适用语言学与应用语言学 42页

AppliableLinguisticsandAppliedLinguistics适用语言学与应用语言学>\nMainPoints1HallidayvsWiddowson2ThedefinitionofAL3Widdowson’sdistinctionbetweenAL&LA4Halliday’sSFL&appliablelinguistics5Widdowson’scriticism6Widdowson’smotivationofdistinguishingALfromLA7Discussion\n1HallidayvsWiddowsonHalliday:SystemicFunctionalLinguistics,AppliableLinguisticsWiddowson:Appliedlinguistics,Linguisticsapplied\nHalliday:SystemicFunctionalLinguistics,AppliableLinguistics系统功能语言学SystemicFunctionalLinguistics适用语言学AppliableLinguisticsHalliday,M.A.K.,AnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar.Arnold,1985,1994.Halliday,M.A.K.,Workingwithmeaning:Towardsanappliablelinguistics.InWebster(ed)MeaninginContext,Continuum,2008,7-23.Halliday,M.A.K.,McIntosh,A.&Strevens,P.,TheLinguisticSciencesandLanguageTeaching.London:Longman,1964.\nWiddowson:Appliedlinguistics,Linguisticsapplied“应用语言学”（AppliedLinguistics,AL）“语言学的应用”（LinguisticsApplied,LA）Widdowson,H.G.1980.“Modelsandfictions.”AppliedLinguistics.1/2:165-70.(alsoinWiddowson,1984.ExplorationsinAppliedlinguistics2.OUP,21-27)Widdowson,H.G.2000.“Onthelimitationoflinguisticsapplied.”AppliedLinguistics.21/1:3-25.\n2DefinitionofALCorder(1973:10)Theapplicationoflinguisticknowledgetosomeobject–orappliedlinguistics,asitsnameimplied–isanactivity.Itisnotatheoreticalstudy.Itmakesuseofthefindingsoftheoreticalstudies.Theappliedlinguistisaconsumer,oruser,notaproducer,oftheories.Ifweusetheterm“theory”asitisusedinscience,thenthereisnosuchthingasa“theoryoflanguageteaching”ora“theoryofspeechtherapy”ora“theoryofliterarycriticism”.Languageteachingisalsoanactivity,butteachinglanguagesisnotthesameactivityasappliedlinguistics.\nR.Kaplan&H.G.WiddowsonAppliedLinguisticsWheneverknowledgeaboutlanguageisusedtosolveabasiclanguage-relatedproblem,onemaysaythatAppliedLinguisticsisbeingpractised.AppliedLinguisticsisatechnologywhichmakesabstractideasandresearchfindingsaccessibleandrelevanttotherealworld;itmediatesbetweentheoryandpractice.(InW.Bright(ed.)InternationalEncyclopediaofLinguistics.Oxford:OUP,1992)\n3Widdowson’sAL&LAWiddowson(1980/1984:21):Thusappliedlinguisticscanbeunderstoodasakindoflinguistics,likehistoricallinguisticsorfolklinguistics.Thispresumablyallowsitspractitionerstodefineanindependentperspectiveonthegeneralphenomenaoflanguageandtoestablishprinciplesofenquirywithoutnecessaryreferencetothosewhichinformlinguisticstoutcourt–andtelquel.\nWithlinguisticsappliedwedonothavethisoption.Whateverwedowithlinguistics,howeverweapplyit,theinformingprincipleswhichdefinethisareaofenquiry,alreadypre-established,mustremainintact.Anyotherprinciplesweinvokemustbeauxiliaryoperatingprinciplesandhavetodonotwiththeoryassuchbutwiththetechnologyofapplication.\nWiddowson(1980/1984:21-22):Itseemstome,then,thatwithlinguisticsappliedthetheoryoflanguageandthemodelsofdescriptionderivingfromitmustbethoseoflinguistics.Asanactivity,therefore,itisessentiallyconformist.Appliedlinguistics,ontheotherhand,candevelopitsownnon-conformisttheory,itsownrelevantmodelsofdescription.\nWiddowson(1980/1984:22):Bothlinesofapproachhavetheirdangers.Thetendencyoflinguisticsappliedwillbetodanceattendancetowhatevertuneiscurrentlyintheoreticalfashion.Thetendencyofappliedlinguisticswillbetodancearoundincircleswithnotuneatall.桂诗春（2008：35）：在语言学的应用里，语言理论和语言模型都是来自语言学的；作为一种活动而言，它主要是遵奉主义的。相反，应用语言学可以有它自己的非遵奉主义的理论、发展它自己的有关的描述模型。\nWiddowson(1980/1984:22):Forlinguisticsapplied,therefore,thequestionofcentralconcernedis:howfarcanexistingmodelsofdescriptioninlinguisticsbeusedtoresolvethepracticalproblemsoflanguageuseweareconcernedwith?Forappliedlinguistics,thecentralquestionis:howcanrelevantmodelsoflanguagedescriptionbedevised,andwhatarethefactorswhichwilldeterminetheireffectiveness?\nWiddowson(2000:5):Thedifferencesbetweenthesemodesofinterventionisthatinthecaseoflinguisticsappliedtheassumptionisthattheproblemcanbereformulatedbythedirectandinilateralapplicationofconceptsandtermsderivingfromlinguisticenquiryitself.Thatistosay,languageproblemsareamenabletolinguisticssolutions.Inthecaseofappliedlinguistics,interventioniscruciallyamatterofmediation.\nHerethereistherecognitionthatlinguisticinsightsarenotself-evidentbutamatterofinterpretation;thatideasandfindingsfromlinguisticscanonlybemaderelevantinreferencetootherperceptionsandperspectivesthatdefinethecontextoftheproblem.Appliedlinguisticsisinthisrespectamultilateralprocesswhich,ofitsnature,hastorelateandreconciledifferentrepresentationsofreality,includingthatoflinguisticswithoutexcludingothers.\nDaviesandElder(2004:10):Widdowsonarguesthatlinguisticsisitselfpartofappliedlinguistics.DaviesandElder(2004:10):“Wemaysurmisethatthetheory-then-researchapproachisthatoflinguisticswhiletheresearch-then-theoryisthatofappliedlinguistics.”\n4Halliday’sSFLSFLasagenerallinguisticsStrataoflanguage:phonology/graphology,lexicogrammar,semanticsHalliday(2008:14):Languageteaching,translation,andnaturallanguageprocessingarefamiliartodayasdomainsofappliedlinguistics;andareofthecontextsinwhichoursystemicfunctionallinguisticshasevolved.…\nThestagesoflinguisticanalysisandtheorizinglanguage：Theorizinglanguage↑Typologizinglanguages(basedonexistingdescriptions)↑Describingalanguage(basedontexts,usinganexistingtheory)↑Analyzingtexts(usinganexistingdescription)\nHalliday(2008:7):“appliablelinguistics”–acomprehensiveandtheoreticallypowerfulmodeloflanguagewhich,preciselybecauseitwascomprehensiveandpowerful,wouldbecapableofbeingappliedtotheproblems,bothresearchproblemsandpracticalproblems,thatarebeingfacedallthetimebythemanygroupsofpeopleinourmodernsocietywhoareinsomewayorotherhavingtoengagewithlanguage.\nHalliday(2008:13):Behindmanypotentialapplicationsoflinguisticsliekeyareasoflinguisticresearch,inparticulardescriptive,comparative,typologicalandtranslationstudies;andthesenowincreasinglydependonaccesstolargequantitiesofdataincomputableform–thatis,acomputerizedcorpus;andtocomputationallinguisticmethodologyingeneral.\n5Widdowson’scriticismWiddowson(2000:3,6):Corpusanalysisandcriticaldiscourseanalysisareexamplesoflinguisticsapplied.\nWiddowson(2000:4):Appliedlinguisticsisamediatingactivity,moreethnographicincharacter,whichseekstoaccommodatealinguisticaccounttootherpartialperspectivesonlanguagesoastoarriveatarelevantreformulationof‘realworld’problems.\nWiddowson(2000:4):Linguisticsdecontextualizedlanguagefromreality,andappliedlinguisticsre-contextualizedit,andreconstructedrealityintheprocess.Linguisticsisthescience(likephysics)andappliedlinguisticsisitstechnology(likeengineering)\nWiddowson(2000:4):Althoughthescopeoflinguisticenquiryhasextendedtotakeinthedataofexternalizedlanguage,themodeofitsenquiryissuchastogiveonlyarestrictedaccountofexperiencedlanguage.\nWiddowson(2000:5):Nomatterhowextendedthescopeoflinguisticsintotherealworlditsunmediatedapplicationcannever‘become’appliedlinguisticsbecauseitwillalwaysrepresentthatrealitylinguistically,onitsowntermsandinitsownterms.\nWiddowson(2000:7):Corpuslinguisticscannotproduceethnographicdescriptionsoflanguageuse;itdealswiththetextuallyattested,butnotwiththeencodedpossible,northecontextuallyappropriate.Thelinguisticsoftheattestedisjustthelinguisticsofthepossible.\nWiddowson(2000:7):Whetheryouaredealingwiththepossibleortheattested,youstillhavetomakethemappropriateforlearning.Anditisjustsuchconditionsthatappliedlinguisticshassomehowtotakecognizanceof.\nWiddowson(2000:23):Corpuslinguisticsassumestheappropriatecanbederivedfromtheattested,andcriticallinguisticsassumesthattheappropriatecanbederivedfromthepossible.Bothclaimthattheyrevealtherealityofexperiencedlanguage…Butneitherofthemdoesinfactengagewiththerealityoflanguageasexperiencedbyusersandlearners:\nIndeedtheydistancethemselvesfromitandproduceananalyticconstructwhichtheneffectivelyprojectrealityinitsownimage.Inbothcaseswegetlinguisticsapplied.Theirfindingsarepartialandconditionalonaparticularperspective.Suchaperspectivehasitsownvaliditybutthisisrelativeandnotabsolute,anditisofvaluebecauseitprovokesustoconsiderhowitrelatestoothers.\nWiddowson(2000:23):Ifappliedlinguisticsistohaveanyoccupationitmustavoidandindeedresistthedeterministicpracticesoflinguisticsapplied.Itsonlyclaimtoexistenceasafieldofenquirymustrestonitsreadinesstoenquirecriticallyintotherelevanceoflinguistictheoryanddescriptiontothereformulationoflanguageproblemsinthepracticaldomain.Suchanenquiryhastobelinguisticallyinformedwithoutbeinglinguisticallydetermined…\nWiddowson(2000:23):Thebusinessofappliedlinguisticsistomediatebetweenlinguisticsandotherdiscoursesandidentifywheretheymightrelevantlyinterrelate.\nR.deBeaugrande(2001),‘InterpretingthediscourseofH.G.Widdowson:Acorpus-basedcriticaldiscourseanalysis’.Appliedlinguistics22/1:104-121.P.104:IshallapproachWiddowson’sdiscourseasamini-corpus.P.107:ImustconfessIhaveneverseenanycompellingmotiveforthedistinctionbetweenappliedlinguisticsandlinguisticsapplied.\nP.107:Widdowsonexhortsappliedlinguisticstodefenditsownoccupationbyavoidingandindeedresistingthedeterministicpracticesoflinguisticsgettingapplied.Withnoevidentsenseofirony,Widdowsoncrossestheboundariesofhisdisciplinetocriticizeotherdisciplinesforcrossingtheirs–justwhenthejournal’seditorsarewelcomingabroadrangeofresearchparadigms.\nP.107:forthepast20years,WiddowsonhasbeencriticizingtheSFLofHalliday,thecorpuslinguisticsofJ.McH.Sinclair,andthecriticaldiscourseanalysisofNormanFairclough.P.107:Asiftosingleoutacontactpointamongallthree,WiddowsoncitestheworkofMichaelStubbs,who,Iwouldobject,isnotacentralstrongrepresentativeofanyofthem.\nP.112:ForHalliday’slinguistics,akeyobjectionwasessentiallythatHalliday’slinguisticsis(orshouldbe)confinedtoatheoreticalmodeof‘grammar’thatcannotbeappliedtotexts.P.112:ForSinclair’slinguistics,theapplicationtotextsisimpossibletodeny;soWiddowsonarguesthatthese‘texts’arenot‘real’afterall,contrarytothefirmconvictionamongcorpuslinguists(myselfincluded).\nP.119:Iseeathirddangerinattemptingtojudgeinadvancewhetherornottheresearchproducedbysuchtrends(e.g.SFL,corpuslinguistics,criticaldiscourseanalysis)canorshouldbeappliedtoclassroompractices.P.119-20:Asappliedlinguists,weshouldwaitandsee,respectingthecompetenceoftheseteacherstotelluswhichapplicationsworkbetterorworse,andtojoinindiscussiononaleveltheyprefer.\n6Widdowson’smotivationofdistiguishingALfromLABeaugrande(2001:107):Nocompellingmotiveforthedistinctionbetweenappliedlinguisticsandlinguisticsapplied.Beaugrande(2001:107):Widdowsonexhortsappliedlinguisticstodefenditsownoccupationbyavoidingandindeedresistingthedeterministicpracticesoflinguisticsgettingapplied.\nWiddowson(2000:24):LinguisticsappliedofthekindIhavecriticizedinthispaperthusposesachallengetoappliedlinguistics.Proposingadivisionoflabour?\n7DiscussionLinguistictheoriesanditsapplicationsThetheory-then-researchapproachisthatoflinguisticswhiletheresearch-then-theoryisthatofappliedlinguisticsAppliedlinguisticsisamediatingactivity.\nHalliday(2008:14):ifyouwanttoapplysomething,youhavetohaveatheorytoapply;therehastobeacoherentbodyofknowledgebehindtheapplications–but,bythesametoken,thatbodyofknowledgewillbeshaped,modified,extendedbywhatresultsfromtheefforttoapplyit.SFL:theory---application---theory---application---theory---application---theory---application…\nHowusefulisWiddowson’sdistinctionofappliedlinguisticsandlinguisticsapplied?Theintegratingapproachandtheisolatingapproach:WiddowsontakesanisolatingapproachLiveandletlive!\n谢谢大家！\n