语言学TypesofWordForma 27页

TypesofWordFormation----magicwords\nCONTENT8TypesCompoundingDerivationConversionBackformationClippingInitialismBlendingAcronym\nCompoundingWordsareformedbyputtingtwowordstogether.Compoundshavestrictpatterns：thefirstelementinthecompoundreceivesthemainstress,butitisgenerallythesecondelementthatdeterminesthecompound’snewwordclass.\nThreePatternsofCompoundsNounCompoudsAdjectiveCompoundsVerbCompounds\nNounCompoundsn+nbank-note，newspaper，cellphonev+npickpocket，break-water(防波堤)adj+nforehead，greenhouse，blackboardVing+nhiding-place，reading-roompron+nhe-goat，she-wolfadv+novercoat，inlandv+advbreak-in，breakdown，breakupadv+voutput，overflown+prep+neditor-in-chief，father-in-law，mother-in-law\nAdjectiveCompoundsadj+adj：red-hot，bitter-sweet,dark-blueadj+n:part-time,second-hand,bare-footn+adj:world-famous,snow-white,lifelongv+adj:stir-crazyadv+adj:ever-green，over-sensitivenum+n:five-yearnum+n+adj:five-year-old,sic-inch-tallnum+ned:four-legged,six-storied,two-faced\nVerbCompoundsnoun+verb:day-dream，sun-batheverb+verb:sleep-walkadjective+verb:white-washadv+v:overcome,outgrow,uphold(支持)\nDerivationDerivationisdonebyaddingaffixestootherwordsormorphemes.Incontrasttocompounding,aderivationalwordconsistsofatleastafreemorphemeandaboundmorpheme(aderivationalmorphemeoraffix).\nPrefixA.表示否定意义的前缀：dis-,in-,im-,ir-,ne-,n-,un-表示“纯否定”，如：dishonest,impossible,illegal,irregular,neither,never,unable。mis-表示“错误”，如：mistake,mislead。de-,dis-,un-表示“相反动作”，如：defend,disconnect（断开），uncover。\nB.表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀：a-表示“在……之上,向……”，eg:aboard,aside。inter-表示“在……间;相互”，eg:international,interaction。out-表示“在上面；在外部”，eg:outline,outsidetrans-表示“跨越”，eg:translate,transform,under-表示“在……下面”，eg:underline,underground,underwater。up-表示“向上；向上面；在上”，eg:upward,uphold\nC.表示时间、序列关系的前缀：fore-表示“在前面；先前；前面”，eg：forward,forecast,foretell（预言）。mid-表示“中；中间”，eg：midnight,midsummer。re-表示“再一次”，eg：retell,remarry。\nD.表示比较程度差别关系的前缀：extra-表示“超越；额外”,eg：extraordinary。over-表示“超过；太”,eg：overeat,overdress,super-,sur-表示“超过”,eg：supernature,superpower,vice-表示“副；次”,eg：vicepresident,vicechairman。\nE.表示数量关系的前缀：kilo-表示“千”，eg:kilometer。F.表示特殊意义的前缀：micro-表示“微”，eg:microscope。G.表示术语的前缀：bio-表示“生命；生物”，eg:biography，biology。tele-表示“远距离”，eg:television,telephone。\n\n名词后缀具有某种职业或动作的人：-an,-ian表示“……地方的人；精通……的人”，eg:American,historian。-ant,-ent表示“……者”，eg:merchant（商人），agent,servant,student。-ary表示“从事……的人”，eg:secretary。-eer表示“从事于……的人”，eg：engineer,volunteer。-er表示“从事某种职业的人；某地方的人”，eg：banker,observer,Londoner,villager。\n-ese表示“……国人，……地方的人”：Japanese,Cantonese（广东人）。-ess表示女性人称名词：actress,hostess,-ist表示“从事……研究者；信仰……主义者”：pianist,communist,dentist,artist,chemist。-logist表示“……学家；研究者”：biologist,geologist。-or表示“……者”：author,doctor-yer表示“从事……职业者”：lawyer。\n构成具有抽象含义的名词-age表示“状态、行为、身份及其结果、总称”，eg：courage,storage-ance,-ence表示“性质；状况；行为；过程；总量；程度”，eg：importance,diligence,difference。-dom表示“等级，领域，状态”，eg：freedom,kingdom,wisdom.-hood表示“资格；身份；年纪；状态”，eg：manhood,fatherhood。-ice表示“行为；性质；状态”，eg：notice,justice,service。-or,-our表示“动作；性质；状态”，eg：favor,error。-ship表示“情况；性质；技巧、技能及身份，职业”，eg：hardship,-th表示“动作；性质；过程；状态”，eg：depth,wealth,truth。\n形容词后缀suffixmeaningusageeg-able可/能…的加在名词或及物动词后valuable,horrible,eatable-al有...性质的加在名词后natural,technical,actual-ant,-ent...的加在外来动词词干上important,pleasant,excellent-ic,-ical...性质的，与...有关的加在外来词干的名词上atomic,electric,basic-ish稍带...的，...气的，...民族的，...语的加在名词或形容词上用于民族国家地名之上feverish,childish,bookishEnglish,Spanish-ive有...倾向的/性质的加在动词上instructive,expensive-ful充满...的，引起...的加在名词或少数名词上thankful,powerful,tearful-less无/不...的，不能...的加在名词或动词上homeless,harmless,wireless-ous充满...的，有...特性的加在名词上dangerous,famous,nervous-y有/多...的，想...的加在名词上cloudy,sunny,funny,sleepy-ed有...的，有...特征的加在名词或动词上tired,interested,learned-en由...构(制)成的加在物质名词上wooden,earthen,woolen-ern...方的加在表示方位的名词上eastern,western,southern-ly有...性质的，...形状的加在名词或形容词上yearly,daily,orderly,lively\nsuffixmeaningusageeg-ate表示：使成为，成为...，处理，使化合见于外来词，由外来词根组成，不能活用educate,translate,imitate,calculate,operate,hesitate,concentrate,evaporate-en表示：变为，使为，变为有，使有加在形容词上，有时加在名词上，通常构成及物动词darken,weaken,deepen,sharpen,glisten,frighten,strengthen-fy表示：使成为，使...化加在名词或形容词上，构成及物动词和少数不及物动词beautify,uglify,satisfy,terrify,electrify,purify-ish表示：使...,令...大多是从法语输入的词，不能构成新词finish,accomplish,punish,furnish,publish,astonish-ize表示：使成，变成，...化加在名词或形容词上，构成及物动词或少数不及物动词modernize,democratize,revolutionize,realize,sympathize动词后缀\n副词后缀suffixmeaningeg-ly加在形容词之后表示某种状态cheerfully,slightly,simply,possibly,coolly,excitedly表示某个方面economically,technically表示程度或范围greatly,completely表示时间recently,presently表示次序firstly,secondly表示方向eastwardly,northwardly-ward-wards加在名词或副词后，表示“向......的”forward,backward,upward,downward,toward,northward,afterward\nAnouncanbecomeaverbeasilyandaverbcanbeusedasanoun.Conversionisalsocalledzeroderivation.fivemajortypesnoun---verbverb---nounverb---adjectiveadjective---verbadjective---nounConversion\nn-vthand手---交给date日期---定日期face脸---面对adj-vtempty空的---倒空better较好---改善cool凉爽---使凉n-adjfront前面---前面的noble贵族---高贵的key钥匙---关键的adv-vtdown向下---击倒back向后---后退up向上---提高vt-ndrink喝---饮料study学习---书房vt-adjperfect使完美---完美的fit适合---适合的adj-nchief主要的---首领first第一的---第一个wrong错误的---错误the+adj-nthewounded---受伤的人们theblind---盲人们thebeautiful---美丽的东西typesofconversion\nBackformationRemovingasuffixtogetanewword.Eg:donation---donatesculptor---sculpttypewriter---typewritebabysitter---babysitintermission---intermit\nClippingThisprocessbywhichpartsofawordhavebeencutoffiscalledclipping.Clippingoccurswhenawordofmorethanonesyllableisreducedtoashorterform,oftenincasualspeech.保留前几个字母INFOinformationINSinsuranceEXCHexchangeIoweyouIOUInsteadofI/O根据发音RareTHOthoughTHRUthrough保留开头和结尾个发音字母WKweekRMroomPLpeople拿掉所有元音MKT:marketMGR:managerMSG:messageSTD:standardRCV:receive根据发音RareTHOthoughTHRUthrough\nBlendingAsinglenewwordcanbeformedbycombiningtwoseparateforms.1+1=?Typically,blendingisfinishedbytakingonlythebeginningofonewordandjoiningittotheendofanotherword.motel=motor+hotelsmog=smoke+fogtelecast=television+broadcastAsinglenewwordcanbeformedbycombiningtwoseparateforms.Typically,blendingisfinishedbytakingonlythebeginningofonewordandjoiningittotheendofanotherword.Eg:motel=motor+hotelsmog=smoke+fogtelecast=television+broadcast\nAcronymandInitialismAcronym:Somenewwordsareformedfromthefirstlettersofaseriesofwords.Theyarepronouncedassinglewords.Initialism:Somenewwordsarecomposedofthefirstlettersofaserisesofwordsandpronouncedbysayingeachletterinthem.SARSNATOOPECTEFLIQSOSVCDGDPGNP\nTheendTHANKS