语言学mainpointsforoverview 10页

Assessment1.Regularattendanceisrequired(5%).2.Oneshortmid-termpaper(20%)3.Performanceinthefinalexam(50%).4.Classroomdiscussions/presentations(25%).Mainpointsforreview:I.Terms:A:translationsfromEnglishtoChineseFricativeapproximantbilabiallabiodentalglottalfreemorphemesuprasegmentalmorphemeinflectionderivationsememenasalcavitylarynxvocalfoldsvoicedvoicelessparoleactivezonesco-hyponymMeronymyArticulatoryphoneticsAcousticphoneticsTheInternationalPhoneticAlphabetAlveolarEpenthesisperseverativecoarticulationComplementarydistributionIconicityconventionB.translationsfromChinesetoEnglish\n1．音位2．音位变体3．横组合关系4．直接成分5．离心结构6．并列结构7．一致关系8．衔接9．连贯10．主位意义11．递归性12．上下义关系13．语义成分分析14．命题15．言外之意16．同化现象17．娱乐功能18．元语言19．组构原则20．谓词逻辑21．激活区22．互补反义关系23．声门音24．爆破音25．逆化性协同发音26．送气27．鼻音化28．命题逻辑29．谓词逻辑C．Brieflydefinethefollowingterms1．Linguistics2．Pragmatics3．Competenceandperformance4．Emotivefunction5．Synchronicanddiachronicstudy6．Descriptiveandprescriptive7．performatives8．propositionallogic9．syllogism10．allophone11．Allomorph12．ICanalysis\n1．Componentanalysis2．Sense3．TheSemantictriangle4．Speechact5．Implicature6．Duality7．Arbitrariness8．Displacement9．Convention10．Iconicity11．Thebow-wowtheory12．thedivinegifttheory13．Thepooh-poohtheory14．Theyo-he-hotheory15．Psycholinguistics16．Sociolinguistics17．Anthropologicallinguistics18．Computationallinguistics19．LangueandParole20．Vowel21．Consonant22．Epenthesis23．perseverativecoarticulation24．“Minimalpairs”test25．Freevariation26．Assimilation27．PhonologicalRules28．Contextualmeaning29．Speakermeaning30．CooperativeprincipleII.Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement()1.Learning/teachingalanguageisalsolearning/teachingaculture.()2.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.()3.Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.()4.Culturereferstotheentirewayoflifeofahumansociety.()6.Conceptualmeaningisconcernedwiththerelationbetweenawordandthethingitdenotes,orrefersto.\n()7.Themeaningofasentenceissimplythesumtotalofthemeaningsofitscomponentswords.()8.AccordingtoChomsky,onefeatureofthechildlanguageisSelf-regularization.()9.Anutteranceisanabstractunitofthelanguagesystem.()10.Languageisthecarrierandcontainerofculturalinformation,andthuscultureispartoflanguage.()11.Thelangue-paroledistinctionwaspropsedbyChomsky,anAmericanlinguists.()12.Alanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhislinguisticperformance.()13.UGgrammarwasproposedbyHalliday,afamouslinguistinAustralia.()14.Firstlanguageacquisitionisaprocessbetterdescribedas“growth”than“learning”..()15.Speechactsarethebasicorminimalunitsoflinguisticcommunication.()16.Functionwordsareusedtorefertosubstance,actionandquality..()17.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.()18.Allsentencescanbeusedtodothings,accordingtoAustin.()19.Themetalingualfunctionoflanguagemeansthatthehumanlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself()20.“Theoldmansatinthechair”isanendocentricconstruction.()21.Conceptualmeaningreferstological,cognitiveordenotativecontent.()22.Syllogismisakindoflogicalargumentinwhichoneproposition(theconclusion)isinferredfromtwopremises.()23.L1acquisitionisaprocessbetterdescribedas“learning”ratherthan“growth”()24.Pragmaticmeaningisthemoreconstant,inherentsideofmeaning.()25.AccordingtoSapir-Whorfhypothesis,culturedeterminesourthinkingpatterns.()26.Thereisacriticalperiodforthefirstlanguageacquisition.()27.Theprincipleofcompositionalityshowsthatsentencemeaningisdeterminedbythemeaningofcomponentwordsandthesyntacticrules.()28.Illocutionaryforceisspeaker’smeaning()29.Thelangue-paroledistinctionwasproposedbyJakobsom,thefoundingfatherofmodernlinguist.()30.Cultureispartoflanguagebecauselanguageisthecarrierofculturalinformation.()31.Languageisbothconventionalandarbitrary.\n()34.Astemisamorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixmaybeadded.()35.“Muchbetter”isanexocentricconstruction()36.Conceptualmeaningisconcernedwiththerelationbetweenawordandthethingitdenotes,orrefersto.()37.Themeaningofasentenceissimplythesumtotalofthemeaningsofitscomponentswords.()38.AccordingtoChomsky,onefeatureofthechildlanguageisSelf-regularization.()39.Anutteranceisanabstractunitofthelanguagesystem.()40.Languageisthecarrierandcontainerofculturalinformation,andthuscultureispartoflanguage.()41.Thelangue-paroledistinctionwasproposedbyChomsky,anAmericanlinguist.()42.Alanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhislinguisticperformance.()43.UGgrammarwasproposedbyHalliday,afamouslinguistinAustralia.()44.Presuppositioncanpassthenegationtestwhileentailmentcannot.()45.Thereisacriticalperiodforthefirstlanguageacquisition.()46.Themetalingualfunctionoflanguagemeansthatthehumanlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.()47.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.()48.Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsounds.()49.Functionwordsareusedtorefertosubstance,actionandquality.()50.“Theoldmansatinthechair”isanendocentricconstruction.()51.Conceptualmeaningreferstological,cognitiveordenotativecontent.()52.Propositionallogicstudieshowthetruthvalueofasinglepropositionisdetermined()53.L1acquistionisaprocessbetterdescribedas“learning”ratherthan“growth”()54.Pragmaticmeaningisthemoreconstant,inherentsideofmeaning.()55.AccordingtoSapir-Whorfhypothesis,culturedeterminesourthinkingpatterns.()56.Thereisacriticalperiodforthefirstlanguageacquisition.()57.Theprincipleofcompositionalityshowsthatsentencemeaningisdeterminedbythemeaningofcomponentwordsandthesyntacticrules.()58.Presuppositioncanpassthenegationtestwhileentailmentcannot.\n()59.Thelangue-paroledistinctionwasproposedbyJakobsom,thefoundingfatherofmodernlinguist.()60.Speechandwritingaretwomediaforlanguage.()61.Writingispriortospeech,andsowritingismorebasicthanspeech.()62.phoneticsisthestudyofsoundpatterns()63.[i:]isalaxvowel,while[i]isatensevowel.()64.[u]ishighbacktenseroundedvowel.()65.Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar.()66.Theunderlyinglogicof“Allteachersarefemale.”is“Forallx’s,ifxisateacher,xisfemale.”III.Fillineachblankwithaproperword/phrase1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocal_symbols__usedforhumancommunication2.Thefeaturethatimplicatureisattachedtothesemanticcontentofwhatissaid,nottothelinguisticformiscalled_non-detachability___________________________.3.Theyarethe_________propertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.4.Morrisdistinguishesthreebranchesofinquiry,oneofwhichis_______________,thestudyof“therelationsofsignstointerpreters”.5.__________________areutteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall.6.Morphologically,thelanguagesintheworldcanbeclassifiedinto______,______,________..7.Thetwotypesofwordformationarecompoundand_________.8.Syllogismisakindof___________argumentinwhichoneproposition(theconclusion)isinferredfromtwopremises.9.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_________10.Recursivenessisusedinlinguisticsfortheformalpropertiesofgrammarswhichuseafinitesetofelementsandafinitegroupofrulestoproduceaninfinitenumberofsentences.Itsbasicfeaturesare_____________,conjoiningandembedding\n11.Thenatureoflinguisticsasasciencedeterminesitspreoccupationwith_________insteadofprescription.12.Alanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhislinguistic_______________.13.A______________studytakesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.14.______________referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity15.self-controlisan_______compound.16.Throughoutisan________compound.17.,Non-conventionalityofimplicatureshowsthatimplicatureisdifferentfromits________________meaningofwords.Itiscontext-dependent.18.Smogisa___________derivation.19.AccordingtoMorris,______________isthestudyof“therelationsofsignstotheobjectstowhichthesignsareapplicable”20.Weviewasceneintermsofoursituatedness,thuspresentingaparticular______________.21.Asfor“Beseech:besought→beseeched”,beseechedis____________creation.22.TheinternalstructureofthewordBusinessmanisnotexocentricbut______________,.23.Thestudyoftheinternalstructuresofsimplepropositionsis________________logic.24.Theinternalstructureofasimplepropositionis____________andpredicate.25.Recursivenessisusedinlinguisticsfortheformalpropertiesofgrammarswhichuseafinitesetofelementsandafinitegroupofrulestoproduceaninfinitenumberofsentences.Itsbasicfeaturesare_____________,conjoiningandembedding26.Austinlaterthinksthatanyutterancecansimultaneouslyperformthefollowingthreeacts:locutionaryact,______________________act,perlocutionaryact.27.Ifawordisderivedfromnonscientificspeculationorfalseanalogywithanotherword,oftenbasedontheirsyllabicstructure,ithasa_________etymology.\n28._______________phoneticsstudiesspeechproductionbythespeechorgans.29.ThemismachofoutputandinputoflanguagedataofachildwhoislearningalanguageisthelogicproblemofL1___________________30.______________________linguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.31._________________functionisconcernedwithinteractionbetweentheaddresserandaddresseeinthediscoursesituation.32.Aconversationalimplicaturecanbecancelledsimplybythesituational_____________.33.Thefourscientificfeaturesoflinguisticstudyare________,_________,_________,_______34.Formallinguisticsusuallyincludes___________,_________,___________________35.Languagephilosophyexplorestherelationshipbetween_________and___________.36.Thethree-stepprocessofaspeechsoundconsistsof________,________,___________.37.Theonlyonehumanorganthatisspecificallyforverbalarticulationis___________38.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsof_______andmannerofarticulation.39.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscalled_________transcription.40.Byorigin,wordscanbedividedinto_______wordsand_______words.41.Land-reformisa_______loan.42._________isamorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixmaybeadded.43.Syntaxisthestudyofhow_______arestructured.44.Themajortheoriesofsyntaxare______,_________,_______,________.45.Functionalgrammarispioneeredby___________;itexplorestherelationbetweenlinguisticformsandtheirfunctions.46.Generativegrammarispioneeredby__________.Itregardsgrammarasasetofrulesthatrecursivelygeneratethewell-formedexpressionsofanaturallanguage.47.Thethreesyntacticrelationsare__________,__________,___________.48.Theexternalpropertyof“Tomrunseverymorning.”Is__________type.49.Iftwoconstituents,BandC,arejoinedtoformahierarchicallyhigherconstituentA,thenBandCaresaidtobe____________ofA.\n50.Semanticsstudythemeaningofwords,sentencesand___________.51.Inthestudyofmeaning,atleastthreethingsshouldbeconsidered.Theyareculture,worldand_______.52.Theideathatthemeaningofawordisthethingitreferstoiscalledthe________theory.53.Themodeofpresentation,forFrege,isthe___________ofaword.54.ForFege,everywordhasa_______butnoteverywordhasa________,like‘but’,‘to’.55.Thedifferencebetween“mysister’shusband”and“mybrother-in-law”liesin_______.56.Leechtreatsmeaningwithreferencetoitsfunctionincontext,toshowhowlinguistic,_____and_________contextsaffectsthemeaningoflanguage.57.Conceptualmeaningreferstological,_____________ordenotativecontent.58.Thecommunicativevalue/subjectiveinterpretationattachedtoitspurelyconceptualmeaningiscalled______________meaning.59.Affectivemeaninghastodowiththepersonal________ofthespeaker,includinghisattitudetothelistener,orhisattitudetosomethingheistalkingabout.60.Whatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichaspeakerorwriterorganizesthemessage,intermsoforder,focus,andemphasisiscalled___________meaning.61.Converse/relationalantonymshastherelationof______________62.Armandbodyhasarelationof___________.63.Asentencemeaningisdeterminedby_____,_______,and________.64.Averyimportantpropertyofthe__________isthatithasatruthvalue:trueorfalse.65.Thecompositeproposition“p↔q”is_____whenpandqhavethesametruthvalue.66.Themeaningofthesentencethatdependsonwhothespeakeris,whotheheareris,whenandwhereitisusediscalled_________meaning.67.Pragmaticmeaningismoreindeterminate,morecloselyrelatedto________thansemanticmeaning.IV.Answerthefollowingquestions1.Whatistherelationbetweencohesionandcoherence?3.Towhatextentisphonologyrelatedtophoneticsandhowdotheydiffer?4.BrieflydiscussJakobson’sviewaboutsixcommunicationelementsandthecorrespondingsixfunctions5.Whatarethefourwaystoanalyzeasentence?PleaseexplainthemindetailwiththefollowingsentenceThepolicemankilledthemanbyagun.7.WhatisGrice’sCP?Howdoesitrelatetothegenerationofconversationalimplicature?Use\nGrice’stheorytoexplainhowthefollowingconversationmakesanysense.(10points)Husband:Iwillcookthesuppertoday.Wife:Oh.Thesunwillriseinthewest.8.WhatarethethreespeechactsperformedsimultaneouslybyanutteranceaccordingtoAustin’sspeechacttheory?UseAustin’stheorytoexplainthefollowingconversation(10points)Wife:thephoneisringing.Husband:Iaminthebath.Wife:Ok,Iwillanswerit.9.纸质版10.Whatistheprincipleofcompositionality?Canyoufindanylinguisticphenomenatosupportitorrefuteit?11.Howissubjectdefined?12.Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage?13.Howcanweidentifywords?14.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenfunctionwordsandcontentwords?15.BrieflyexplaintherelationshipbetweenSememeandmorphemewithspecificexamples.16.WhatisICanalysis?PleaseemployICanalysistoillustratethetwointerpretationsofthesentence:ThesonofPharaoh’sdaughteristhedaughterofPharaoh’sson18.Whataretheseventypesofmeaning?Pleaseillustrateeachwithatleastoneexamples.19.Whatiscomponentanalysis?Whatproblemsdoesithavetoface?20.Analyzethefollowingconversationintermsofpragmatics.A:Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?B:Coffeewouldkeepmeawake.21.Howtodistinguishthefollowingthreekindsofsubjects?:psychologicalsubject,logicalsubjectandsyntacticsubject?Useexamplestoillustrateyourexplanation.22.Whatisthesemantictriangle?Whoproposedit?23.DescribeJohnSearle’sclassificationofspeechacts.24.ExplainthefollowingconversationwithGrice’stheoryofconversationalimplicatureandCPA:Canyoulendme100yuan?Iwanttobuyabike.B.Doyoulikesomecoffee?25.whatiswrongwiththefollowingreasoning:Premise1:AllteachersarehumanPremise2:Johnishuman.Conclusion:Johnisateacher.