规范语言学与描述语言学 26页

DescriptiveLinguisticsandPrescriptiveLinguistics规定语言学和描述语言学\nDefinitionHistoryPrescriptiveGrammarVSDescriptiveGrammarExamplesWebster’sThirdNewInternationalDictionaryOutline\nPrescriptivelinguistics规定语言学---anaccountofhowalanguageshouldbeusedinsteadofhowitisactuallyused.Itistheactoftakingtheofficialmodelsofalanguage,andtreatingthemassacred['seikrid]perfectrepresentationsofthelanguage,andenforcingthemonpeople.Forexample,correctingsomeonewhousestheword“ain’t”(amnot/arenot),evenifit’susedinanappropriatelycasualway.\nDescriptivelinguistics描述语言学---theworkofanalyzinganddescribinghowlanguageisactuallyspokennow(orhowitwasactuallyspokeninthepast),byanygroupofpeople.\nhistory1Prescriptivelinguisticsschool2Descriptivelinguisticsschool\nPrescriptivelinguisticsschool规定语言学派ThehistoryoflinguisticscantracebacktotheancientGreecein5thcenturyBC.Atthattime,prescriptivelinguisticsmainlydependedontheearlyLatinorGreekgrammar.Ittreatedthelinguisticasalawtorulepeoplehowtouselanguage.Untilthe18thcentury,theprescriptivelinguisticswasstillthemainstream.\nDescriptivelinguisticsschool描述语言学派1911192419331950\nOneperson:Boas(鲍阿斯)Onebook:HandbookofAmericanIndianlanguage《美洲印第安语手册》Theforewordtothebook:Thesymbolofthestartofthedescriptivelinguisticsschool\nOneorganization:LinguisticSocietyofAmerica美国语言学学会Twopeople:Boas（鲍阿斯（1858-1942）Sapir(萨丕尔)（1884-1939）\nOnebook:Language(语言论)Oneperson:Bloomfield[‘blu:mfi:ld]布龙菲尔德Influence:Thesymboloftheformalbirthofthedescriptivelinguisticsschool\nDescriptivelinguisticsschoolbecamemature\nPrescriptivegrammarDescriptivegrammar\nPrescriptivegrammariansprefergivingpracticaladviceaboutusinglanguage:straightforwardrulestohelpusavoidmakingerrors.Aprescriptivegrammarianbelievesthatcertainformsusedarecorrectandthatothers,eventhoughtheymaybeusedbynativespeakers,areincorrect.PrescriptiveGrammar\nPrescriptivegrammarianslayoutr___aboutwhatthey_b_______tobethe“_c_______”or“_i________”useoflanguage.KeyPointulesorrectncorrectelieve\nDescriptivegrammariansgenerallyadviseusnottobeoverlyconcernedwithmattersofcorrectness:language,theysay,isn'tgoodorbad;itsimplyis.Asthehistoryoftheglamorouswordgrammardemonstrates,theEnglishlanguageisalivingsystemofcommunication,acontinuallyevolvingaffair.Withinagenerationortwo,wordsandphrasescomeintofashionandfalloutagain.Overcenturies,wordendingsandentiresentencestructurescanchangeordisappear.DescriptiveGrammar\nDescriptivistslookatthewaypeoplespeakandthentrytocreaterulesthataccountforthelanguageusage,acceptingalternativeformsthatareusedregionallyandalsobeingopentoformsusedinspeechthattraditionalgrammarswoulddescribeaserrors.Manyprescriptivistsfeelthatmodernlinguistics,isresponsibleforadeclineinthestandardoflanguage.\nDescriptivegrammariansstudyther_____orpatternsthatu_____ouru____ofwords,phrases,clauses,andsentences.KeyPointulesnderliebeorformthebaseforUnderlie:se\nPrescriptivegrammar:thestructureofalanguageascertainpeoplethinkitshouldbeused.Descriptivegrammar:thestructureofalanguageasitisactuallyusedbyspeakersandwriters.Contrast\nThoughcertainlydifferentintheirapproachestolanguage,bothkindsofgrammar--descriptiveandprescriptive--areusefultostudentsandveryimportantinEnglishstudies.\nExamples\n1.ThisisthehouseIwasbornin．2.I'dliketoknowwhatyouhavebeenupto．OneRuleNeverendasentencewithapreposition.\n1.ThisisthehouseIwasbornin．ThisisthehouseinwhichIwasborn．2.I'dliketoknowwhatyouhavebeenupto．I'dliketoknowuptowhatyouhavebeen．\nA.ItisI.B.Itisme.A.Whodidyouspeakto?B.Whomdidyouspeakto?\nPrescriptiviststakecorrectandincorrectrulesastheabsolutestandard.Prescriptivegrammarisasubjectiveone-sidedprescription.Disadvantage\nWebster’sThirdNewInternationalDictionaryiscalledadescriptivedictionary,whichdescribesthewaywordsactuallyarebeingusedinconversationsandwritings.PhilipGrove,theeditorofthenewdictionary,isarepresentativedescriptivist.Althoughmanypeopleagainstthisdictionaryforitsallegedpermissiveness,it’sactuallytheundisputedbest.Webster'sThirdNewInternationalDictionary\nThankyou.