingaspectsoflanguagevariationbasedonwherethelanguageisused(Regionorcountry).DIALECTOLOGY:Thestudyofdifferentdialectsofthesamelanguagethatcouldbesimilarorverydifferent.\nDEFININGTERMSSTANDARDLANGUAGE:Theversionofalanguagethatisacceptedastheofficiallanguageofthecountry.(usedinnewspapers,TV,books,schools)ACCENT:Aspectsofthepronunciationoflanguagethatidentifywherethespeakerisfromregionallyorsocially.DIALECT:Featuresofgrammarandvocabularyaswellasaspectsofpronunciationthataredifferentamongspeakers.\nISOGLOSSES&DIALECTBOUNDARIESTheboundarybetweenareaswithregardtooneparticularlinguisticitem.P.197Whenanumberofisoglossescometogethertoformathicklinetheybecomeadialectboundary.\nPIDGINS&CREOLESAvarietyoflanguagethatdevelopedforpracticalpurposessuchastradeamongpeoplewhoneededtocommunicatewitheachotherbutdidn’tknoweachother’slanguages.P.201Whenapidgindevelopsbeyonditsuseasatradeorcontactlanguageandbecomesthefirstlanguageofasocialcommunity.\nPIDGINSCREOLESAnEglishpidginisalanguagethatwasbasedonEnglish.Limitedvocabulary.Noinflectionalsuffixes(plural–s)Syntaxofthelanguageisdifferent.P.202Acreoledevelopsasthefirstlanguageofchildrenofpidginspeakers.Vocabularyelementsofpidginsbecomegrammaticalelements.Ithasnativespeakers.