Linguistics语言学归纳 12页

--Linguistics1.Thescopeoflinguistics:(abranchoflinguisticsthat….)phonetics〔语音学〕:thestudyoflinguisticspeechsounds,howtheyareproduced,howtheyareperceived,andtheirphysicalproperties.(studyofthephonicmediumoflanguage)phonology:〔音位学〕thestudyofhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticsmunication.morphology:〔形态学〕thestudyofthewordstructureandwordformation.syntax:〔句法学〕isthebranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.semantics:(语义学)thestudyoflinguisticmeaning.pragmatics:〔语用学〕abranchoflinguisticsthatstudiesthecontextoflanguageusetoeffectsuccessfulmunication.Somedistinctionsinlinguistics:1)Prescriptive&descriptivePrescriptive:aimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse-.word.zl-\n--Descriptive:aimstolaydownrulesfor“correct&standard〞behaviorinusinglanguage.(doctor)1)Synchronic&diachronic共时的&历时的Synchronic:thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.Diachronic:thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.2)Langue&parole语言&言语Langue:referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechmunity.Parole:referstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.3)petence&performance语言能力&语言运用petence:theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguagePerformance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticmunication.Designfeaturesoflanguage:1)arbitrariness:〔任意性〕meansthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.2)Productivity:itmakespossibletheconstructionand-.word.zl-\n--interpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.1)Duality:〔双重性〕dualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.2)Displacement:languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.不受时空限制3)Culturaltransmission文化传播〔eg:狼孩〕2.Functionsoflanguage:1)Descriptivefunction:itisthefunctiontoconveyfactualinformation,whichcanbeassertedordenied,andinsomecasesevenverified.2)Expressivefunction:suppliesinformationabouttheuser’sfeelings,preferences,prejudicesandvalues.3)Socialfunction:servestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.-.word.zl-\n--Phone:〔音素〕isaphoneticunitorsegment.Phoneme:〔音位〕isaphonologicalunit.Itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.3.Morphemes词素—theminimalunitsofmeaningThesmallestunitoflanguagethatcarriesinformationaboutmeaningorfunction-.word.zl-\n--Freemorpheme:amorphemewhichcanbeawordbyitself.Boundmorpheme:amorphememustbeattachedtoanotherone.Derivationalmorphemes：(衍生词素)themorphemeswhichchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassofwords.Theyareconjoinedtoothermorphemes/words,newwordsarederivedorformed.(-en,-ate,-ic,-ous,-ly,-tion,-sive,-er)标出Inflectionalmorphemes:(曲折词素)theyareattachedtowordsormorphemes,buttheyneverchangetheirsyntacticcategory.(-s,-er,-est,-ed,-ing)○标出4.Category:referstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphaseoraverb.Non-traditionalcategories:determiner(Det)限定词,degree(Deg),qualifier(Qua)Phraseelements :specifiers,plements(XPRule),modifiers.Deepstructure:formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead’ssubcategorizationproperties.没变形述句Surfacestructure5.Lexicalmeaning:Sense:isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofalinguisticform,-.word.zl-\n--thecollectionofallitsfeatures;itisabstractandde-contextualized.Eg:dog-generalmeaningofdog,featuresReference:meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld.Eg；Oneparticular/certaindogexistentinthesituation,knowntoeachother6.Context:itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.(JohnFirth)Speechacttheory:(JohnAustin)Locutionaryact:〔言行为〕istheactofutteringwords,phrasesandclauses.Illocutionaryact:(言外之意)istheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactofperformedinsayingsomething.Perlocutionaryact:〔言后行为〕istheactofperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.Cooperativeprinciple-CP(PaulGrice)Themaximofquantity:Saynolessthantheconversationrequires.Saynomorethantheconversationrequires.-.word.zl-\n--Themaximofquality:Don'tsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Don'tsaythingsforwhichyoulackevidence.Themaximofmanner:Don'tbeobscure.Don'tbeambiguous.Bebrief.Beorderly.Themaximofrelevance:Berelevant.7.LanguagechangeAdditionofnewwords:1)Coinage:创新词Spywaredigitalcameracybercitizenmousepotato2)Clippedwords:缩略词Lab-laboratorygym-gymnasiumfridge-refrigeratorburger-hamburger3)Blending:紧缩法Smog-smoke+fogbrunch-breakfast+lunchcamcorder-camera+recorder4)Acronyms:首字母缩略词CEO-chiefexecutiveofficerIT-informationtechnologyEUVIPB2BCPI-.word.zl-\n--1)Back-formation:逆构词法Toedit/beg/baby-sit/donate/orient/hawk/aviate/appreciate2)Functionshiftn.-v.Toknee/bug/tapev.-n.ahold/reject/retreatadj.-v.tocool/narrow/dim/slow3)BorrowingBonustragedyskirteducationcycleprinceguitarbalconyBalloonoperapumpteatofukowtowsampanzeroKungfumahjongspaghettibizarregarage4)Derivation派生词Fixablerefusalexcitingimpressivedislikerestateanti-pollutionunfairrealizehappiness5)pounds复合词Bittersweetrainbowspoonfeedsleepwalkinbornoff-licenseUndertakewithoutlandladyhandoverwhitewash8.Register语域Fieldofdiscourse话语围:referstowhatisgoingon:ontheareaofoperationofthelanguageactivity.-.word.zl-\n--Tenorofdiscourse话语基调:referstotheroleofrelationshipinthesituationinquestion:whotheparticipantsinthemunicationgroupsareandwhatrelationshiptheystandtoeachother.Modeofdiscourse话语方式:referstothemeansofmunication.Itisconcernedwith“how〞municationiscarriedout.9.Sapir-whorfhypothesis(SWH)萨丕尔·沃尔夫假说Languagefilterspeople’sperceptionangthewaytheycategorizetheirexperiences.10.LanguageAcquisitionTheoriesofchildlanguageacquisition:1)ThebehavioristImitationandpracticearepreliminary,anddiscriminationandgeneralizationarecrucialtolanguagedevelopment.(habit-forming)Butitfailstoexplainhowchildrenacquiremoreplexgrammaticalstructuresofthelanguage.2)TheinnatistLanguageAcquisitiondevice(LAD)Chomsky-.word.zl-\n--Itproposedthathumanbeingsarebornwithaninnateability.Itsaidthatthe“theblackbox〞containprinciplesthatareuniversaltoallhumanlanguage.UniversalGrammar(UG)1)TheinteractionistItholdsthatlanguagedevelopsasaresultoftheplexinterplaybetweenthehumancharacteristicsofthechildandtheenvironmentinwhichhegrows.motheresechilddirectedspeech(CDS)caretakertalkCriticalPeriodHypothesis(CPH)EricLennebergLADworkssuccessfullyonlywhenitisstimulatedattherighttime—aspecificandlimitedtimeperiodforlanguageacquisition.Twoversions:Strongonesuggeststhatchildrenmustacquiretheirfirstlanguagebypubertyortheywillneverbeabletolearnfromsubsequentexposure.Theweakholdsthatlanguagelearningwillbemoredifficultand-.word.zl-\n--inpleteafterpuberty.11.SecondLanguageAcquisitionPositivetransfer正迁移facilitateNegativetransfer负迁移interfereorhinderInterlanguage中介语Itwasestablishedaslearners’independentsystemofthesecondlanguage,whichisofneitherthenativelanguagenorthesecondlanguage,butacontinuumorapproximationfromoneextremeofhisnativelanguagetotheotherofthesecondlanguage.Fossilization石化现象Itisaprocessoccurringfromtimetotimeinwhichincorrectlinguisticfeaturesbeeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesalanguage.Acquisition习得Itisasubconsciousprocesswithoutminutelearningofgrammaticalrules.Learning学习Itreferstoconsciouseffortstolearnthesecondlanguageknowledgebylearningtherulesandtalkingabouttherules.-.word.zl-\n---.word.zl-