语言学单元自测 16页

..-I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.⒈Sociolinguisticsisthesub-disciplineoflinguisticsthatstudiessocialcontexts.⒉Languageasameansofsocialmunicationisahomogeneoussystemwithahomogeneousgroupofspeakers.⒊Languageusevariesfromonespeechmunitytoanother，fromoneregionalgrouptoanother，fromonesocialgrouptoanother，andevenfromoneindividualtoanother.⒋Thegoalofsociolinguisticsistoexplorethenatureoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseamongavarietyofspeechmunitiesandindifferentsocialsituations.5.Thelinguisticmarkersthatcharacterizeindividualsocialgroupsmayserveassocialmarkersofgroupmembership.6.Fromthesociolinguisticperspective，theterm“speechvariety〞cannotbeusedtorefertostandardlanguage，vernacularlanguage，dialectorpidgin.7Functionalspeechvarietiesareknownasregionaldialects.8.Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisitsgrammarandusesofvocabulary.9.Geographicalbarriersaretheonlysourceofregionalvariationoflanguage.10.Aperson’ssocialbackgroundsdonotexertashapinginfluenceonhischoiceoflinguisticfeatures.11.Twospeakersofthesamelanguageordialectusetheirlanguageordialectinthesameway.-.word.zl-\n..-12.Everyspeakerofalanguageis，inastrictersense，aspeakerofadistinctidiolect.13.Thestandardlanguageisabetterlanguagethannonstandardlanguages.14.Alinguafrancacanonlybeusedwithinaparticularcountryformunicationamonggroupsofpeoplewithdifferentlinguisticbackgrounds.15.Pidginsarelinguisticallyinferiortostandardlanguages.16.Apidginusuallyreflectstheinfluenceofthehigher，ordominant，languageinitslexiconandthatofthelowerlanguageintheirphonologyandoccasionallysyntax.17.Themajordifferencebetweenapidginandacreoleisthattheformerusuallyhasitsnativespeakerswhilethelatterdoesn’t.18.Bilingualismanddiglossiameanthesamething.19.Thekindofnameortermspeakersusetocallorrefertosomeonemayindicatesomethingoftheirsocialrelationshiptoorpersonalfeelingsaboutthatindividual.20.Theuseofeuphemismshastheeffectofremovingderogatoryovertonesandthedisassociativeeffectassuchisusuallylong-lasting.II.Fillineachoftheblanksbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.21.Thesocialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeechc________.-.word.zl-\n..-22.Speechv_________referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.23.Fromthesociolinguisticperspective，aspeechvarietyisnomorethanad__________varietyofalanguage.24.Languagestandardizationisalsocalledlanguagep_______.25.Socialvariationgivesrisetos_________whicharesub-divisibleintosmallerspeechcategoriesthatreflecttheirsocioeconomic，educational，occupationalbackground，etc.26.S_______variationinaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofmunicativesituation.27.Aregionaldialectmaygainstatusandbeestandardizedasthenationaloro________languageofacountry.28.Thestandardlanguageisas_________，sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.29.Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandard，orv_______languages.30.Apidgintypicallylacksini_______morphemes.31.Linguistictabooreflectss_________taboo.32.Theavoidanceofusingtaboolanguagemirrorssocialattitudes，emotionsandvaluejudgmentsandhasnol_________basis.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestpletethestatement.-.word.zl-\n..-33._______isconcernedwiththesocialsignificanceoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseindifferentspeechmunities.A.PsycholinguisticsB.SociolinguisticsC.HistoricallinguisticsD.Generallinguistics34.Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisits_____.A.useofwordsB.useofstructuresC.accentD.morphemes35.____isspeechvariationaccordingtotheparticularareawhereaspeakeresfrom.A.RegionalvariationB.LanguagevariationC.SocialvariationD.Registervariation36._______arethemajorsourceofregionalvariationoflanguage.A.Geographicalbarriers-.word.zl-\n..-B.Loyaltytoandconfidenceinone’snativespeechC.PhysicaldisfortandpsychologicalresistancetochangeD.Socialbarriers37._________meansthatcertainauthorities，suchasthegovernmentchoose，aparticularspeechvariety，standardizeitandspreadtheuseofitacrossregionalboundaries.A.LanguageinterferenceB.LanguagechangesC.LanguageplanningD.Languagetransfer38._________inaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofmunicativesituation.A.RegionalvariationB.ChangesinemotionsC.VariationinconnotationsD.Stylisticvariation39.A____isavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofmunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds.A.linguafrancaB.registerC.Creole-.word.zl-\n..-D.nationallanguage40.Although_______aresimplifiedlanguageswithreducedgrammaticalfeatures，theyarerule-governed，likeanyhumanlanguage.A.vernacularlanguagesB.creolesC.pidginsD.sociolects41.Innormalsituations，____speakerstendtousemoreprestigiousformsthantheir____counterpartswiththesamesocialbackground.A.female；maleB.male；femaleC.old；youngD.young；old42.Alinguistic____referstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe"polite"societyfromgeneraluse.A.slangB.euphemismC.jargonD.tabooIV.Definethefollowingterms.-.word.zl-\n..-43.sociolinguistics44.speechmunity45.speechvariety46.languageplanning47.idiolect48.standardlanguage49.nonstandardlanguage50.linguafranca51.pidgin52.Creole53.diglossia54.Bilingualism55.ethnicdialect56.Sociolect57.register58.slang59.taboo60.euphemism-.word.zl-\n..-V.Answerthefollowingquestionsasprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary.61.Discusswithexamplesthatthespeechofwomenmaydifferfromthespeechofmen.62.DiscusswithexamplessomeofthelinguisticdifferencesbetweenStandardEnglishandBlackEnglish.63.Whatisalinguistictaboo？Whateffectdoesithaveonouruseoflanguage？SuggestedAnswersI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.1.F2.F3.T4.T5.T6.F7.F8.F9.F-.word.zl-\n..-10.F11.F12.T13.F14.F15.F16.T17.F18.F19.T20.FII.Fillineachoftheblanksbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.21.munity22.variety23.dialectal24.planning25.sociolects26.Stylistic-.word.zl-\n..-27.official28.superposed29.vernacular30.inflectional31.social32.linguisticIII.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestpletethestatement.33.-37.BCAAC38.-42.DACADIV.Definethefollowingterms.43.Sociolinguistics：Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinsocialcontexts.44.Speechmunity：Thesocialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeechmunityoraspeechmunityisagroupofpeoplewhoformamunityandsharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguage.Theimportantcharacteristicofaspeechmunityisthatthemembersofthegroupmust，insomereasonableway，-.word.zl-\n..-interactlinguisticallywithothermembersofthemunity.Theymaysharecloselyrelatedlanguagevarieties，aswellasattitudestowardlinguisticnorms.45.Speechvariety：Speechvariety，alsoknownaslanguagevariety，referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.Thedistinctivecharacteristicsofaspeechvarietymaybelexical，phonological，morphological，syntactic，orabinationoflinguisticfeatures.46.Languageplanning：Languagestandardizationisknownaslanguageplanning.Thismeansthatcertainauthorities，suchasthegovernmentorgovernmentagencyofacountry，chooseaparticularspeechvarietyandspreadtheuseofit，includingitspronunciationandspellingsystems，acrossregionalboundaries.47.Idiolect：Anidiolectisapersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatbinesaspectsofalltheelementsregardingregional，social，andstylisticvariation，inoneformoranother.Inanarrowersense，whatmakesupone’sidiolectincludesalsosuchfactorsasvoicequality，pitchandspeechrhythm，whichallcontributetotheidentifyingfeaturesinanindividual'sspeech.48.Standardlanguage：Thestandardlanguageisasuperposed，sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.Itisthelanguageemployedbythegovernmentandthejudiciarysystem，usedbythemassmedia，andtaughtineducationalinstitutions，includingschoolsettingswherethelanguageistaughtasaforeignorsecondlanguage.49.Nonstandardlanguage：Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandardlanguages.50.Linguafranca：Alinguafrancaisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofmunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds.-.word.zl-\n..-51.Pidgin：Apidginisavarietyoflanguagethatisgenerallyusedbynativespeakersofotherlanguagesasamediumofmunication.52.Creole：ACreolelanguageisoriginallyapidginthathasbeeestablishedasanativelanguageinsomespeechmunity.53.Diglossia：Diglossiausuallydescribesasituationinwhichtwoverydifferentvarietiesoflanguageco-existinaspeechmunity，eachwithadistinctrangeofpurelysocialfunctionandappropriateforcertainsituations.54.Bilingualism：Bilingualismreferstoalinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers，suchastheinhabitantsofaparticularregionoranation.55.Ethnicdialect：Withinasociety，speechvariationmayeaboutbecauseofdifferentethnicbackgrounds.Anethniclanguagevarietyisasocialdialectofalanguage，oftencuttingacrossregionaldifferences.Anethnicdialectisspokenmainlybyalessprivilegedpopulationthathasexperiencedsomeformofsocialisolation，suchasracialdiscriminationorsegregation.56.Sociolect：Socialdialects，orsociolects，arevarietiesoflanguageusedbypeoplebelongingtoparticularsocialclasses.57.Register：Registersarelanguagevarietieswhichareappropriateforuseinparticularspeechsituations，incontrasttolanguagevarietiesthatareassociatedwiththesocialorregionalgroupingoftheircustomaryusers.Formatreason，registersarealsoknownassituationaldialects.58.Slang：Slangisacasualuseoflanguagethatconsistsofexpressivebutnon-standardvocabulary，typicallyofarbitrary，flashyandoftenephemeralcoinagesandfiguresofspeechcharacterizedbyspontaneityandsometimesbyraciness.-.word.zl-\n..-59.Taboo：Taboo，orratherlinguistictaboo，denotesanyprohibitionbythepolitesocietyontheuseofparticularlexicalitemstorefertoobjectsoracts.60.Euphemism：Aeuphemism，then，isamild，indirectorlessoffensivewordorexpressionsubstitutedwhenthespeakerorwriterfearsmoredirectwordingmightbeharsh，unpleasantlydirect，oroffensive.V.Answerthefollowingquestionsasprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary.61.Discusswithexamplesthatthespeechofwomenmaydifferfromthespeechofmen.Innormalsituations，femalespeakerstendtousemoreprestigiousformsthantheirmalecounterpartswiththesamegeneralsocialbackground.Forexample，standardEnglishformssuchas"Ididit"and"heisn't"canbefoundmoreofteninthespeechoffemales，whilethemorecolloquial"Idoneit"and"heain't"occurmorefrequentlyinthespeechofmales.Anotherfeatureoftenassociatedwithso-calledwomen'slanguageispoliteness.Usually，toughandroughspeecheshaveconnotationsofmasculinityandarenotconsideredtobedesirablefemininequalities.Ingeneral，men'slanguageismorestraightforward，lesspolite，andmoredirect，andwomen'slanguageismoreindirect，lessblunt，andmorecircumlocutory.Thisphenomenonofsex-preferentialdifferentiationisalsoreflectedintherelativefrequencywithwhichmalesandfemalesusethesamelexicalitems.Forexample，certainwordsthatarecloselyassociatedwithwomenmaysoundtypicallyfeminineasaresultofthatassociation.Forexample，someEnglishadjectiveslike"lovely"，-.word.zl-\n..-"nice"，"darling"and"cute"occurmoreofteninfemalespeechesandthereforecausefeminineassociation.Femaleshavealsobeenshowntopossessagreatervarietyofspecificcolortermsthanmales，inspiteofthefactthatmendonotnecessarilypossesslessacutecolorperceptionthanwomen.Ontheotherhand，maleshavethereputationofpossessingalargervocabularyintraditionallymale-dominateddomainssuchassports，huntingandthemilitary.ArequestinEnglishsuchas"Closethedoorwhenyouleave"canbephrasedinanumberofwaysrangingfromaharshmandtoaverypoliterequest：a.Closethedoorwhenyouleave.b.Pleaseclosethedoorwhenyouleave.c.Wouldyoupleaseclosethedoorwhenyouleave？d.Couldyouclosethedoorwhenyouleave？Althoughtheaboveoptionsareallavailabletobothmenandwomen，itisusuallythemorepoliteformsthatareselectedbyfemalespeakers.Ingeneral，femalesarefoundtousemorequestionsthandeclarativestatementsinparisonwithmales.62.DiscusswithexamplessomeofthelinguisticdifferencesbetweenStandardEnglishandBlackEnglish.OneofthemostprominentphonologicalcharacteristicsofBlackEnglishisthefrequentsimplificationofconsonantclustersattheendofwordswhenoneofthetwoconsonantsisanalveolar/t/，/d/，/s/，or/z/.Theapplicationofthissimplificationrulemaydeletethepast-tensemorpheme，so"past"and"passed"arebothpronouncedlike"pass."-.word.zl-\n..-AnothersalientcharacteristicofBlackEnglishphonologicalsystemconcernsthedeletionofsomeword-finalstopconsonantsinwordslike"side"and"borrowed."SpeakersofBlackEnglishfrequentlydeletetheseword-finalstops，pronouncing“side〞like“sigh〞and“borrowed〞like“borrow.〞Oneprominentsyntacticfeatureisthefrequentabsenceofvariousformsofthecopula"be"inBlackEnglish，whicharerequiredofStandardEnglish.parethefollowingexpressionsinBlackEnglishandStandardEnglish：　　〔1〕BlackEnglishStandardEnglishTheymine.They'remine.Youcrazy.Yourecrazy.AnotherdistinctivesyntacticfeatureofBlackEnglishisthesystematicuseofdieexpression"itis"whereStandardEnglishuses"thereis"inthesenseof“thereexists〞：IsitaMr.Johnsoninthisoffice？AnotheraspectofBlackEnglishistheuseofdoublenegationconstructions.Whenevertheverbisnegated，theindefinitepronouns"something"，"somebody"，and"some"beethenegativeindefinites"nothing"，"nobody"，and"none"，forexample：Hedon'tknownothing.〔Hedoesn'tknowanything.〕63.Whatisalinguistictaboo？Whateffectdoesithaveonouruseoflanguage？Alinguistictabooreferstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe"polite"societyfromgeneraluse.Obscene，profane，andswearwordsarealltaboowordsthataretobeavoidedentirely，oratleastavoidedinmixedpany.-.word.zl-\n..-Insociolinguistics，alinguistictaboo，denotesanyprohibitionontheuseofparticularlexicalitemstorefertoobjectsoracts.Aslanguageuseiscontextualizedinparticularsocialsettings，linguistictaboooriginatesfromsocialtaboo.Whenanactistaboo，referencetothisactmayalsobeetaboo.Taboowordsandexpressionsreflecttheparticularsocialcustomsandviewsofaparticularculture.Aslinguistictabooreflectssocialtaboo，certainwordsaremorelikelytobeavoided，forexamples，thewordsrelatedtosex，sexorgansandexcrementinmanycultures.Theavoidanceofusingtaboolanguagemirrorssocialattitudes，emotionsandvaluejudgments，andhasnolinguisticbasis.Theavoidanceofusingtaboolanguagehasledtothecreationofeuphemisms.Aeuphemismisamild，indirectorlessoffensivewordorexpressionsubstitutedwhenthespeakerorwriterfearsmoredirectwordingmightbeharsh，unpleasantlydirect，oroffensive.Forexample，wesay"portly"insteadof"fat".Inmanycultures，peopleavoidusingdirectwordsthatpertaintodeathordyingbecauseitisthesubjectthateveryonefearsandisunpleasanttotalkabout.IntheEnglish-speakingworld，forexample，peopledonot“die〞，but“passaway〞.Euphemismsinvolveawiderangeoffields.Althoughtheuseofeuphemismshastheeffectofremovingderogatoryovertones，thedisassociativeeffectisneverlong-lasting.Oftenwhenthenegativeconnotationofawordisrecognizedinitseuphemisticform，aneweuphemismwillhavetobesoughtfor.However，anexcessiveuseofeuphemismmayhavenegativeeffects.Asamatteroffact，manyeuphemismshavebeeclichésthataretobeavoidedinformalspeechandwriting.Theyalsotendtobewordyandtogivewritingatimidquality.Inaddition，euphemismcanbeevasiveorevendeceitful.Becausetheyareoftenimproperlyusedtoobscuretheintendedmeaning，manypeoplefindthemoffensiveandpreferplainlanguage.-.word.zl-