神经语言学和心理语言学ppt课件 68页

Chapter12LanguageandtheBrain\nTwoBranchesofLinguisticsNeurolinguistics神经语言学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Traditionally,linguistspaymoreattentiontolanguagesystemitself.Now,thetechnologicaladvancesenablesmoreinvestigationofthehumanbrainandlanguageprocessing.\nNeurolinguisticsNeurolinguisticsisthestudyoftworelatedareas:languagedisordersandtherelationshipbetweenbrainandlanguage.ItincludesresearchintoHowthebrainisstructuredWhatfunctioneachpartofthebrainperformsHowandinwhichpartsofthebrainlanguageisstoredHowdamagetothebrainaffectstheabilitytouselanguage\nThefocusofthisSectionAbriefsurveyofthebrainstructureanditsfunctionThemethodsusedinthestudyofthebrainintermsofevidecesforlateralization(referringtocognitivefunctionscontrolledeitherbytheleftortherightsideofthebrain)（边侧性）Thedifferenttypesoflanguagedisturbancethatresultfromthebraindamage\nThebiologicalfoundationsoflanguageByfar,humanbeingsaretheonlyspeciesthatpossesslanguageability.Ourlinguisticabilityisabiologicalgiftofthespecies’sgeneprogram.\nSpeechorgansTheseorgansconsistoflips,teeth,tongue,oralcavity,nasalcavity,palate(硬腭),velum(软腭),pharynx(咽),epiglottis(会厌),vocalcord(声带),pulmoniccavity(肺腔)andsoon.Humanteethupright,notslantingoutwards,thetopandthebottomsetscanmeetLipsmuscleswhichshowmoreintricateinterlacingthanthoseofotheranimalsmouthrelativelysmall,canopenandshutrapidlytonguethick,muscularandflexibleenoughtogetintouchwithotherpartsoftheoralcavity.\nThestructureandfunctionofthehumanbraincartoonweight:1,400gramsComponent:tenbillionnervecellscalledneuronandbillionsoffibersthatconnecttheseneurons.Neuron:thebasicinformationprocessingunitsofthenervoussystem\nTwosectionsofthebrainThelowersection：thebrainstemthehighersection:cerebrum\nthebrainstemConnectingtothespinalcord（脊椎）andsharedbyallanimals,keepsthebodyalivebymaintainingtheessentialfunctionssuchasrespiration,heartrate,andmuscleco-ordination\nCerebrumThecerebrumthatdiffersindifferentspeciesisnotessentialforlife.小脑皮层Gyrus脑回Sulcus回间沟Fissure裂缝\nCerebralCortexThecerebralcortexisthedecision-makingorganofthebodyandstorehouseof“memory”.Itreceivesmessagesfromallthesensoryorgansandinitiatesallvoluntaryactions.Itisthecerebralcortexthataccountsforthehumandistinctnessintheanimalworldanditiswithinthehumancortextthatthesecretsoflanguagerepresentationandprocessingaretobefound.Animals,reptilesandamphibianshavenocortexatall.\nCerebralhemispheresTheleftandtherightbrainThemainconnectionbetweenthemisabundleofnervefibresknownasthecorpuscallosum胼胝体,apathwayleadingonetoanother,allowingthetwohemispherestocommunicatewitheachother.Eachhemisphereofthehumanbrainisresponsiblefordifferentfunctions.Eachhemispherecontrolstheoppositehalfofthebodyintermsofmusclemovementandsensation.\n\n\nThelefthemisphereseemstodobetterinlanguage,rhythmicperception,temporal-orderjudgmentsandmathematicalthinkingTherighthemispheresshowdistinctabilitiesandresponsibilities,complexmentalactivitiessuchaslanguagedonotalwaysfallneatlyintoonehemisphereortheotherbutinvolvethecoordinatedfunctioningofbothhemispheres.\n4lobesofcerebralcortex额叶顶叶颞叶枕叶Responsibleforplanning,prediction,speechanddiscretemovementofthebodyReadingabilityandsensationsAudition,memoryprocessingandsensoryintegrationVisualprocessing\n\n\nRevisionThestructureofthehumanbrainThreepartsinhumanbrain(1)brainstem(脑干):keepsthebodyalivebymaintainingtheessentialfunctionssuchasrespiration,heartrate,andmuscleco-ordination.(2)cerebellum(小脑):responsibleforcontrollingbodyequilibriumandregulatingthefunctionofvoluntarymovements.(3)cerebrum(大脑):importantforlanguagepsychologyThesurfaceofthecerebrum:cerebralcortex(大脑皮层)istheinformationprocessinganddecision-makingorganandthebiologicalbasisofhumanpsychology.\nThestructureofthehumanbrain\nTheimportanceofcerebralcortexItisthecerebralcortexthataccountsforthehumandistinctnessintheanimalworldanditiswithinthehumancortexthatthesecretsoflanguagerepresentationandprocessingaretobefound.\nMajormentalfunctionsunderthecontrolofeachcerebralhemisphereSuchlocalizationofcognitiveandperceptualfunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrainiscalledbrainlateralization.LeftcerebralhemisphereRightcerebralhemispherecontroltherightsideofhumanbodylanguageandspeechanalyticreasoningtemporalorderingreadingandwritingcalculationassociativethoughtcontroltheleftsideofhumanbodyperceptionofnonlinguisticsoundsholisticreasoningvisualandspatialskillsrecognitionofpatternsrecognitionofmusicalmelodiesComplexmentalactivitiesinvolvethecoordinatedfunctioningofbothhemispheres.\nMethodsforthestudyofthebrainandevidencesforlateralizationAutopsystudies验尸MethodstothestudyofthebrainSAT阿米妥纳试验CTscanning计算机化轴向层面Ｘ射线摄影法PET阳电子发射X线体层摄影法MRI磁共振成像fMRI功能磁共振成像MethodstoexaminethebehaviourassociatedwiththebrainingDichoticlistening双耳分听试验Splitbrainstudies裂脑试验\nAutopsystudies(验尸)Ithasbeenandcontinuestobeanimportanttoolintheunderstandingofthebrain.Method:toexaminethebrainafterthepatient’sdeathinordertofindtherelationshipbetweentheareaofbraindamageandthetypeofdisorderthepatientdisplayedwhilealive.Awomanwithepilepsy癫痫,羊角风Frenchneurologist\n\nMethodstothestudyofthebrainCTScanningMRIfMRIDichoticlisteningsplitbrainstudies\nMethodstoexaminethebehaviourassociatedwiththebrainRightearadvantage:Mostpeoplereportthestimuliheardintherightearmoreaccuratelythanthatintheleftone.Howtoexplainsuchaphenomenon?e.g.thedichoticlisteningresearch(双耳分听试验)Themajorityofnormalhumanbeingshavespeechlocatedprimarilyinthelefthemisphere.\nThecerebralhemispheresareconnectedbythecorpuscallosum(胼胝体).Whatmayhappenwhenthebrainissplitsurgically?Informationfromtheleftsideofthebodyisreceivedonlybytherightsideofthebrainandviceversa.Righthemispherecanunderstandandcomprehendinformation,butitismute.Splitbrainstudies(裂脑试验):theexperimentsthatinvestigatetheeffectsofsurgicallyseveringthecorpuscallosumoncognition.Methodstoexaminethebehaviourassociatedwiththebrain\nVerbalinformationprocessingisrealizedmainlythroughanumberoflanguagecenterssituatedinthelefthemisphere.1)Broca’sarea(布罗卡区)[anteriorlanguagearea]Itliesinthefrontalpartoftheleftbrain.2)Wernicke’sarea(韦尼克区)[posteriorlanguagearea]ItleansbehindBroca’sarea.3)Angulargyrus(角形脑回)ItliesfurtherbehindtheWernicke’sarea.Itisbythispartthathumanbeingsmatchaspokenformwithaperceivedobject,nametheobjectsandcomprehendthewrittenlanguage.Languagecenterandaphasia\n\nAphasia(失语症)Aphasiareferstoanumberofacquiredlanguagedisordersduetothecerebrallesions(大脑损伤)causedbyvascularproblems(血管问题),atumour,anaccidentandsoon.Thestudyofaphasiaisbyfarthemostimportanttoolintheinvestigationoflanguageinthebrain.\nBroca’saphasia(布罗卡失语症)PaulBroca,Frenchdoctor,1861Anylesionoftheanteriorpartofthelefthemispherewillleadtospeechproductiondifficulties.(expressiveaphasia,non-fluentaphasia)e.g.Yes…ah…Monday…DadandPeter…hospital…andah…Wednesday,nineo’clock…and…ahdoctors…two…er…teeth…yah.Symptoms:poorarticulationexpressasinglewordatatimeomitarticles,conjunctions,andotherfunctionalwordsomitgrammaticalinflections(--telegraphicspeech)\nWernicke’saphasia(韦尼克失语症)CarlWernicke,Germanphysician,1874Anylesioninleftcortexbehindthecentralsulcus(脑沟)willleadtospeechcomprehensiondeficits.(receptiveaphasia,fluentaphasia)e.g.Colorlessgreenideasaresleepingfuriously.Symptoms:fastandfluentspeechgoodintonation,pronunciationinappropriatecontentevennonsensedifficultyincomprehension\nAcquireddyslexia(习得性失读症)Acquireddyslexia:damageinandaroundtheangulargyrusoftheparietallobe(顶叶)oftencausestheimpairmentofreadingandwritingability.Twotypesofacquireddyslexia:1.phonologicaldyslexia(拼音性失读症):patientscanonlyreadwordsthattheyhaveseenbefore.Theyseemtohavelosttheabilitytousespelling-to-soundrule.2.Surfacedyslexia(浅层诵读困难):patientsseemunabletorecognizewordsaswholesbutmustprocessallwordsthroughasetofspelling-to-soundrules.\nAcquireddyslexia(习得性失读症)\n\n\nPsycholinguisticsPsycholinguisticresearchmethodsFieldworkExperimentalmethodsLinguisticsandlanguageprocessingPhoneticsandphonologyMorphologicalprocessingSyntaxPsycholinguisticmodeling\nPsycholinguisticsInthe1940s,thetermpsycholinguisticscameintobeing.ThepublicationofPsycholinguistics:ASurveyofTheoryandResearchProblems(1954)(byCharlesOsgoodandThomasSebeok)Amilestone,markingthebirthofthenewsciencePsycholinguisticsisthestudyofpsychologicalstatesandmentalactivityassociatedwiththeuseoflanguage.Itconcernstherepresentationoflanguageinthemind,theplanning,production,perceptionandcomprehensionofspeech,andlanguageacquisition.\nThefocusofthissectionWhatdopsycholinguistsdo?Explore:howlanguageisrepresentedandprocessedinthemindHowtheconceptsandprinciplesareusedindifferentlevelsoflanguageprocessingHowspeechisproduced\nPsycholinguisticresearchmethodsFieldworkspoonerisms首音互换ExperimentalmethodsLexicalDecisionTheprimingexperimentTimed-readingexperimentsEyemovementexperimentsEvent-relatedpotentialexperiment\n11.2.1PsycholinguisticresearchmethodsLanguageproductionisaprocessofconversionfromthoughtstospeech.Easyordifficulttostudy?Why?Difficulttostudy.Itisalmostimpossibletoobservetheinternalideasortheinvolvedprocesses.Now,languageproductioncanonlybestudiedthroughindirectevidence:1)theanalysisofpausesinspontaneousspeech2)theanalysisofinstancesofspeecherrors(slipsofthetongue)\nFieldwork:PausesorsilenceAround40%-50%ofanaveragespontaneousutteranceconsistsofpauses.Typesofpauses:breathing&hesitationReasonsforpauses:(Inauguraladdress)1)totakeabreath2)toorganizehisthought3)tofindaproperword4)towaittoseetheeffectofhisspeechonthelistener\nFinding:Speakersdonotnormallypausebetweenclauses;theypauseinsidethem.Conclusion:Thereisoverlappingintheplanningandproductionofclauses.Thatis,webegintoplanthenextclausewhilestillutteringthepresentone.\nSpoonerisms斯本内现象首音互换WilliamA.Spooner\nWhatisintendedWhatissaid1Isthedeanbusy?Isthebeandizzy?2Isitcustomarytokissthebride?Isitkisstomarytocussthebride?3BigandfatPigandvat4Therearemanyministersinourchurch.Therearemanychurchesinourminister.5.Johnslicedthesalamiwithaknife.Johnslicedaknifewiththesalami.Phonologicalsegmentsorfeatures:1,2,3Wholewordsorevenphrases:4,5\nSpeechErrorsslipsoftonguePhonologicalerrorsprimarilyincontentwords,notingrammaticalmorphemes,suchas–s,or–edWordsandlexicalmorphemes(usedfortheconstructionofnewwords,suchasblackinthecompoundblackbirdand–shipinfriendship)maybeinterchanged,butgrammaticalmorphemesmaynotbe;Theintonationcontourremainsunchangedasintheintendedutterances,evenwhenthewordsaredisorderedErrorstendtooccuratonlyonelinguisticlevelperutterance.Thatiswhenapersonclearlysaysthewrongword,thesentenceissyntactically,prosodically,andphonologicallyintact.Alltheseslipsofthetongueprovideevidencethatthemorpheme,ratherthantheword,isthefundamentalbuildingblockofEnglishsentenceproduction.\nFieldwork:Speecherrorse.g.Youhavehissedmymysterylectures.Isawyoufightaliarinthebackquad.Infact,youhavetastedthewholeworm.(Dr.WilliamSpooner)\nEighttypesofspeecherrors(PsychologyofLanguage,D.W.Carroll,1986)石头把玻璃没打碎。黄飞鸿（hui)这个电影真可怖。他在柏林一天工作三星期。TypeExamplesShiftThai’ssoshe’llbereadyincaseshedecidetohitsit(decidestohit).ExchangeFancygettingyourmodelrenosed(noseremodeled).AnticipationBakemybike(takemybike).PerseverationHepulledthepents(tents)up.AdditionIdidn’texplainthisclarefullyenough(carefully).DeletionI’lljustgetupandmutterintelligibly(un-intelligibly).SubstitutionAtlowspeedsit’stoolight(heavy).BlendThatchildislookingtobespaddled(spanked/paddled).\nFinding:Errorstendtooccuratonlyonelinguisticlevelperutterance.Conclusion:1.Asentencemustbeplannedbeforeitisproduced.2.Themorpheme,ratherthantheword,isthefundamentalbuildingblockofEnglishsentenceproduction.\nExperimentalmethodsLexicalDecisionTheprimingexperimentTimed-readingexperimentsEyemovementexperimentsEvent-relatedpotentialexperimentWordsorganized,accessedandrepresentedinthemindSentencesprocessed\nLexicaldecision(词汇判断)aparticipantseesastringoflettersandisrequiredtodecidewhetherthestringisawordornot.Thetimeisrecorded.Itcanbeusedtomeasurethespeedandaccuracywithwhichwordsinthementallexiconareaccessed.\nTheprimingexperiment(启动试验):aparticipantseesastringoflettersandisrequiredtodecidewhetherthestringisawordornot.Butbeforetheappearanceofthetargetword,anotherstimulus(calledprime)ispresented.Thetimeisrecorded.Aim:toknowtowhatextenttheprimeinfluencesthesubject’slexicaldecisionperformanceonthetargetstimulus.Finding:Timesareshorterwhentheprimeisasemanticallyrelatedwordthanwhenitisanunrelatedword.\nprimingeffect\nFinding:Longerbar-pressingtimesforprocessingmostnounsandverbsandrelativelylesstimeforfunctionwords.Timed-readingexperiment限时阅读试验\nFinding:Fixationtimesaretypicallylongerforlessfrequentwords.Fixationaretypicallycentredoncontentwordsthanonfunctionwords.Eyemovementexperiment(眼动试验):Difficultsentencestructurescreatelongerfixationtimeandmoreregressivesaccades.\nEvent-relatedpotentialexperiment(ERP)Finding:ERPexperimentshaveshownthatsentenceprocessingisimmediateandonline.Whenreadingasentencewedonotwaituntiltheentirestringiscomplete,butratherconstantlybuildinginterpretationsofthesentenceasitunfolds.Wheneverwhatispresentedtouscontradictsourexpectationsbasedonourgoinginterpretativeprocesses,anegativevoltageisobserved.\nLanguagecomprehensionSpeech→thoughtse.g.Hesaidhewouldresignifnothingchanged.1)perceptuallevel:perceiveindividualspeechsoundscominginacontinuousstring.2)lexicallevel:activateourinternallexiconandretrievethelexicalrepresentationsofthewordsthathavebeenstoredinourlongtermmemory,andthenintegratethemintotheongoinglinguisticcontext.3)sententiallevel:useoursyntacticandsemanticknowledgetobuildinourshort-termmemory.4)discourselevel:relyonprecedingcontexttoidentifythepersonthatherefersto.\nLinguisticsandlanguageprocessingBottom-upprocessingTop-downprocessingItmustbenotedthatthefourlevelsoperateatroughlythesametimeuponlanguageinputandmayinfluencetheoperationofotherlevels.Theyaremutuallydependent.\nThelevelsoflanguageprocessingPhoneticsandPhonologycohortmodel“交股模型”(《心理学的发展与未来展望》）MorphologicalprocessingselectionalrestrictionshierarchicalstructureSyntaxgardenpathsentencessentenceambiguity\nPhoneticsandphonologycohortmodel“交股模型”(《心理学的发展与未来展望》）Candlecandy,can,cattlecanThephonemeratherthanthesyllableseemstobethefundamentalunitofauditorywordrecognition.However,thesyllableplaysanimportantroleinspeechperception.\nMorphologicalprocessingSelectionalrestrictionssuffix-en:sharpen,shorten,…Hierarchicalstructureuneatable:-able→eat→eatable→un-→uneatablerefillable:re-→fill→refill→-able→refillable\nSyntaxSyntacticparser句法分析Module模块GardenpathsentencesSentenceambiguity\nGardenpathsentencesThehorseracedpastthebarnfell.Parsing:theprocessofunderstandingasentencebyassignelementsofitssurfacestructuretolinguisticcategories.Theresultofparsingisaninternalrepresentationofthelinguisticrelationshipswithinasentence.Twoprinciplesofparsing:theminimalattachmentprinciplethelateclosureprinciple\n1)Minimalattachmentstrategy(最低限度连接策略):wepreferattachingnewitemsintothephrasemarkerbeingconstructedusingthefewestsyntacticnodesconsistentwiththerulesofthelanguage.(Createthesimpleststructureconsistentwiththegrammarofthelanguage.)e.g.AmykissedMarcieandhersister…AmykissedMarcieandhersisterwasstaringather.Thegirltoldthestory…Thegirltoldthestory,cried.2)lateclosurestrategy(后封闭策略):wherepossible,weprefertoattachnewitemstothecurrentconstituent.(Attachincomingmaterialstohephrasethatiscurrentlybeingprocessed.)e.g.TomsaidthatBillhadtakenthecleaningoutyesterday.\nSentenceambiguityTheyallrose...flower/stand?Visitingrelativescanbesoboring.Findings:Inprocessingasentence,wecreateallrepresentationspossibleandthendiscardtheonesthatareeitherincorrectorunnecessary.\nPsycholinguisticmodelingTheprocessoflanguageproduction:1)theconstructionofathoughttobeexpressed2)theformulationofthethoughtintolinguisticterms3)theconstructionofamotorcommandfortheutterance4)theexecutionofthatmotorcommand\n