外国语言学及应用语言学论文 78页

外国语言学及应用语言学毕业论文Contents摘要iAbstractiiiContentsvAbbreviationsviiIntroduction10.1ApplicationofFETheorytoGWRTranslation20.2RequirementsoftheC-EGWRTranslation60.3StructureoftheThesis7Chapter1FunctionalEquivalenceTheory101.1TwoBasicOrientationsinTranslation111.2FormalEquivalence121.3FunctionalEquivalence131.4FunctionalEquivalenceoverFormalEquivalence151.5RelevantTheoriesinChina17Chapter2Analysisofthe2009Report202.1StylisticFeaturesofthe2009Report212.1.1LexicalFeatures222.1.2SyntacticFeatures232.1.3RhetoricalFeatures242.2Functionsofthe2009Report272.2.1ThreeMainFunctionsofLanguage272.2.2Functionsofthe2009Report282.2.3TheoreticalBasisfortheTranslationofGWR292.3Chinglish——theProductofFormalEquivalence3078\n2.3.1Chinese-ColoredEnglishandPidginEnglish302.3.2Chinglish322.3.3ReasonsforChinglishinGWRTranslation332.4ResearchesofOfficialDocuments35Chapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevels403.1TranslationatLexicalLevel403.1.1CategoryWords403.1.2PoliticalTerms423.1.3CollocationandDiction473.1.4Tautology,High-soundingandExcessiveWords503.2TranslationAtSyntacticLevel543.2.1SolutionstoZero-SubjectSentences543.2.2RearrangementofWordOrder583.2.3ConversionofPartsofSpeech603.3TranslationatTextualLevel623.3.1Cohesion633.3.2Combination663.3.3Division67Conclusion70Bibliography73Acknowledgements77攻读学位期间主要的研究成果目录7878\nAbbreviationsFE:functionalequivalenceC-E:ChinesetoEnglishGWR:GovernmentWorkReportSL:SourceLanguageTL:TargetLanguageST:SourceTextTT:TargetText78\nM.A.ThesisIntroductionIntroductionIsitnecessaryandpossibletoapplytheFEtheoryintothepracticeofGWRtranslation?Toanswerthisquestion,itwillbenecessarytohaveabrieflookatthecoreoftheFEtheoryfirst(thesystematicintroductionisavailableinchapterOne).TheFEtheoryfocusesontheresponseofthereadershipandthenaturalnessofthetargetlanguage.Itsmaximaldegreeofequivalenceissuchthat“thereadersofatranslatedtextshouldbeabletoappreciateitessentiallythesamemannerastheoriginalreadershipdid”(Nida1993:118).Itaimstoproducethe“closest,naturalequivalenttothesourcelanguage”.Sothequestioncanbeinterpretedas“shouldwe,inthetranslationofGWR,takeintoaccountthereaders’responseandcommunicationeffect?”Theanswertothisquestionisadefinite“yes”.Firstly,therearetwoextremesintranslation.Foronething,translatorscangosofarinsmoothnessandeleganceastodeviatefromtheoriginaltexts.Ontheotherhand,translatorsfollowtoostrictlytheoriginaltextandtendtoadoptword-for-word,sentence-for-sentencetranslation.ThelatteristhemajorconcernoftheGWRtranslationwhosequalityrelatesdirectlytotheinternationalimageofourgovernmentandourcountry.Theproductofthelatterpracticeisthehard-to-digestChinglishwhichbearsstrongChineseflavorsandwhichcancausemisunderstandingandmisconceptionofourgovernmentpolicies.Secondly,expectationsfromthetargetreadershipareanotherconcernoftranslators.Generallyspeaking,seriousofficial78\nM.A.ThesisIntroductiondocumentsneverseemtoappealtoordinaryreaders,especiallywhentheyfacechoicesofotherreadingmaterials.Toforeignreaders,thematerialshouldbenothingmorethanwrittenintheirownmotherlanguage.NooneiswillingtobotherhimselfindecodinganawkwardChinese-styledtranslation.Thirdly,thespecialtiesofC-EGWRtranslationshouldbebroughttothenoticeoftranslators.Asakindofpublicity,theGWRhasitsownfeatures.Onthepremiseofmaintainingitspoliticalfaithfulness,translatorscanmakeeffortstomaketheirtranslationmoreidiomaticandsmoother.Translatorscanevendosomepre-translationworktoensurethecommunicationeffect.What’smore,faithfulnessshouldnotbecontainedinformalcorrespondence.Lastly,previousresearchershavesummarizedtherequirementsofGWRtranslation,namely,accuracy,continuityandadaptation,andcompleteness.OnlywhentranslationworkisdoneundertheguidanceofFEtheory,cantheserequirementsbefulfilled.Asanintroduction,thispartalsomakesaconveyofthecontentofeachchapter.0.1ApplicationofFETheorytoGWRTranslationThissectionattemptstojustifytheapplicationofFEtheoryintoGWRtranslation.Discussionsaremadeatthefollowingaspects,namely,twopolarsoftranslation,expectationsfromthetargetreadershipandspecialtiesofGWRtranslationFirstly,therearetwopolarsintranslation,i.e.theoriginaltextandthereadership.ThetranslationstandardsaresummarizedinYanfu’sthree-wordprinciple,namely,faithfulness,smoothness(readability)andelegance.Reachingthesestandardsisbynomeansaneasytask,sincethestandardsrequirethetranslationtobesmoothandreadableandtoexpressfullythemeaningoftheoriginaltext.Generallyspeaking,therearetwo78\nM.A.ThesisIntroductionextremestranslatorsmusttrytoavoidinC-Etranslation.Ontheonehand,translatorscangosofarinsmoothnessandeleganceastomissthethemeoftheoriginaltext.Ontheotherhand,translatorsfollowstrictlytheoriginaltextandmechanicallytranslateeachwordandsentence,makingthetranslationawkwardandhardtounderstand.VersionswitheitherproblemfailtomeettherequirementofYanfu’sthree-wordprinciple.Inthetranslationofofficialdocumentslikethe2009Report,thelatterproblemismuchmorecommon.Thereasonincludesbothinternalandexternalones.First,translatorsofGWRtendtoadoptmechanicalandserviletranslationforfearingthattheymaymakepoliticalmistakes.Secondly,officialdocumentsareofgreatpoliticalanddiplomaticsignificance,whichrequiresthetranslationversionstobeaccurateincontentandtightinwording.Thirdly,thetranslationofthiskindofmaterialisusuallyurgent,thusleavinglittletimeforthetranslationwork.Sometranslationsarerequiredtobefinishedinsuchahurrythattranslatorsevenhavelittletimeforrevision.(WangNongsheng,2003.)Duringthelastdecades,greatstrideshavebeenmadeintranslationandmorenewissues,newwordsandnewformulationshavebeensettled.However,thereisstillroomfortheimprovementoftranslation.Topromotethequalityoftranslation,wecanmakeeffortsinvariousaspects.OneofthemostdifficultproblemstosettleisClinglish.Chinglish,aproductofthesecondtendency(followingtoostrictlytheformoftheoriginaltext),isdifficultforitsforeignreceptorstounderstandandaffectsthecommunicationeffect.Secondly,expectationsfromthetargetreadershipmustbetakenintoaccount.Readersofliterarytranslationarepreparedtocomeacrosssomeculturaldifferencesinthetargettext(TT)becausetheyhavedeliberately78\nM.A.ThesisIntroductionchosensuchtranslatedversionsfortheinterestofforeignculture.However,expectationsfromreadersofGWRarequiteanotherstory.Theywillveryprobablyskipthathard-todigestEnglishversion,andreadsomethingtotheirtaste,sincenoreadershipiswillingtobotherhimselfindecodingtranslations.Tothem,readingmaterialsshouldbenothingmorethanwrittenintheirmothertongue.Unlikeliteratureworks,whichcanbe“perishless”andappreciatedovertime,andlightentertainmentcopies,whichenjoytremendouspopularityamongcommonreaderships,GWRoftendrawslittleattentionfromthepublic.Ontheonehand,theGWR,formalinstyleandseriousincontent,isakindofofficialdocumentwhichconcernsmainlyaboutpoliticsandeconomy.Ontheotherhand,thereportfeatureslongparallelstructuresandsentenceswithnosubjects,anditswords,embeddedintheprofoundChineseculture,areofChinesecharacteristics.EvenforanaverageChinesereader,itisoftentoodulltoreadoveracupoftea.Readersfromanotherculturehaveneithertimenordesiretobotherthemselvesinreading,letalonetheawkwardChinese-styledtranslation.Thirdly,thespecialtyofC-EtranslationofGWRshouldbebroughttothenoticeoftranslators.Asakindofpublicitymaterial,thetranslationofGWRhasitsownfeatures.MostC-Etranslationonlyhastofulfilltherequirementofbeingfaithfultotheoriginaltext,whileGWRtranslationmustachieveintendedcommunicationeffect.Harold,theforerunnerofAmericantransmission,putsforwardthefiveelementsincommunication.Hemaintainsthatallcommunicationprocessshouldfollowsuchapattern:Who—sayswhat—inwhichchannel—towhom—withwhateffect.The“effect”here(thecommunicationeffect)istheresponseofthereadersfromdifferentcultureswheninformationreachesitsdestination,andisthe78\nM.A.ThesisIntroductiontestingstoneofanycommunicationactivity(Zhangjian,2001).Iftheinformationsentbythecommunicatorachieveslittle(sometimesevenopposite)effectorfailstobeacceptedbyitsreceptor,thetranslationisthenconsideredmeaninglessandworthless.Inthesameway,C-EtranslationofGWRshouldalsotakeintoconsiderationthecommunicationeffectandthereadership’sfeedback.Englishtranslationsthatemphasizepoliticalsignificancewhileoverlooktheintendedcommunicationeffectwilldefinitelyberefusedbytheforeignaudience.Lixin(2001)suggestspretranslationthatsomeadaptationsatthelinguisticlevelshouldbemadeontheoriginaltext,suchasaddition,deletion,reorganizationofthestructureandeventhewholepassage.Allthesearedoneforthereadership’sconvenience.EugeneNidaalsoexpressessimilarideas.Hearguesthattranslatingmeanstranslatingthemeaningandtranslatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalenceofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningthenintermsofstyle.(Nida&Tabler,1982:12).Fromthisdefinition,wecangetthreepoints:(a)whattranslatorswanttotranslateismessage.(b)becauseofculturalandlinguisticdifference,thesourcetextandthetargettextcanonlyachievetheclosestequivalence.(c)translationshouldbethemostnaturalequivalence.Thethreepointstogetheraimstoachieveonegoal:“theresponseofthetargetreceptortothetranslationshouldbesubstantiallythesameasthatoftheoriginalreaderofthesourcetext.”(ibid,13)InGWRtranslation,translatorsshouldnotonlymadetranslation“faithful”tothesourcetextbutalsotakeintoconsiderationitscontentandstyle,thereader’sresponse,anditscommunicationeffect,andadoptflexibletechniques.Yanfuhassetagoodexampleforus.Histranslationof78\nM.A.ThesisIntroduction“EvolutionandEthicandOtherEssays”as“天演论”isshortinlengthbutconciseandtothepoint.Histranslationof“SurvivaloftheFittest”into“物竞天择，适者生存”isalsowell-acceptedsince,literarilylongeritis,thetranslationnotonlyfullyconveystheconnotationofthecorebutachieveabeautyofstructure.Histranslationsarewellreceivedandbeneficialtotheprogressofsociety.Fromtheseexamples,weknowthatfaithfulnessisnotconstrainedinaformalequivalence.0.2RequirementsoftheC-EGWRTranslationAccordingtopreviousresearchesofGWRtranslation,therearegenerallythreerequirementsforthetranslation,namely,accuracy,continuityandadaptation,andcompletenessFirst,beingaccuracybothincontentandlanguageistheprimerequirementoftheGWRtranslation.Inaccuracyinlanguagewillnotonlyleadtomisunderstandingamongtargetreadersbutalsoaffectorevendistortthecontent.AsanauthorizedofficialdocumentationdeliveredatthePeople’sCongress,GWRisofgreatsocialandpoliticalsignificanceanddrawstremendousattentionfromaudiencesbothathomeandabroad.Therefore,everyword,phraseandsentenceiscarefullyweighedandrepeatedlyrevisedbeforegoingtopress.However,becauseofthedifferencesincultureandlanguage,itisimpossibletoachieveabsoluteaccuracyintranslation.Translators,however,canstillmakeattemptstobridgethegapbyadoptingvarioustranslationtechniques.Inaword,theprinciplecannotbetoowellemphasizedinC-Etranslation.Thesecondrequirementiscontinuityandadaptation.Thisseeminglyself-contradictoryprinciplehasitsownjustifications.First,translation78\nM.A.ThesisIntroductionshouldbecontinuous.Partlyasasummaryofthepreviousachievements,theGWRinevitablycarriessomefixedexpressionsofthepreviousReport,whosetranslationcannotbechangedatwillbecauseitisassociatedwiththeinternationalimageofChina.Anychangeofitsexpressionusuallycauseinconveniencetotheforeignersandthusmustundergothespecialists’discussions.Secondly,withthedeepeningofreformandopening-up,manynewsayingsinsomefieldswillkeepsurgingintothevocabularylistofofficialdocument.Expertsmay,astimesgoesby,findthatsomeofthefixedsayingsarenotadequately-translated,and,afterdiscussionamongauthorizedtranslators,theywillreplacethemwithbetterones.Atypicalexampleis“龙头企业”inthe2009Report.“龙头”,frequentlyusedinseveralGWR,wasfirsttranslatedas“locative(火车头)in2002(ratherthan“dragon’sheadenterprise)andthenchangedinto“pace-setting”in2009.Therefore,itisthetranslator’sdutytofindtheequivalentexpressioninthetargetlanguageand,even,intimeofneed,inventtheclosestcounterpart.Thirdly,translatorsshouldensurethecompletenessofthetranslation.TheGWR,asweknow,isbothasummaryofChina’sachievementsinthepreviousyearsandaplanforthefollowingyears.Soitcarriesmuchinformationanditswritingishighlycondensed.Tointerpretitsconnotationfully,backgroundinformationshouldbeaddedwhennecessary.0.3StructureoftheThesisThepapermakesatentativestudyofthe2009ReportfromtheviewofNida’sFEtheoryinthehopethatitcanoffersomeguidancetorelatedofficialdocumenttranslation.Thestructuresofthepaperareasfollows:78\nM.A.ThesisIntroductionTheintroductiondiscussesthenecessityandpossibilityofapplyingfunctionalequivalencetoGWRtranslationandlistssomerequirementsforitstranslation.Also,thispartmakesaconveyofthecontentofeachchapter.ChapterOneintroducestheFEtheory.Therearetwobasicorientationsintranslation,namelyformalequivalenceanddynamic/functionalequivalenceandtheformerenjoyspriorityoverthelatter.TheFEtheoryundergoesadevelopmentinChinaandisputintothetranslationpractice.ChapterTwomakesadetailedanalysisofstylisticfeaturesandfunctionsofthe2009governmentworkreport,reviewstherelatedresearchofofficialdocumenttranslationandpointsoutawrongtendencyinthepractice——Chinglish.ThisenablesustohaveabetterunderstandingofGWRanditstranslation.ChapterThreetriestosettlethequestionofhowcantranslatorsmakethetranslationtheclosestnaturalequivalenttothesourcelanguagemessage.Analysesaremadeatthreelevelsrespectively:lexicallevel,syntacticlevelandtextuallevel.Thefinalpartsummarizesthewholepaperandpointsoutthemeaningandlimitationsofthestudy.Tobebrief,thestructureofthepapercanbesimplifiedintoasetofquestions1.IsitnecessaryandpossibletoapplytheFEtheoryintotheGWRtranslation?2.WhatisFEtheory?3.WhatisGWR?4.Howcantranslatorsmakethetranslationtheclosestequivalenttothesourcelanguagemessage?78\nM.A.ThesisChapter1FunctionalEquivalentTheoryChapter1FunctionalEquivalenceTheoryAsystematicintroductionofFEtheorycanlaythefoundationfortheexplorationinthefollowingchapters.SothischaptertriestoanswerthequestionofwhatFEtheoryis.AccordingtoNida,therearetwobasicorientationsintranslation,oneisformalequivalence,andtheotherisfunctional/dynamicequivalence.Thelatterenjoyspriorityoverformerandbetweenthesetwoextremestherearesomeinterveninggrades.Formalequivalencefocusesattentiononthemessageitself,inbothformandcontentandtendstouseglosstranslation.However,therearenotalwaysformalequivalentsbetweenlanguagepairs.Theuseofformalequivalentsmightattimeshaveseriousimplicationsinthetargettextsincethetranslationwillnotbeeasilyunderstoodbythetargetaudience.What’smore,theproductofstrictformalcorrespondenceisChinglishorevendistortedcluttersofwords,whichwillcausemisunderstandingamongtheforeignreceptors.Therefore,thisiswhattranslatorsmusttrytoavoidinthetranslationofGWRwhosequalityisdirectlyrelatedtotheimageofourgovernmentandourcountry.Functional/dynamicequivalencelaysemphasisontheresponseofreadersandaimtoproduce“theclosest,naturalequivalenttothesourcelanguage”.Absoluteequivalentresponsecanneverbeachievedduetodifferentculturalandhistoricalbackgrounds,soNidaputfunctionalequivalenceintotwolevelsaccordingtothedegreeofadequacy:theminimalequivalenceandthemaximumequivalence.78\nM.A.ThesisChapter1FunctionalEquivalentTheoryIttakesalongtimebeforetheFEtheoryfinallyreachesmaturity,but,asthereisnouniversallyauthentictheory,itstillmeetschallengesandcriticisms.Certainseriousrestrictionsofaculturalandalinguisticnatureconfrontanyonewhoundertakestoproduceatranslationwithaconsiderabledegreeofdynamicequivalence(Nida,2004:176).DoesFEtheoryenjoyequalimportanceintextofothertype?Canthetestoftheresponseofthereadersworkallthetime?Actually,Nida’stranslationtheoryhasbeenaheatedtopicinChinafordecadesandevenwasonceregardedasout-of-date.Despitestheseupsanddownsinitsdevelopment,thetheoryofferssomeguidancetothetranslationpractice.Itscoreof“readerfirst”cancontributetotheimprovementofthetranslationversions.Anditisextremelyusefulinthetranslationofofficialdocumentslikethe2009Report.1.1TwoBasicOrientationsinTranslation“Sincethereare,properlyspeaking,nosuchthingsasidenticalequivalents,onemustintranslatingseektofindtheclosestpossibleequivalent.However,therearefundamentallytwotypesofequivalence:onewhichmaybecalledformalandanotherwhichisprimarilydynamic.”(Nida,2004:159)Formalequivalencefocusesattentiononthemessageitself,inbothformandcontent.Insuchatranslationatranslatorisconcernedwithsuchcorrespondenceassentencetosentence,andconcepttoconcept.Glosstranslationtypifiesthisstructuralequivalence.Inthistypeoftranslation,translatorstrytoreproducethecontentandformoftheoriginalasliterallyandmeaningfullyaspossible.Also,suchatranslationrequiresmanyfootnotestomakethetextwellunderstood.78\nM.A.ThesisChapter1FunctionalEquivalentTheory“Atranslationofdynamicequivalenceaimsatcompletenaturalnessofexpression,andtriestorelatethereceptortomodesofbehaviorrelevantwithinthecontextofhisownculture”.(Ibid,160)Thereisnoneedforthereceptortounderstandthecultureofthesourcelanguagetounderstandthemessage.Thereare,betweenthetwoextremesoftranslation(strictformalequivalenceandcompletedynamicequivalence),anumberofinterveninggrades.Andarecentsummaryofopinionsontranslatingindicatesthatthepresenttrendistowardsgrowingemphasisondynamicequivalence.1.2FormalEquivalenceEnlightenedbycommunicativelinguistictheorythatlanguageisusedforcommunication,NidafirstputforwarddynamicequivalenceinhisbookTowardstheScienceofTranslatingin1964.Hepointedoutthattherearetwodifferenttypesofequivalence,namelyformalequivalenceanddynamicequivalence.Unlikedynamicequivalencewhichisbasedontheprincipleofequivalenceeffect,formalequivalence“focusesattentiononthemessageitself,inbothformandcontent.”(Nida,1964:159).Themessageinthereceptorlanguage,accordingtotheformalorientation,should“matchascloselyaspossiblethedifferentfactorsinthesourcelanguage”(Ibid).Thistypeoftranslation,knownas“glosstranslation”,mostcompletelytypifiesstructuralequivalence(i.e.word-wordandsentence–sentencecorrespondence)toensureaccuracyandcorrectness.NidaandTaberpointsoutthattherearenotalwaysformalequivalentsbetweenlanguagepairs.Theythereforesuggestthatthoseformalequivalencesshouldbeusedwherepossibleifthetranslationaimsatachievingformalratherthan78\nM.A.ThesisChapter1FunctionalEquivalentTheorydynamicequivalence.Theuseofformalequivalentsmightattimeshaveseriousimplicationsinthetargettextsincethetranslationwillnotbeeasilyunderstoodbythetargetaudience.Typically,formalcorrespondencedistortsthegrammaticalandstylisticpatternsofthereceptorlanguage,andhencedistortsthemessagesoastocausethereceptortomisunderstandorlaborundulyhard(Nida,1969:201).TranslatorsofGWRtendtoadoptglosstranslation,whichisnotalwayspossiblebecausesomeformalequivalentsarenotalwaysavailableinthevocabularyandgrammar.BeneathallsurfacestructureoftheGWR,actually,thereexistsa“deepstructure”anda“deepstructureapproach”shouldbeadoptedtoaddresscertainproblemsintranslation.What’smore,theproductofstrictformalcorrespondenceisChinglishorevendistortedcluttersofwords,whichwillcausemisunderstandingamongtheforeignreceptors.1.3FunctionalEquivalenceTranslationofdynamicequivalence“aimsatcompletenaturalnessofexpression,andtriestorelatethereceptortomodesofbehaviorrelevantwiththecontextofhisowncultures”(Nida,1964:59).Itsmeaningcontainsthefollowingtwoaspects:(a)thetargettextshouldbetheclosestnaturalequivalencetothesource-languagetext;(b)thetranslationshouldproducethesameeffectonthetargetaudienceastheoriginaldoesonthesourcetextreader.Nidadescribesfunctionalequivalenceas‘theclosestnaturalequivalenttothesourcelanguagemessage”.(Nida,1964:166).Thisdefinitionincludesthreepoints(a)equivalent,whichpointstowardsthesourcelanguagemessage;(b)natural,whichpointstowardsthereceptor78\nM.A.ThesisChapter1FunctionalEquivalentTheorylanguage;(c)closest,whichbindsthetwoorientationstogetheronthebasisofhighestdegreeofapproximation.Atranslationofdynamicequivalenceshouldachievesuchaneffect:theresponseofthetargetreceptorshouldbesubstantiallythesameasthatoftheoriginalreadertothesourcetext.Responseofthereceptorshouldbethemajorconcern.Nidaalsoadmitsthatabsoluteresponsecanneverbeachievedduetodifferentculturalandhistoricalbackgrounds,butthetranslationshouldtriggerahighdegreeofequivalenceofresponse,Hearguesthat“theformmustbealteredtopreservethecontentofthemessage”andthat“somecertainratherradicaldeparturesfromtheformalstructurearenotonlylegitimatebutevenhighlydesirable”(Nida,1969).Translation,accordingtothetheoryandpractice,means“reproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalenceofthesourcelanguage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.”Inthisdefinition,Nidaseesatwo-levelequivalence,meaningandstyle,andlaysemphasisonthelatter.Theconcept“functionalequivalence”wasproposedbyNidainhisworkFromOnelanguagetoanother(1986).Nidaintroducesthenewtermtoreplace“dynamicequivalence”，since“function”seemstoprovideamuchsounderbasisfortreatingtranslationasaformofcommunication.ThecontentofFEaredescribedasfollowing:“basically,dynamicequivalencehasbeendescribedintermsoffunctionalequivalence,Thetranslationprocesshasbeendefinedonthebasisthatthereceptorsofatranslationshouldcomprehendthetranslatedtexttosuchanextentthattheycanunderstandtheoriginaltext.”Healsoadds“functionalequivalencerequiresnotonlytheequivalentcontentofmessage,butinsofaraspossible,anequivalenceofform.”InhisbookLanguage,CultureandTranslation(1993),Nidaput78\nM.A.ThesisChapter1FunctionalEquivalentTheoryfunctionalequivalenceintotwolevelsaccordingtothedegreeofadequacy:theminimalequivalenceandthemaximumequivalence.Theformerisdefinedas“thereadersofatranslatedtextshouldbeabletocomprehendittotheextentthattheycanconceiveofhowtheoriginalreaderofthetextmusthaveunderstoodandappreciatedit”(Nida,1993:118).Thelatterindicates“thereadersofatranslationshouldbeabletounderstandandappreciateitessentiallythesamemannerastheoriginalreaderdid.”(ibid:116)Anytranslationlessthantheminimaldegreeisunacceptable.(TanZaixi,1999:20-22)1.4FunctionalEquivalenceoverFormalEquivalenceIfweseetranslationfromtheperspectiveofthereadershipratherthanfromthatoftheformofthetranslation,wecanfindanotherstandard:toseewhetherthetranslationcanbeunderstoodbythereadersornot.Agoodtranslationshouldfocusonthefeedbackofthereadership,ratherthanwhetherthewordsusedinthetranslationcanbeunderstandableorgrammatical.Figure1showsthetraditionaltestingpracticeoftranslation:theinformationsentbytheoriginalsourceisreceivedbytheoriginalreceptor,andthetranslator,whoserveasbothoriginalsourcesenderandreceptor,sendstranslatedinformationtothetargetreceptorwholivesinadifferentculturalandhistoricalbackground.Thetraditionalwayoftestingthetranslationistocomparethetranslatedinformationwithoriginalinformation.Sotherecomesaquestion:thetranslator(tester)istoofamiliarwithM1tocompareitwithM2.78\nM.A.ThesisChapter1FunctionalEquivalentTheoryDifferentfromthetraditionaltestwhichlayemphasisontheformalcorrespondence,thefunctional/dynamicequivalenceadoptanewapproachwhichfocusonthereactionofthereadersinbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.AsisshowninFigure2,thecomprehensionofR2toM2iscomparedtothatofR1toM1tocheckthequalityoftranslation.IfR2’srespondtoM2isequivalenttothatofR1toM1,thenwecansaytheversionisacceptable.S——originalsource(sender)R——translatorM1——informationR1——originalreceptorM2——translatedinformationR2——targetreceptor78\nM.A.ThesisChapter1FunctionalEquivalentTheoryAccordingly,inGWRtranslation,iftranslatorsvaluethequalityoftheEnglishversionbycomparingitwiththeoriginalversion,thenthisevaluationsystemisfarfromreasonableandisastaticone.Actually,theparticipationofthereadershipcanneverbeneglected.Aqualifiedversionwillmakesurethatreadersfromeitherculturesharealmostthesamefeeling,thatis,foreignreadersgetinformationaboutChinathesamewayasChinesereadersdid.Tobemorespecific,whatmattersinGWRtranslationisnottheformalresemblancebutthereadability.Nowadays,dynamic/functionalequivalenceenjoyspriorityoverformalequivalence.“Duringthepast50years,therehasbeenamarkedshiftfromtheformaltodynamicdimension.Arecentsummaryofopinionontranslatingindicatesclearlythatthepresentdirectionistowardsincreasingemphasisondynamicequivalence.”(ZhangNanfeng,2000:39)1.5RelevantTheoriesinChinaEversincethewesternequivalencetheorywasintroducedtotheChinesetranslationcircle,heateddiscussionandrelatedresearcheshavebeenmade.Asearlyasthe7thcenturyintheTangDynasty,XuanZang,alearnedBuddhistandoneofthegreatesttranslatorsoftheChinesehistory,putforwardaprinciplethattranslationshouldbe“faithfulandunderstandabletothepopulace”.Tomakehistranslationmorereadable,Xuangzangfirstadoptsvariousmethodsinhistranslationpractice,suchasamplification,omission,borrowing,etc.Yanfu,anothergiantinChinesetranslationhistory,introducestoChinamanywesternmasterpiecesrangingfrompoliticstosciencetechnology.Inhistranslationpractice,hesetsupaninfluentialcriteriaforthetranslation78\nM.A.ThesisChapter1FunctionalEquivalentTheorycircle,namely,“faithfulness(信),expressiveness(达),elegance(雅)”.By“faithful”,hemeansthatmeaninginthetargettextshouldbefaithfultothatoftheoriginalone.“Expressive”istherequirementofintelligibilityofthetargettextthatthetranslatedtextshouldbeinaccordancewiththelanguagerulesofthetargetlanguage.“Elegance”requiresatranslationtobeestheticallypleasing.InhisfamousessayOnTranslation,LinYutangputuphisstandardsoffidelity,coherenceandbeauty(真实、通顺、美).Hemaintainsthatmeaningofthetranslationshouldbefaithfultotheoriginal,andthatthelanguageoftranslationshouldbesmooth,coherentandaestheticallypleasing,whichisareinterpretationofYanfu’sthree-wordPrinciple.Inaword,Yan’sprincipleissomewhatsimilartoNida’sfunctionaltheory.Yan’s3-wordprinciplearefurtherextendedbyFulei(1908-1966),anothereminenttranslatorwhoputsforwardtheultimaterequirementforliterarytranslation,namely“Shensi(神似)”.Hearguesthat“Asforeffect,translationshouldbelikeimitatingapicture,seekingspiritualsimilarityratherthanformalresemblance(翻译应像临画一样，所追求的不在形似而在神似)”(Fulei,1951).Whatshouldbepointedoutisthatthepreferencefor“Shensi”(beingalikeinspirit)inliteraltranslationdoesnotdenythesignificanceof“Xingsi”(beingalikeinappearance).Whenthetranslatorisfacedwithadilemmaastowhethertokeeptheappearance(grammaticalorsyntacticstructure,etc.)ortheliteraryspirit,heshould,accordingtoFu’sprinciple,sacrificeappearanceforspirit.Actually,Nida’stranslationtheoryhasbeenaheatedtopicinChinaforalmosttwodecades.Atfirst,Nida’stheoryisbroadlyintroducedand78\nM.A.ThesisChapter1FunctionalEquivalentTheorydiscussedwidelyamongtranslationscholars.Astimegoesby,sometranslatorsbeginstoquestionandchallengehistheory.Inrecentyears,ithasreceivedstrongcriticismandisevenconsideredout-dated.Despitestheseupsanddownsinitsdevelopmentinchina,thetheoryofferssomeguidancetothetranslationpractice.Itscoreof“readerfirst”cancontributetotheimprovementofthetranslationversions.78\nM.A.ThesisChapter2Analysisofthe2009ReportChapter2Analysisofthe2009ReportAdetailedanalysisofthe2009GWRwillbebeneficialandnecessaryforthecomprehensionandunderstandingofthedocument.Lexically,itisformalindictionandfullofChinese-coloredexpressions,becausenoinformalwordscanachievesolemnityandseriousness.Syntactically,mostofthesentencesinGWRaredeclarative.Theselongsentences,punctuatedbycommas,havenosubjectbutmorethanonepredicates.Rhetorically,metaphor,repetitionandparallelismarethemajordevicesusedtoreinforceandbuildupemotionalclimaxes.Oneoftheprinciplesofadoptingtranslationstrategiesisthefunctionsoftexts,sincetextsofdifferentfunctionshavetheirownfocuses.Therefore,abriefintroductionofthefunctionoftheGWRwillbenecessaryforthefollowingexplorations.Thethreemajorfunctionsoflanguageareexpressivefunction,informationalfunctionandvocativefunction.The2009ReportisinformativeandvocativeinthatitisawindowfromwhichforeignaudiencescangetarealandfullviewofChina.ExpertsagreesthatintheC-EtranslationofpublicitieslikeGWR,translatorsshouldtakeintoaccountthetargetlanguageandtheresponseoftargetreaders.Yuanstatesthatthetranslationshouldensurethetargetreadersanaccurateandobstruction-freecomprehensionofthemessagethatthesourcetextsconvey.Newmarkinsiststhat,inpublicitytranslation,thecomprehensionandresponseofthereadersshouldenjoytoppriorityandcommunicationtranslationshouldbeused.Nubertmakesitclearinhisfour-category78\nM.A.ThesisChapter2Analysisofthe2009Reportclassificationthatpublicitytranslationshouldfocusonthetargettexts.InthetranslationofpublicitiesliketheGWR,translatortendstofollowstrictlythesourcetextforfearingofmakingpoliticalmistakes.Thispracticewouldresultinthreebadproducts,namely,PidignEnglish,Chinese-coloredEnglishandChiglish.ThefirsttwocanrarelybeseenintheEnglishversionoftheGWRbecausethetranslationofthedocumentisinthechargeofexpertsintheCTB.ThetendencyofChinglishshouldbeamajorconcernoftranslationpracticebecauseChineseandEnglishdiffergreatlyinhistoricalbackground,socialideology,politicalandeconomicsystem,andlanguagehabit.The2009Reporttranslationisnoexceptiontothisphenomenonbecauseofitslinguisticandstylisticfeatures.UnavoidablethetendencyofChinglishis,thereisstillsomethingtranslatorscandotomaketheEnglishversionsasidiomaticaspossible.OverthepastdecadesresearchesonthetranslationofGWRandotherrelatedpublicitieshavebeenmadebyscholarsandtranslatorsand,asthetimegoesby,thetranslationofGWRisgainingmoreandmoreattention.TheseresearchesoffersomeconstructivesuggestionsfortheavoidanceofChiglishandimprovementoftranslation.2.1StylisticFeaturesofthe2009ReportGenerallyspeaking,writtenworksfallintotwocategories,namely,literaryworksandnon-literaryworks.TheGWRbelongstothelatterandsharessomecommonfeatureswithothernon-literarywritings.Also,asaparticularpoliticalmaterial,theGRWhasitsownstylisticfeatures.Therefore,adetailedstudyofthesefeatureswillbesignificanttothecomprehensionandtranslationofthe2009Report.ThetranslationoftheGWRisinthechargeofCentralTranslation78\nM.A.ThesisChapter2Analysisofthe2009ReportBureau(CTBforshort),anorganizationestablishedtorendertheimportantdocumentationsfromPartyCongresses,NationalPeople’sCongressandselectedmaterialsofPartyandgovernmentleaders.Nearlyalltheexamplesofthisthesisarequotedfromthe2009ReportdeliveredbyPremierWenJiabaoattheSecondSessionoftheEleventhNationalCongressonMarch5.TheReportconsistsoftwoparts.Thefirstpartisareviewoftheworkin2008,listingalltheworkaccomplishedunderthejointeffortsofpeoplefromallsectorsofsociety.Thesecondpartisthegeneralplansandmajortasksfor2009,concerningmacrocontrol,domesticdemand,agriculture,patternofdevelopment,reformandopeningup,socialprogramsandwell-beingofthepeople,andgovernmentimprovement.Therearealsofourshortspeechesthattouchonnationalunity,reunification,diplomacyandsoon.2.1.1LexicalFeaturesAsanofficialdocument,GWRisveryformalindictionandfeaturessomeChinese-coloredwordsandexpressions.Ontheonehand,wordingoftheGWRhastobeveryformalbecausetheReportisakindofseriousofficialdocumentwhosequalityisrelateddirectlytotheimageofthegovernment.Anyformsofinformalexpressionswillfailtoachievesolemnityandseriousnessandvagueexpressionsarebynomeansallowed.Ontheotherhand,theofficialdocumentscoversalmosteveryaspectofthesocialdevelopmentofChinaandmanywordsofChinese-characteristicsfindtheirwayintothethesedocuments.Onecanknowthisonlybyabrieflookatthe2009Report.Forinstance,“三农”agriculture,ruralareasandfarmers;“保障性住房”——low-incominghousing；78\nM.A.ThesisChapter2Analysisofthe2009Report“计划生育”——familyplanningregulations.TheaboveisjustafractionoftheseChina-uniqueexpressionsand,astimegoesby,morecoinages,neologismareadded,suchas“新型农村合作医疗”——thenewtypeofruralcooperativemedicalcaresystem,“家电下乡”、“农机下乡”——bringhomeappliances,agriculturalmachinery,andautomobilesandmotorbikestothecountryside.2.1.2SyntacticFeaturesInChinesepoliticaltexts,accordingtoModernChineseStylisticsandRhetoric,92%ofthesentencesaredeclarative,2.2%interrogative,2.6%imperativeand2%exclamatory.Accordingly,the2009Reportthereforeconsistsmainlyoflogdeclarativesentences.Hereisatypicalexampleofthem.(1)做好今年的政府工作，要高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，深入贯彻落实科学发展观，把保持经济平稳较快发展作为经济工作的首要任务，加强和改善宏观调控，着力扩大国内需求特别是消费需求，着力转变发展方式、加快经济结构战略性调整，着力深化改革、提高对外开放水平，着力改善民生促进社会和谐，全面推进社会主义经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设以及生态文明建设。P12Tocarryouttheworkofthegovernmentwellthisyear,wemustholdhighthegreatbannerofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics,takeDeng78\nM.A.ThesisChapter2Analysisofthe2009ReportXiaopingTheoryandtheimportantthoughtofThreeRepresentsasourguide,andthoroughlyapplytheScientificOutlookonDevelopment.Weneedtomakeensuringsteadyandrapideconomicdevelopmentthemaintaskofoureconomicwork.Weneedtostrengthenandimprovemacroeconomiccontrol,vigorouslyexpanddomesticdemand,particularlyconsumerdemand,changethepatternofdevelopmentandspeedupstrategiceconomicrestructuring,anddeepenreformandimproveourworkofopeningtotheoutsideworld.Weneedtoimprovethepeople'slives,increasesocialharmonyandpromoteall-roundprogressinsocialisteconomic,political,cultural,socialandecologicaldevelopment.(the2009Report)Intheexample,thelongsentence,punctuatedbytencommas,hasmorethanfourteenverbsasitspredicates,whichisimpossibleinEnglish.AlthoughtheChinesesentencelackscohesivewordsbetweenitsclauses,thereisaclearlogicrelationamongthoseloosestructures.However,inEnglish,therecanonlybeonemainverbinanEnglishsentence,therestoftheverbsactingasadverbialseitherbyadding“-ed”or“-ing”.What’smore,aswecanseefromtheexample,thelongsentenceboastsnosubjectandfeaturesrepetition,aimingatachievingemphasizingeffect.InEnglish,however,repetitionisrarelyusedexceptforrhetoricaleffect,sothe“经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设以及生态文明建设”isrenderedas“socialisteconomic,political,cultural,socialandecologicaldevelopment.”2.1.3RhetoricalFeaturesDifferentfromliteratureworks,the2009Reportfeaturesfewrhetorical78\nM.A.ThesisChapter2Analysisofthe2009Reportdevices.However,ifyouhaveacloserlookatit,youcanstillfindsomeofthem.Thesedevicesareusedtoreinforcethemeaningandbuildupemotionalclimaxes.Themajordevicesemployedinthe2009Reportaremetaphorandparallelism.ParallelismisdefinedinADictionaryofLiteraryTermsas“itconsistsofphrasesorsentencesofsimilarconstructionandmeaningplacedsidebyside,balancingeachother”(Lvxu,2002:259).TheChineseparallelstructureusuallycontainsthreeormorephrases,sentencesorparagraphswhicharesimilarinstructureandtone.(2)做到行政权力运行到哪里，监督就落实到哪里，财政资金运用到哪里，审计就跟进到哪里。P32Wewillstrivetomakesurethatoversighttakesplacewhereveradministrativepowerisexercisedandthatgovernmentfundswillbeauditedwherevertheyareused.(3)两岸同胞往来更频繁、经济联系更密切、文化交流更活跃、共同利益更广泛，两岸关系开始步入和平发展轨道P1Thetwosidesenjoyedmorefrequentpeople-to-peopleexchanges,closereconomicties,moreactiveculturalexchangesandbroadercommoninterests.Metaphorisalinguisticprocessusedtomakecomparisonbetweentheattributesofonethingandsomethingelse.(Tangying,2004:99)Inmetaphor,thebasicstructureis“AisB”ratherthan“AlikeB”.Metaphorpointsoutresemblancebutwithnoacknowledgingword.(4)做好今年的政府工作，要高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜78\nM.A.ThesisChapter2Analysisofthe2009Report，以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导…P15Tocarryouttheworkofthegovernmentwellthisyear,wemustholdhighthegreatbannerofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics,takeDengXiaopingTheoryandtheimportantthoughtofThreeRepresentsasourguide…(5)这场艰苦卓绝的抗震救灾斗争，涌现出无数感天动地、可歌可泣的英雄事迹，充分展现了中国人民不屈不挠、自强不息的伟大民族精神，谱写了气壮山河的壮丽篇章。P13Thishardstruggle…..andbraveexploitsandfullydemonstratedthegreatindomitableandunyieldingspiritoftheChinesepeople,thuswritingaheroicchapterinthehistoryofthenation..(6)支持供销合作社、农民专业合作社、龙头企业等提供多种形式的生产经营服务。P5Wewillsupportsupplyandmarketingcooperatives,specializedfarmercooperativesandpacesettingenterprisesinprovidingdiverseproductionandoperationservices.(7)对自主创业、农民工返乡创业要进一步降低门槛，给予更大支持。P3Wewillfurtherlowerthebarrierforindividuals,includingruralmigrantworkerswhohave…returnedtotheirhomevillages,tostarttheirownbusinessesandlendthemmoresupportinthisarea.Inthefirsttwosentences,“中国特色社会主义”iscomparedtoa“旗帜”,and“英雄事迹”iscomparedto“壮丽篇章”.Intheothertwo78\nM.A.ThesisChapter2Analysisofthe2009Reportexamples,theflagshipenterprisesarecomparedto“龙头”enterprises,and“thebarriertostartingone’sownbusinesses”iscomparedto“门槛”.Newmarkproposessomemethodstohandlemetaphorsintranslation:(a)reproducingthesameimageinTLprovidedtheimagehascomparablefrequencyandcurrencyintheappropriateregister.(b)replacingtheimageintheSLwithastandardTLimagewhichdoesnotclashwiththeTLlanguageculture.(ibid:89).Asisshownintheexamplesabove,ifitisacceptedbyreadersfromdifferentcultures,metaphorcanbetranslatedliterally,otherwiseitshouldbeadapted.“HoldabannerofsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics”canreasonablybeacceptedbypeoplefrombothcultures,while“dragon’shead（龙头）”,auspiciousinChineseculture,willshowforeignaudiencesaghostlyimageandshouldbetranslatedassomethinggeneral.2.2Functionsofthe2009ReportThefactthatdifferenttranslatingapproachesshouldbeadoptedfortextsofdifferentfunctionsmakestheintroductionofthefunctionofthe2009Reportnecessary.Thispartfirstintroducesthemajorfunctionsoflanguage,thenidentifiesthefunctionsoftheGWR,andfinallyrelatesthefunctionstothestrategiesbyquotingopinionsofscholarsfromthetranslationcircle.2.2.1ThreeMainFunctionsofLanguageAccordingtoBuhler,thethreemainfunctionsoflanguageareexpressive,informative(representational)andvocative(appeal)functions.Thecoreofexpressivefunctionisthemindofthespeaker,thewriter,the78\nM.A.ThesisChapter2Analysisofthe2009Reportoriginatoroftheutterance.(Newmark,2001:29)Typicalexpressivetext-typeexpressesnoconcernonanyresponse.Thecoreofinformativefunctionisexternalsituation,thefactsofthetopic,therealityoutsidelanguage.Thecoreofvocativefunctionisthereadership,theaddressee.“Iusetheterm‘vocative’inthesenseof‘callingupon’thereadershiptoact,think,orfeel,infactto‘react’inthewaysintended.”(ibid:41)Nowadays,vocativetextareaddressedmoreoftentoareadershipthanareader.Typical“vocative”textarenotices,instructions,publicity,propaganda,persuasivewriting,etc.Fewtextsarepurelyexpressive,informativeorvocative:mostincludesallthefunctionswithanemphasisononeofthethree.Moreinformativetextsusuallyhaveavocativethreadrunningthroughthem,orthevocativefunctionisrestrictedtoaseparatesectionofrecommendation,opinion,orvaluejudgment;Atextcanhardlybepurelyinformativei.e.objective.2.2.2Functionsofthe2009ReportGenerallyspeaking,expressivefunctionplaysadominantroleinliterarytextwhileinpublicitymaterialslikethe2009Report,informativeandvocativefunctionarethefocus.Foronething,the2009Reportisinformative.Asakindofpublicitymaterial,GWRshouldshowtotheforeignaudiencesarealChinafromeveryangle:itspoliticalandeconomicdevelopment,thelifeoftheChinesepeople,culture,custom,etc.ItshouldserveasawindowthroughwhichoverseaaudiencescangetafullandrealviewoftheEasternGiant.Foranother,the2009ReportisvocativeinthatitwantstomakeChinaknowntotheoutsideworld.Effectivecommunicationwillnotonlydeepenmutualunderstandingbutavoidmisconceptionresultingfromdistorteddescriptions.Betterunderstanding78\nM.A.ThesisChapter2Analysisofthe2009ReportcansetupagoodinternationalimageofChina,extenditsinfluenceworldwide,andfinallymakecontributionstothecourseofsocialistworkandworldpeace.Informativefunctionistheprerequisiteofthevocativefunctionanditprovidsthebasisonwhichthevocativefunctionisachieved.Thevocativefunctioncanbefulfilledonlyontheconditionthattheinformationprovidedisadequate,truthfulandacceptable.2.2.3TheoreticalBasisfortheTranslationofGWRFrom2.2.2weknowthatthe2009ReportisinformativeandvocativeinthatitservesasawindowthroughwhichforeignerscangetafullandrealviewofChina.ExpertsagreethatinthetranslationofpublicitiesliketheGWR,translatorsshouldtakethetargetlanguageandresponseoftargetreaderintoaccount.Differenttranslationstrategiesshouldbeadoptedintranslatingtextsofdifferentstylewhichvariesinfunctions,objectivesandlinguisticforms.Theobjectiveofpublicity-orientedC-Etranslationistoensurethetargetaudiences’accurateandobstruction-freecomprehensionofthemessagethatthesourcetextconveys.Toreachthisgoal,translatorsshouldapplytarget-language-centeredapproachesandshould,onthebasisofthat,strivetonegotiatethedifferencesbetweenthestylisticnorms,logicpatternsandculturedispositionencodedrespectivelyinthetwolanguagesconcerned.(YuanXiaoning,2005)Newmarkalsoagreesthatdifferentstrategiesshouldbeusedintranslatingdifferenttexts.Accordingtohim,forexpressivetextswhichaimtointroducecultureofsourcelanguage(suchasnovels,poems),semantictranslationshouldbeemployedtomaintaintheauthor’spersonalemotions,writingstyleandstructure.ForinformativeorvocativeTL-centeredtexts,78\nM.A.ThesisChapter2Analysisofthe2009Reportthecomprehensionandresponseofthereadersshouldenjoytoppriority,thereforetranslatorsshouldadoptcommunicationtranslation,makingthetranslationsimilartothereceptor’sexpressionhabit.(Newmark,1998:50-56)Nubertsummarizesfourrulesforthetranslationofdifferenttexts.Heclassifiedtextsintofourcategories:(LiuHuimei,1996:10)(a)Sourcetext-centered.E.g.scienceandresearchworks;(b)Mainlysourcetext-centered.E.g.literatureworks(c)Sourcetextandtargettext-centered.E.g.professionalbibliography(d)Mainlyorcompletelyfocusontargettext.E.g.publicity(∨)FromNubert’sstatement,weknowthatinthepublicityC-Etranslationtargettextshouldbethemajorconcern.Thetranslationshouldagreewiththetargetlanguageinstyle,structure,wordingandwaysofexpression.NewmarkandNeubertofferatheorybasisforthetranslationpracticeofpublicitymaterialslikeGWR.2.3Chinglish——theProductofFormalEquivalenceIfwesticktoomuchtothemessageitself,namelythecontentandform,ourtranslationwillendupwithsomethingof“Chinesecharacteristics”.Mainly,therearethreeproducts,namelyChinese-coloredEnglish,PidginEnglishandChinglish.IntheEnglishversionofGWR,thechancesfortheoccurrenceofthefirsttwoproductsareremoteandChiglishisoneofthemajorproblemsthataffectthequalityoftranslation.2.3.1Chinese-ColoredEnglishandPidginEnglishChinese-coloredEnglishcanbedefinedasEnglishwithChineseflavour.Notranslationcanavoidbeingaffectedbytheoriginaltextsand78\nM.A.ThesisChapter2Analysisofthe2009Reportforeignculture.Nomatterhowexcellentitis(eventheversionbyatranslationauthority),thetranslationshouldgoundertheinspectionandsupervisionofforeignexpertsonlanguage,forthetextsinevitablybearsome“foreignflavors”.Andthisisalsotruewiththecaseofforeigntranslators.Asthedevelopmentofsociety,moreandmorevocabulariesofChinesethinkingmodehavefoundtheirwayintoEnglishandarewell-accepted.Forexample“papertiger(纸老虎)”,“onecountrytwosystem(一国两制)”,and“fourmodernization(四化),etc.TherearealsosomePinyin-basedEnglishintheexistingEnglishvocabulary,suchas“Wushu(武术),Weiqi(围棋),andErhu(二胡)”andsoon.(FangMengzhi,2002:152)Broadlyspeaking,PidginEnglishisapopularcommunicationtoolformedbytwoormorelanguagesmixedtogetherinthefrequently-communicatedareas.“PidginwasatfirstariverwhichseparatestheconcessionofBritainandFrance.Shanghaineselaterrefersto“Pidgin”as“EnglishusedbyChinesewithlittleformaleducationofEnglish”.Forinstance,“youseerightnoright”(你看对不对),“longtimenosee(好久不见)”,“fiveflowereightdoor”(五花八门).PidginEnglish,usuallyspokenform,isusedasthesimplestwayofcommunicationandisalwaysillustratedbybodylanguages.Ithasthefollowingfeatures:(a)itsvocabularyismainlyfromforeignlanguage.(b)pronunciationbearstheinfluenceoflocalaccent.(c)Simplegrammar.(D)vividanddirectexpression.(ibid,153)78\nM.A.ThesisChapter2Analysisofthe2009Report2.3.2ChinglishThetranslationoftheGWRisinthechargeoftheCTB,soPidginEnglishandChinese-coloredEnglisharerarelyseeninEnglishversionthe2009Report.Duetoitsnatureandcontent,thereisatendencyofChinglish.ChinglishisunidiomaticEnglishineitherwrittenorspokenform,whichgoesbeyondthelawofEnglishusageandhabit.InChinglish,thespeaker’sthinkingmode,waysofexpression,andthechoiceandcollocationofvocabularyisofstrongChinesestyle.Fromtheperspectiveoftranslation,Chinglishisinaccurateandcancausemisunderstandingonthepartofitsreadership.WangNongsheng,aneminenttranslatorfromtheMinistryofForeignAffairs,statessomemanifestationsofChinglish:(a)impropercollocation.Thetranslationof“取得成就”shouldbe“score/attainachievements”ratherthan“makeachievements”.Inthesameway,“theletterwrites”shouldbe“theletterreads”;“successortotherevolution”shouldbechangedinto“revolutionarysuccessor”.(b)repetitionandredundancy.Forexample,inthesentence“topromote(thedevelopmentof)China-USrelations,ChinaneedstoknowUSbetter(andtheUSalsoneedstoknowChinabetter).”Thecontentinthefirstbracketcanbeomittedandthatinthesecondcanbereplacedbythephrase“viceversa”.(c)Toomanymodifiers.“completelyconquer”shouldbe“conquer”,sincethereisnosuchthingas“partlyconquer”;“agreathistoricchange”shouldbe“ahistoricchange”,becausethemeaningof“great”isincludedinthatof“historic”.(d)improperomission.“Itcanbeavoidedevenpeoplewantto(avoidit)”.Thewordsinthebracketcannotbedeleted.(e)improperpersonification.Thesentence“innovationisthesoulofanation’sprogress”maysoundoddtotheforeignaudience,since“innovation”is“dead”while78\nM.A.ThesisChapter2Analysisofthe2009Report“soul”is“alive”.Itthereforecanberevisedas“innovationsustainstheprogressofanation”.(f)notransferofpartsofspeech.“Thestrength,prosperityanddevelopmentofChinawillposenothreattoanycounties”shouldbe“Astrong,prosperousanddevelopedChinawill…”.DifferentfromChinese-coloredEnglish,someofwhichcanbeacceptedbytheforeignpublicas“borrowedwords”,Chinglishshouldbeavoidedinourtranslationpractice(ibid,152)2.3.3ReasonsforChinglishinGWRTranslationInherbook,JoanPinkhamdefinedChinglishas“EnglishwithChinesecharacteristics”(thetwinexpressionwith“socialismwithChinesecharacteristics”).FromherdefinitionwecanseethatthechancesofChinglisharegreaterwhenEnglishisusedtointroducetotheforeignaudience“thesocialismwithChinesecharacteristics”.ChinaandEnglish-speakingcountriesdiffergreatlyinhistoricalbackground,politicalandeconomicsystem,cultureandsocialideology,thinkingmodeandlanguagehabit,sotheC-EtranslationtendstogenerateChinglish.ForofficialdocumentslikeGWR,thechancesofoccurrenceofChinglishareevengreater.First,vocabularyandsentencestructureofGWRbearsstrongChinesecharacteristics.GWRusuallyconsistsoftwoparts.Onesummarizestheachievementsofthepreviousyear,whiletheothermakesplansforthecomingyear.Itsvocabularyisrelatedtightlytothesocialdevelopment.SomeofthemareChina-uniqueandtheircounterpartsarenotavailableintheEnglishvocabulary.Howeverqualifiedthetranslationsare,theycan’tbefreefromtheinfluenceofthe“Chineseflavor”.Forexample,in“ThreeRepresents”,thetranslationof“三个代表”,theverb78\nM.A.ThesisChapter2Analysisofthe2009Report“represent”isusedtoshowtheverbnatureof“代表”.Theexpression“ThreeRepresents”soundsoddandkindofChinglishtoforeignersbecausethetranslationgoesagainstthelawofEnglishwriting.“三条保障线”isanotherexamplewithChinesecharacteristicsanditsEnglishequivalentisalsounavailable.Inthe2002Report,itistranslatedas“Three-Stageguarantees,andthen“ensuringpaymentofthelivingallowanceforworkerslaidofffromstate-ownedenterprises,unemploymentinsuranceandsubsistenceallowancefortheurbanpoor”isaddedtomaketheformertranslationclearer.AlthoughitfollowstheEnglishgrammar,“stages”referstodifferentphasesinthedevelopmentofsomething.(e.g.“Three-stagestrategyformodernizationdrive").Thetranslation“Three-Stageguarantees”isimproper,forittreatthreeindependentthingsasthree“stages”.WangNongsheng(2002)proposestoreviseitas“thesystemofthreesocialprograms”.Thetranslationnotonlycombinesthreeintoonebutembodiesthescopeofsocialguarantees.PhrasescombinedwithnumbersareChinese-specific(suchas“五讲”,“四美”)andtheirtranslationsareconsideredimperfectevenexpressedinfluentEnglish.TherearealsoinGWRsomemonotonouslongsentencesthatfeaturesparallelphrasesandmorethanonepredicates.Thesesentences,looseinstructureandunclearinsentencedivision,areusuallypunctuatedbymanycommas.TranslatorsmustthereforeformagoodunderstandingoftheChinesesentencesbystudyingthelogicalandstructuralrelationsamongclauses;otherwisethetranslationmaywellendupasmanyloosestructures.What’smore,therearerepetitionsinonesentenceorseveralneighboringsentences.Someseemingly-easyvocabularyenjoyshighfrequencyandmayresultinrepeatedandhard-tounderstandChinglish,78\nM.A.ThesisChapter2Analysisofthe2009Reportsuchas“加强”,“建设”“素质”,“进一步”andsoon.Thesecondreasonisover-faithfulnesstotheoriginaltexts.TheannualGWRconcernsstrategies,policiesandfundamentalsofthePartyandnation,sopoliticalmistakesarebynomeansallowedintranslation.Translators,therefore,tendtofollowstrictlytheoriginaltextforfearingofmakingpoliticalmistakesintheirtranslation.2.4ResearchesofOfficialDocumentsWiththedevelopmentofitscomprehensivenationalstrengthanditsinternationalstatus,Chinaisnowbecomingincreasinglyremarkableintheinternationalarena.ThissparksgreaterdesirefromtheoutsideworldtolearnmoreaboutChina.However,studiesofofficialdocumentarestillquitelimitedathome,andthestudiesofGWRareevenfewer.Duan(1990)classifiestheproblemsinC-Etranslationofpublicitymaterialsintermsofsymptomsofdiseaseandmakescorresponding“prescriptions”.Inhisarticle,ACallforTranslatorsforGoodPublicityMaterials,DuanreferstothecommonmistakesintranslationasSymptomA,SymptomB.ForsentenceswithSymptomA,translationsfeaturesomegrammaticalmistakes,spellingmistakesandmisuseofwords,whichresultlargelyfromthetranslator'spoorcommandofEnglishandirresponsibleattitude.TranslationofthissortcannotonlydamagetheinterestofthePartybutunderminetheimageofourcountry.Thus,manyofthemistakesshouldbeandcanbeavoidedbeforetranslationgoestopress.Translationswiththissymptomcanbe“cured”,aslongasthetranslatoriscarefulandseriousenough.Ontheotherhand,sentenceswithsymptomB,whicharefreefromallthemistakesofsymptomA,arebeyondthecomprehensionofforeignreaderssincethetranslationfeaturessomeChinese-loadedterms,78\nM.A.ThesisChapter2Analysisofthe2009Reportsuchas,jargons,propernounsofChinesenamesandplaces,politicaltermsandslogans,flowerywordsorclichés,etc.The“prescription”forSymptomBis“interpretivetranslation”,whichfallsintofurtherthreeways——“filling”,“slimming”,and“restructuring”.ThepoorqualityofC-EtranslationalsodrawsChengZhenqiu’sattention.Inhisarticle,ProblemsinC-ETranslation(1992),Chengmaintainsthatonewaytoimprovethetranslationistoavoid“Chinglish”,andlistssomefeaturesofChinglish:(a)impropercollocation;(b)unacceptablepersonification;(c)overuseofmodifiers.WangNongshengalsoexpressessimilaropinionsontheproblemofChingishinhisarticleChinglishinC-Etranslation(2000)andofferssomesolutionstotheproblems.JiaYuling(1965-),aseniortranslatorfromCTB,writesanarticleonhowtoavoidthetrendof“Chinglish”.Inthisarticleheliststhereasonsfortheexistenceof“Chinglish”andcorrespondingwaystohandlethem.Therearethreereasonsforthistendency:(a)GWRfeaturesnewwordsandexpressionswithChinesecharacteristics,whosecounterpartsareusuallyunavailableinthetargetlanguagedictionary.(b)duetoitsgreatpoliticalandinternationalsignificance,GWRisusuallytranslatedinaword-for-word,sentence-for-sentenceway,whichmakestheEnglishversionlackofflexibilityandvigor.(c)thesyntacticstructurefeaturesparallelpredicatesandphraseswithoutvariationofsentencepatterns.Allthese,togetherwithitsabstractwordingmakeitstranslationdullandmonotonous.Toavoidthistendencyof“Chinglish”,Jiaputsforwardsomestrategies(a)atthelexicallevel,processtherepeatedpartsbymeansofdeleting,usingpronounsormoregeneralwords.(b)atthesyntacticlevel,rearrangethecommonly-usedparallelstructurebyusingclauses,participle78\nM.A.ThesisChapter2Analysisofthe2009Reportphrasesorprepositionalphrases.(JiaYuling,2003)WuWenzi,aneditorofShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,throughdetailedstudyoftheEnglishversionof2005GWR,proposesseveralsuggestionsonofficialdocumenttranslation:(a)haveafullgraspoftheoriginaltext,fromasinglewordatthebottomthentothewholesentencestructure,andfinallytothewholetextatthetop.(b)don’tmistranslate,especiallythoseeasily-neglectednon-keywords.(c)avoidambiguityinthestructurebyapplyingmanymodifiers.(d)inthetranslationofwordswithChinesecharacteristics,translatorsshouldmakethetranslationasconciseaspossible,providedtheconnotationisfullyexpressed.(WuWenzi,2005)Epstein,LinWusunandShenSurujointlywriteanarticleentitled“呼吁重视对外宣传中的外语工作”(ChinaTranslatorsJournal).Accordingtothem,foreignlanguageisthemostimmediatefactordeterminingthecommunicationeffectoftranslation.Althoughgreatstridehasbeenmadeintranslationwork,therestillexistssomeproblemsinthepublicitymaterialtranslationandotherrelatedareas.Also,thearticlelistssometypicalexamplesinreallife,fromtranslationofbusstopsignstothatofOlympicslogans,andtracesthefollowingreasons:(a)foreignlanguageeducationispoorlyimplemented;(b)governmentleadersfailtorealizetheimportanceofforeignlanguages.Themisunderstandingintheirmindaresuch(a)translationisasimpleandmechanicwork.(b)translationisnothingbutainter-linguatransfer.(c)anyonewhoknowEnglish,disregardhiseducationbackgroundandencyclopedicknowledge,candotranslation.Authorsofthearticlealsocallsonustoformagoodunderstandingabouttranslationworkandproposesseveralsuggestionsfortheleadersinrelated78\nM.A.ThesisChapter2Analysisofthe2009Reportorganizationanddepartment:(a)governmentshouldchoosekeyuniversitiestocultivatetranslationtalentsbycarryingouteducationreformontranslationandbychangingtheirteachingroutinesintoopenandmorepracticalones.(b)constructasystematicmechanismwhichemploysforeignlinguisticexpertsoroverseaChineseasitsstafftocheckandsupervisetranslation.78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevelsChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevelsThischaptertriestoofferasolutiontothequestionofhowtranslatorscanmakethetranslationtheclosestnaturalequivalenttothesourcelanguagemessage.Analysesaremadeatthreelevels:lexicallevel,syntacticlevelandtextuallevelrespectively.AttheLexicallevel,theauthordiscussestheprocessingofcategorywords;politicalwords,collocationanddiction,andsolutionsareofferedtodealwithtautology,high-soundingwords,andexcessivemodifiers.Atthesyntacticlevel,choiceofthesubject,rearrangementofwordorder,andconversionofpartsofspeecharediscussed,andatthetextuallevel,cohesion,combinationanddivision.3.1TranslationatLexicalLevelAsweknow,word-for-wordtranslationisnotadvisable,becausetherearen’talwaysequivalentpairsinthesourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.Tofindthemostsuitableequivalents,translatorsshouldtakeintoconsiderationmanyfactors,suchascollocation,semanticmeaningandpoliticalcontext.Thisisespeciallytruewiththetranslationofsomewordsinthe2009Report.3.1.1CategoryWordsTheChineselanguagetendstousecategorynounstorefertosituation(LiuBiqing,1992:263).Categorynouns,commonly-usedinChinese,78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevelsbringnosubstantialcontenttothesentence,butfunctiontoconcretizetheabstractimageorservefortheneedofcollocation.TherearesomenounsinChinesesuchas“问题”,“情况”,and“格局”,andtheirtranslationdependsontheirspecificmeaning.Thesecategorywordsshouldbetranslatedascommonwordswhentheyrefertosomethingconcrete,andtheycanbeignorediftheybringnosubstantialcontent.Nextaresometypicalexamplesquotedfromthe2009Report.(8)我们将继续从中国人民和世界各国人民的根本利益出发，为妥善解决热点问题和全球性问题做出新的贡献。P20WewillcontinuetotakethefundamentalinterestsofthepeopleofChinaandtheworldasourstartingpointandmakenewcontributionstotheproperresolutionofhotspotissuesandglobalproblems.(9)加大保障性住房建设和棚户区改造力度，低收入群众住房困难(问题)得到一定程度缓解。解决４８００多万农村人口的饮水安全(问题)。P21Weintensifiedeffortstodeveloplow-incomehousingandrenovateshantytowns,thusalleviatingsomeofthehousingdifficultiesofthelow-incomepopulation.Anadditionalofmorethan48millionruralpeoplegainedaccesstosafedrinkingwater.Intheseexamples,“问题”inthefirstexamplehasspecificmeaningandmustbetranslatedas“problems”and“issues”,while“问题”inthesecondexamplearenottranslatedsincetheydon’thaveanylexical78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevelsmeaningbutonlyserveascategorywords,namely“饮水安全问题”equals“饮水安全”,and“住房困难问题”equals“住房困难”.(10)繁荣哲学社会科学，积极发展文学艺术、广播影视、新闻出版（事业）。P33Wewillhelpphilosophyandthesocialsciencesflourish,andactivelydevelopliterature,thearts,radio,TV,film,thepressandpublishing.“事业”inthissentencecanbecrossedout.Semantically,this“事业”isunnecessarybecause“文学艺术、广播影视、新闻出版”perseis“事业”.However,inChineseitisungrammaticaltoput“文学艺术、广播影视、新闻出版”rightaftertheverb“发展”,so“事业”isusedtoensureapropercollocationandclearermeaning.Inaword,“categorywordsare“thecommonestunnecessarywordsinChineseandallitaddstothesentenceisonlyweightwithoutsubstance.”(JoanPinkham,2000:6)Wordsofthiskindareusuallyleftoutinthetranslationwithoutanyinfluencetothemeaning.3.1.2PoliticalTermsOfficialdocumentsinevitablycontainalotofpoliticaltermswhichposeoneofthedifficultiesforGWRtranslation.ThepastdecadeshavewitnessedtremendouschangesinChinainpolitics,societyandeconomy.Alargenumberofpoliticalvocabularieshavefoundtheirwayintothepress,mediumandpeople’sdailylife.Someofthem,highlyrecapitulative,78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevelsareevenbeyondordinaryChinese(letaloneforeignaudiences),becausetheyareeitherembeddedinprofoundhistoricalbackgroundorconsistofnumerals.Forexample,Atthesightof“九二共识”,the1992Consensus,audiencesmayraisesuchquestionsas“whoarethenegotiatorsofthispact?”,“whatisitabout?”InC-Etranslationspecialattentionshouldbepaidtotheiracceptabilityamongthereadershipstoachieveeffectivecommunication.(11)加强廉政建设和反腐败工作。P2Wewillstrengthenoureffortstopromotecleangovernmentandcombatcorruption.“廉政建设”wastranslatedfirstlyas“constructcleanpolitics”inChinaTranslatorsJournal.Thistranslationactuallyfailstoconveytheintendedmeaning,because“politics”isadisputablewordwhichhastheconnotationof“fightingwithsb.inanovertorcovertway;steppingupopenandcovertstruggles”(asinthecollocationof“officepolitics”).Thetranslationof“廉政建设”as“constructcleanpolitics”willputforeignaudiencesundersuchanimpressionthatthestaffsofChinesegovernmentarefightingwithoneanotherinbothopenandsecretmeans.Toavoidthemisconception,“廉政建设”istranslatedas“promoteacleangovernment”inthe2009Report.Viathisexpression,foreignerscaneasilybeinformedofthetruththatstrongmeasuresarebeingtakenintheChinesegovernmenttofightagainstcorruptionandtostrengthensupervision.Asweknow,thepoliticalandsocialsysteminChinaisquitedifferent78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevelsfromthatofwesterncountries.Peoplefromdifferentpartsoftheworldvarygreatlyinideology,value,politicalstandandworldoutlook.Therefore,translatorsshouldtaketheseintoaccountandadoptflexibletranslationskillswheneverpossible.(12)我们坚信，有两岸中华儿女团结奋斗，就一定能够实现祖国的完全统一，实现中华民族的伟大复兴！P3Weareconvincedthat,withtheconcertedeffortsofthepeopleonbothsidesoftheStraits,wewillachievecompletereunificationofthemotherlandandthegreatrejuvenationoftheChinesenation.Inthisexample,“祖国”and“统一”shouldbebroughttoournotice.Ononehand,thetranslationof“统一”shouldbetranslatedas“reunification”ratherthan“unification”.TaiwanhasbeenoneindispensiblepartofourterritoryinChinesehistory,so“统一”hereisactually“重新统一”,i.e.reunification.Byaddingtheprefix“re-”,thefactthatthereisonlyonChinaisfullconveyedtotheforeignpublic.Ontheotherhand,“祖国”shouldnotbetranslatedas“mainland”butas“motherland”.Sometranslatorsarguesthat“祖国统一”shouldberenderedas“thereunificationwiththemainland”.Theythinkthat“祖国统一”isactuallythereunificationofmainlandandTaiwan,sinceHKandMacaoreturnedinseparately1997and1999.Thismistakenconceptwillprobablybetakenadvantageofbysomeanti-reunificationpeopleandorganizations.Strictly,thereunificationconcernsmainland,HK,Macao,andTaiwan,thus78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevelsshouldbe“thereunificationofthemotherland”.(13)认真贯彻党的侨务政策，支持海外侨胞、归侨侨眷关心和参与祖国现代化建设与和平统一大业。P38WewilldiligentlyimplementtheParty'spolicyonmattersrelatedtooverseasChinesenationalsandsupportoverseasChinesenationals,returnedoverseasChineseandtheirrelativesinshowingconcernforandparticipatinginthemodernizationandpeacefulreunificationofthemotherland.“侨胞”usedtobetranslatedas“overseaChinese.”Thistranslationisactuallyimproper.Most“overseaChinese”hasacquirednationalityoftheresidedcountry,while“侨胞”areChinesecitizenswhoresideabroadbutwhoselegitimaterightsandinterestareundertheprotectionofChinesegovernmentandshouldbetranslatedas“overseaChinesenationals”.ThisisaverysensitiveissueinSoutheastAsiawherepeopleofChinesedescentareregardedasminorities.Thechoiceofthetranslationmayinvolvepatriotismanddeservespecialattention.(14)过去的一年，国防和军队现代化建设取得重要进展。人民解放军为维护国家主权、安全和领土完整，支……在新的一年，要着眼全面履行新世纪新阶段军队历史使命，推进军队革命化、现代化、正规化建设。大力加强军队思想政治工作。扎实推进机械化条件下军事训练向信息化条件下军事训练转变，……平。完善军民结合、寓军78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevels于民的国防科研和武器装备生产体系、军队人才培养体系和军队保障体系。积极稳妥地推进军队改革，增强军队建设的生机与活力。加强人民武装警察部队建设，增强执勤、…巩固发展军政军民团结。P36Lastyearsignificantprogresswasmade…andthearmy.ThePeople'sLiberationArmyplayedanimportantrolein….asks.Inthecomingyear,weneedtomakeourarmymorerevolutionary,modernandstandardized,strengthenideologicalandpoliticalworkinthearmy.Wewilleffectivelytransformour…application,andcontinuetoenhancethearmy'sabilitytorespondtomultiplesecuritythreatsand…acrosstheboard…andthearmy'slogisticssupportsystemthatintegratecivilianwithmilitarypurposesandcombinemilitaryeffortswithciviliansupport.Wewillactivelyandsteadilycarryoutreformofthearmytoinjectmorevigorandvitalityintoarmybuilding.…Wewillstrengthendefensemobilizationandreserveforces.Wewillstrengthenanddevelopunitybetweenthearmyandthegovernmentandbetweenthearmyandthepeople.Thetranslationof“人民解放军”as“thePeople'sLiberationArmy(PLAforshort)”iswellacceptedintheinternationalworldasthestandardversionwhichproducesnoambiguity.So,followingthispractice,“army”iswidelyusedinthetranslationof“军队”or“军”,aswecanobservefromtheabovepassage.Forexample,“军队建设”istranslatedintoarmybuilding,“军政团结”,unitybetweenthearmyandthegovernment.However,“army”means“alargeorganizedgroupofsoldierswhoaretrainedtofightonland”.The“军队建设”actuallyshouldbe“the78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevelsbuildingofallthearmedforces,i.e.air,waterandland”.Thereforeexceptforsomefixedexpressionsas“人民解放军”or“建军节”,itisbettertotranslate“军队”or“军”as“thearmedforces.”Tosumup,“Translationundertakingisapoliticaltask.Ithasalwaysbeenapoliticaltask.Peoplemakeitservepolitics,sometimesconsciouslyandsometimesunconsciously.”(Jinren,1951.9-10)3.1.3CollocationandDictionDiction,choiceofwordsespeciallywithregardtocorrectness,clearness,oreffectiveness,isathreadintheC-Etranslation.“Word”,inabroadsense,referstowordsandphrases.Thechoiceofmeaningandwordsisresultedfrompolysemyofhumanlanguage.Ineverywell-developedhumanlanguage,mostwordsarepolysemous.Forinstance,“thin”,whichisusuallytranslatedas“瘦”inChinese,canbeaffectedbytheobjectsdescribed,emotionsandstyleofconcretecontexts,sotranslatorshouldchoosetheexactcounterparts.Forexample,瘦削(neutral),清秀(forgirl),清矍(forman).Thechoiceofmeaningandwordsisalsocloselyrelatedtothecontext.“Nowordisanislandentirelytoitself”(PeterNewmark,1990:100).Themeaningofwordsinevitablybearstheinfluenceofitsneighboringwordsandsentences.Luo(1984)alsomaintainsthatawordhasnotonlydirectdictionarymeaningbutassociatedmeaningsrelatedtoitsconnotation.Sointhechoiceofwords,onehastotakethecontext,especiallytheircollocation,intoaccount.(15)改革开放和社会主义现代化建设取得新的重大成就P3578\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevelsMadenewachievementsinreform,openingupandsocialistmodernization.(16)加强耕地保护和农田水利建设P32Weintensifiedtheprotectionofarablelandandtheconstructionofagriculturalwaterconservancyprojects,(17)支持十大重点节能工程和环保设施等项目建设。P41supportdevelopmentoftenkeyenergyconservationprojects(18)全面加强城乡居民最低生活保障制度建设，救助人数达到６６１９万人。P41Wecomprehensivelyimprovedthesystemofcostoflivingallowancesforbothurbanandruralresidents,andprovidedallowancesto66.19millionresidents.(19)加强科技兴贸创新基地和服务外包基地建设P52Weincreasedeffortstoestablishinnovationbasestoinvigoratetradethroughscienceandtechnology(20)全面推进社会主义经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设以及生态文明建设。P25promoteall-roundprogressinsocialisteconomic,political,cultural,socialandecologicaldevelopment.(21)加强廉政建设和反腐败工作。P7Wewillstrengthenoureffortstopromotecleangovernmentandcombatcorruption.Asisshowninthe2ndexample,“建设”isusuallytranslatedas78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevels“construction”,because“建设”ismainlyusedinmechanicalengineering.Intermsofcollocation,however,othertranslationcanbeusedinofficialdocuments.Forexample,inthe4thsentenceitisbettertochoose“improve”ratherthan“construct”,becausethesystemofcostoflivingallowancesforbothurbanandruralresidentswasbuiltbefore2009and“建设”hereisactually“完善(improve)”.“建设”inthe7thexample,whichusedtobetranslatedas“constructcleanpolitic”(theChinaTranslatorsJournal,1990,2),isrenderedas“promoteacleangovernment.”“建设”issometimesomittedwhenitisusedasacategoryword(1stexample).Intermsoftherelationbetweenwordsandcontexts,somewordsarecontext-free,suchassomecomparativelystableproperwords,politicalwordsandsoon,whilesomewordsarecontext-bound,includingcommonnouns,adjectives,verbs,adverbs.etc.“全面”isfrequentlyusedinthe2009Report.(22)全面夺取抗击特大自然灾害的重大胜利P10Greatvictorieswerewoninthefightagainstmassivenaturaldisasters.(23)全面加强以改善民生为重点的社会建设P26strengtheningallaspectsofsocialdevelopmentwiththefocusonimprovingpeople'slives(24)全面加强城乡居民最低生活保障制度建设P37Wecomprehensivelyimprovedthesystemofcostoflivingallowancesforbothurbanandruralresidents,78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevels(25)全面实施政府信息公开条例。P19TheRegulationsonMakingGovernmentInformationPublicwasfullyimplemented.(26)全面推进社会主义经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设以及生态文明建设。P26promoteall-roundprogressinsocialisteconomic,political,cultural,socialandecologicaldevelopment.ReferringtoaC-Edictionary,wecanfindmanyEnglishequalsof“全面”,suchas“fromallaspects”,“comprehensively”,“fully”,“all-around”etc.Theselectionofthepropertranslationinvolvesconsiderationsofcontextsandcollocations.3.1.4Tautology,High-soundingandExcessiveWordsInviewofthenatureoftheannualGWRandthepsychologyofthetargetreaders,omissionofsomeoriginalmessageissometimesinevitablebecauseofthedifferentwaysofthinkingbetweenChineseandEnglish.“Faithful”translationofexcessivemodifiers,high-soundingwords,tautologyandotherfloweryexpressionsmaycausedistortedandoverloadedcommunicationoftheoriginalintention,sosomeoriginaltextsshouldbealteredordeleted.Tautologyisneedlessrepetition,namely,tosaythesamethingsmorethanonceindifferentwayswithoutmakingone’smeaningclearormoreforceful(OALECD)AlthoughquiteacceptableinChinese,tautologyshouldbeavoidedinEnglish.Forexample,“新增出口，新增就业”canbe78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevelssimplytranslatedas“theimport/employmentgrowth”ratherthan“thenewimport/employmentgrowth”.Inthesameway,“historyrepeatitselfagain(历史再次重演)”shouldbe“historyrepeatitself.InChinese,somemodifierscanbeusednotonlyforthesakeofsymmetryorrhythmbutalsotomakethewritingsmooth.InEnglish,however,itisnotthecase.RobertGravesandAlanHodge,twoBritishwriters,expressesamostforcefulcondemnationofneedlessrepetition:“unlessforrhetoricalemphasis,ornecessaryrecapitulation,noideashouldberepresentedmorethanonceinthesameprosepassage...repetitivenessisnowadaysconsideredasignofpauperdomonoratory,andoffeeble-mindednessinnarrative.(JoanPinkham,2000:90)Insteadofsaying“医生的道德”and“文化生活”,Chinesewilluse“医风医德”and“精神文化生活”toshowtheeleganceofChineselanguage.English,however,willsimplyuse“medicalethics”and“culturallives”toshowwhatitis.MoreexamplesareavailableintheEnglishversionofthe2009Report.(27)广大香港同胞、澳门同胞、台湾同胞以及海外华侨华人奉献爱心，国际社会伸出援手，汇成了齐心协力抗击灾害的磅礴力量。P1OurcompatriotsinHongKong,MacaoandTaiwanaswellasoverseasChinesecontributedgenerouslytothedisasterreliefcampaign;(28)坚持公共医疗卫生的公益性质，充分调动广大医务人员的积极性。P4Wewillensurethatpublicmedicalandhealthcareservicesservethepublicgoodandfullyarousetheinitiativeofhealthworkers.78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevels(29)公益性文化事业单位管理体制、运行机制改革和经营性文化单位转企改制。P5Wewillreformmanagementandoperationofnonprofitculturalinstitutionsandtransformfor-profitculturalagenciesintoenterprises.Chinesetendstouse“广大”outofhabitinmakingspeeches.However,thereisnoexpressionas“themassof…”inEnglishexpression,thusthereisnoneedtotranslate“广大”as“themass”.Inthethirdexample,itmakesnodifferencetousetheexpression“改制”insteadof“转企改制”,thus“atransformfor-profitculturalagenciesintoenterprises”isinformativeenough.Chinesealsofeaturesmanymodifiersandhigh-soundingwords,iftranslatorsfollowtheChinesethinkingmode,translationwillbeloadedwithfancyphrasesandlosethebeautyoflanguage.E.Gowerscommentsontheusageofmodifiers:“ithasbeenwidelysaidthattheadjectiveistheenemyofnoun.Ifwemadeahabitofsaying‘thetruefactsarethese’,weshallcomeundersuspicionwhenweprofesstotellmerely‘thefact’.”ThomasH.Huxleymaintains“thereisnoneedforustoplasterthefairfaceoftruthwiththecosmeticofrhetoric”(Jia,1999:89-90).Forinstance,“十分”,“真”,“实”in“十分重要”and“真抓实干”isoftenoflittlemeaning.Zhang(2001)evenarguesthatinofficialdocumentstranslation“西部大开发”shouldnotbetranslatedas“grand/overallwesterndevelopment”but“westerndevelopment”.78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevels(30)这些行业产能过剩，部分企业经营困难，就业形势十分严峻，P13Thishasresultedinexcessproductioncapacityinsomeindustries,causedsomeenterprisestoexperienceoperatingdifficultiesandexertedseverepressureonemployment.(31)积极推进水价改革，逐步提高水利工程供非农业用水价格，完善水资源费征收管理体制。P11Wewillpressaheadwithreformofwaterprices,graduallyincreasethepriceofwaterfornon-farmingpurposessuppliedfromwaterprojects,“十分”and“积极”inthephrases“十分严峻”,“积极推进”arehigh-soundingwordsusedforemphasizing.InEnglish,however,thereisnoneedtotranslatethembecausethemeaningof“very”and“actively”isincludedinthemeaningof“severe”and“pressahead”.(32)这场艰苦卓绝的抗震救灾斗争，涌现出无数感天动地、可歌可泣的英雄事迹，充分展现了中国人民不屈不挠、自强不息的伟大民族精神，谱写了气壮山河的壮丽篇章。P9ThishardstruggleagainsttheearthquakeproduceduncountabletouchingandbraveexploitsandfullydemonstratedthegreatindomitableandunyieldingspiritoftheChinesepeople,thuswritingaheroicchapterinthehistoryofthenation.Inthefirstexample,theChinesesentenceusesmany4-wordidiomstoachieveaparallelbeauty.If“感天动地、可歌可泣”istranslatedinto78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevels“movetheheavenandearth,worthsingingandcryingfor”,theforeignerswillbecompletelyatsea.Actuallyitmeans“moveonetopraisesandtears”,soasimple“touching”isqualifiedenoughtoconveyitsmeaning.3.2TranslationAtSyntacticLevelEnglishandChineselanguagevariesinsentencestructures,grammarsandwordorder,sotheversionsmustmeetthelanguagehabitofthetargetreadersandfollowtheEnglishgrammar.Themajorconcernsoftranslatorsatthesyntacticlevelare:(a)solutionstozero-subjectsentences,(b)rearrangementofwordorder,and(c)conversionofpartsofspeech3.2.1SolutionstoZero-SubjectSentencesTherearethreesolutionstosentenceswithnoobject,namelyconversionofvoice,inversionorchoosingotherpartsasthesubject,andadditionofanimpliedsubject.ThefirstgeneralpracticeinprocessingZero-objectsentencesistheconversionofVoice,whichreferstothetransferbetweenpassivevoiceandactivevoice.Asweknow,passivevoiceisnotmuchemployedinChinese,wetendtouseactivevoicetodescribethings.InEnglish,however,itisnotthecase.EnglishseemstousemorepassivevoicethanChinese.Thereasonsforthisareasfollows:(a)toemphasistheaction,(b)toemphasistheimportanceofthepatient.(c)theagentisunknownornotimportant.(d)tomakethewritingsmooth.(LvRuichang,YuYungen,1983:48)(33)全面夺取抗击特大自然灾害的重大胜利。成功举办北京奥运会、残奥会。圆满完成神舟七号载人航天飞行。P1678\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevelsGreatvictorieswerewoninthefightagainstmassivenaturaldisasters.TheBeijingOlympicsandParalympicswereheldsuccessfully,andtheShenzhouVIImannedspacemissionwasacompletesuccess.(34)医药卫生改革发展稳步推进。P6Steadyprogresswasmadeinreformanddevelopmentofthepharmaceuticalandhealthcaresystem.Inthesetwoexamples,passivestructuresareusedtoemphasizetheachievementsoftheyear2008.“Victories”and“progress“actseparatelyasthesubjectofthetwosentences,whichisbetterthantheactivevoiceof“wehavemade…….”.(35)新标准提高到人均１１９６元，扶贫对象覆盖４００７万人(p22)Thethresholdwillbeincreasedto1,196yuanperpersononaverage,andcoveragewillbeextendedtoinclude40.07millionrecipients.(36)支持粮食生产的政策措施向主产区倾斜，加大对产粮大县一般性转移支付、财政奖励和粮食产业建设项目的扶持力度。P12Greaterprioritywillbegiventomajorgrain-producingareasinimplementingthepoliciesandmeasuressupportinggrainproduction.Moregeneraltransferpaymentsandfinancialrewardswillbeprovidedtomajorgrain-producingcountiesandgreatersupportgiventoprojectsforindustrializinggrainproduction.(37)加大基础设施和基础产业投资力度，在能源、交通、水利等方面建成和开工一批重大项目。P9678\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevelsInvestmentininfrastructureandbasicindustrieswasincreased,andanumberofmajorprojectsinenergy,transportationandwaterconservancywerecompletedorlaunched.Inthefirstexample,passivevoiceisusedsinceitisthe“threshold”and“coverage”thatmattersnot“whodidit”.Inthelasttwo,theclausesineverysentencearetranslatedintopassivetensefortheconvenienceofcohesion.Thetranslation,wewillincreaseinvestmentininfrastructureandbasicindustriesandanumberofmajorprojectsinenergy,transportationandwaterconservancywerecompletedorlaunched,isnotsosmoothinorganization.Secondly,wecanalsoaddanimpliedsubjecttothezero-subjectsentence.Nearly80%ofthesentencesinthe2009Reportaresubject-absentsentences,butwecandeducefromthecontextsthatthesubjectsaremainly“thegovernment”.Forexample:(38)做好人口和计划生育工作，稳定低生育水平。从今年开始，在全国农村实行住院分娩补助政策，定期为孕产妇做产前检查和产后访视，为３岁以下婴幼儿做生长发育检查。加强出生缺陷预防工作。将农村部分计划生育家庭奖励扶助标准由人均６００元提高到７２０元。加强流动人口服务和管理。保护妇女和未成年人权益。在农村妇女中开展妇科疾病定期检查。支持残疾人事业加快发展。继续加强老龄工作。P35Wewilldoourworkrelatedtopopulationandfamilyplanningwellandmaintainalowbirthrate.Fromthisyearon,wewillintroduceapolicy78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevelsinallruralareastosubsidizehospitalizedchildbirth,provideregularprenatal..Wewillintensifyoureffortstopreventbirthdefects.Wewillincreasetherewardto…to720yuanperperson.Wewill…servicesforandintensifymanagementofthefloatingpopulationandbetterprotecttherightsandinterestsofwomenandminors.Wewillprovideroutinegynecologicalexaminationsforruralwomen.Wewillsupportandaccelerateprogramsbenefitingpeoplewithdisabilities.Wewillcontinuetointensifyourworkconcerningtheelderly.InthewholeEnglishversionofthe2009Report,368“wewill”areaddedtosentencesastheirsubjects.Theexpression“wewill”showsthestrongdeterminationofthegovernmentinmakingplansandcarryingthemout.Thirdly,besidesallthewaysabove,thereareothermethodstodealwithsentenceswithoutsubject.Wecanmakethesentencesmoreflexiblebymeansofinversionorchoosingotherpartsasthesubject.Forexample,inthesentencebelow,insteadofusing“whenwefacemoredifficulties,weshouldpaygreaterattentiontoensuringpeople'swealth…”,thetranslatorputstheobjectsoftheverbs,themoredifficulties,thegreaterattention,infrontofeachclause,makingthesentencesmoothandidiomatic.(39)越是困难的时候，越要关注民生，越要促进社会和谐稳定。P2Themoredifficultiesweface,thegreaterattentionweshouldpaytoensuringpeople'swealth…。(40)农村计划生育家庭奖励扶持制度和少生快富78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevels工程实施范围要继续扩大p7Wecontinuedtoexpandthecoverageoftherewardandassistancesystemforruralfamiliescomplyingwithfamilyplanningregulations,andimplementedthe"lowerbirthrateequalsfasterprosperity"programinmoreplacesinthecountryside.“少生快富”inthisexampleisoncetranslatedinthe2005Reportas“havefewerchildrenandprosperquicker”,andislaterchangedinto“lowerbirthrateequalsfasterprosperity”.Thelatterputs“lowerbirth”intheplaceofsubjecttobalancethestructure,whichnotonlycatersfortheexpressionhabitofforeignersbutdemonstratethelogicrelationshipbetween“lowerbirthrate”and“fasterprosperity”,thatis,toohighbirthratecanleadtopovertyofafamilyandevenadistrict.3.2.2RearrangementofWordOrderInC-Etranslation,theorderofthewordsandphrasescan’tremainunchanged,insteadtheymustchangeaccordingtotheEnglishgrammar.Thefollowingparagraphswilldiscussthepositionalchangeofattributivesandadverbials.Firstly,attributesareusuallyredistributedforthelinguistichabitoftargetreceptors.ThedistributionofattributivesinChinesearesuchthatalltheattributives,eitherwords,phrasesorsentences,areindiscriminatelyputinfrontofthemodifiednouns.InEnglish,wordsareplacedbeforethemodifiednouns,andphrases,longsentencefollowthemodifiednouns.(41)我国经济社会发展经受住了（历史罕见的）（重大）78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevels挑战和考验P4Ourcountry'seconomicandsocialdevelopmentwithstood(severe)challengesandtests(thatwererarelyseenbefore).Asisshowninthissentence,theattributives“severe”and“thatwererarelyseenbefore”areplacedseparatelybeforeandafterthenoun“challengesandtests”.IfweputtheEnglishsentencebackintoChinese,wecanseeaclearstructureof“我国经济社会发展经受住了（重大的）挑战（考验历史罕见的）。”Secondly,positionofadverbialsaregenerallyadaptedtomakethesentencemoreidiomatic.ThepositionofadverbialsismorecomplexinC-Etranslation,itvarieswiththebalanceofthesentencestructure,theconnectionwiththecontext,andthepointofemphasis.(42)通过发布信息、加强引导，支持社会资本投向符合国家产业政策的领域，鼓励企业增加研发和技改投资。P19…encourageenterprisestoincreasespendingonR&Dandtechnologicalupgradingthroughproperreleaseofinformationandimprovedguidance.(43)让我们在以胡锦涛同志为总书记的党中央领导下，坚定必胜信心，勇敢面对挑战，扎实工作，锐意进取，创造无愧于时代、无愧于历史、无愧于人民的新业绩，奋力把改革开放和现代化建设伟大事业推向前进，迎接中华人民共和国成立６０周年！p48UndertheleadershipofthePartyCentralCommitteewithComrade78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevelsHuJintaoasGeneralSecretary,letusstrengthenourconvictionforvictory,boldlymeetchallenges,workinadown-to-earthmannerandpressaheadresolutelytomakenewachievementsworthyofthetimes,historyandthepeople,carryforwardthegreatcauseofreform,openingupandmodernizationandcelebratethe60thanniversaryofthefoundingofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaTheadverbialsaresometimesmovedtothebeginningofthesentencetoachieveemphasizingeffect.Whentherearetwoadverbials,oneisplacedatthebeginningofthesentenceandtheotherarelocatedrightafterthesubjectorintheendofthesentence.Inthesentenceabove,thefirstadverbial“UndertheleadershipofthePartyCentralCommitteewithComradeHuJintaoasGeneralSecretary”isplacedatthebeginningtoemphasistheimportanceoftheguidanceoftheParty,andthesecondone“boldly”isplacedafter“us”.3.2.3ConversionofPartsofSpeechInthetranslationpractice,conversionofpartsofspeechcanmaketheexpressionmoreflexibleandsmoother.Thecommonoperationmainlyincludestheconversionbetweenverbsandnouns,nounsandadjectives,andadjectivesandadverbs.Here,thispartjustlistssomeofthem.First,theverbsandnounsareinter-convertedtomakethewritingsmootherandsometimesfortheconvenienceofcohesion.Let’shavealookatthefollowingexamples.(44)处理好金融创新、金融开放与金融监管的关系。P9(V→N)Wewillensurethatthereisaproperbalancebetweeninnovation,openingup,andoversightandsupervisioninthefinancialsector78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevels“处理”intheChinesesentenceisaverbwhichgoeswiththecollocationof“处理…关系”.Inthetranslation,thiscollocationiscontainedwithinthenoun“balance”,andmakestheexpressionsmoother.(45)政府重大决策的形成和执行都要加强调查研究，做到察民情、听民意、聚民智，尊重客观规律，提高决策的预见性、科学性和有效性.P42(N→V)Informulatingandimplementingmajorgovernmentpoliciesanddecisions,weneedtoconductthoroughresearchandstudies,heedpeople'sconcerns,solicittheiropinions,pooltheirwisdom,actinaccordancewithobjectivelaws,andmakeourpoliciesanddecisionsmoreforesighted,scientificandeffective.VStheformulationandimplementofthegreatdecisionsmadebygovernmentshouldundergoresearchandstudies,heedingof….Thefirsttranslation,“形成”and“执行”aretranslatedintothe“-ing”formandisplacedatthestartofthesentencetoachieveweightbalance.Inthesecondtranslation,aword-for-wordone,thestructureisnotsosmoothandhasnoemphasizingpoint.Secondly,nounsareusuallychangedintoadjectiveorverbstomakethetranslationconciseandtothepoint.Lu(2002),oneauthorityfromtheCTB,suggeststranslatorstomakeofficialdocumenttranslationconcisebyavoidingusingnounsornounphases.Comparedwiththeexpressionof“wepromotethecombinationofagriculture,scienceandeducation”,thesentence“weshouldintegrateagriculture,scienceandeducation”ismorepopularamongthereadership.78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevels(46)我们一定要深刻认识国际国内经济形势的严峻性和复杂性，增强危机意识和忧患意识，p11（N→Adj.）WeneedtothoroughlyappreciatehowseriousandcomplextheinternationalanddomesticeconomicsituationsareVS.Weneedtothoroughlyappreciatetheseriousnessandcomplexityoftheinternationalanddomesticeconomicsituation……Intheexampleabove,thesecondtranslationislongerinlengthandflabbyinstylewhilethefirstonemakesthemeaningplaintoitsaudience.AsG.M.Youngsaid,anexcessiverelianceonthenounattheexpenseoftheverbwill,intheend,detachthemindofthewriterfromtherealitiesofhereandnow,fromwhenandhow.3.3TranslationatTextualLevelParagraphshouldbetheunitoftranslation.(Yuan,2005).Languageisthecarrierofculture.EnglishandChinesearebasedontwodifferentculturesandpeoplefromthetwocountriesvarygreatlyintheirestheticstandardandlogicalpattern.Ifwords,phrasesorsentencesarechosenasthetranslationunit,itisimpossibletoproducetranslationsthatreflecttheintendedmeaning,andtheversionwillveryprobablyendupasChinglish.Onlybytranslatingatthetextuallevel,cantheversionbefreefromtheformalinfluenceofChinesetext.Tomakethetranslationmoreidiomatic,wecandivideorcombinethesentencesintonewgroupsaccordingtothesemanticdivision,andaddcohesivedeviceswhereverpossible.78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevels3.3.1CohesionCohesion,accordingtoMonnaBaker,isthenetworkoflexical,grammatical,andotherrelationswhichprovidelinksbetweenvariouspartsofatext.Theserelationsortiesorganizeand,tosomeextent,createatext,forinstancebyrequiringthereadertointerpretwordsandexpressionsbyreferencetootherwordsandexpressionsinthesurroundingsentencesandparagraphs.(MonnaBaker,2000:80).Cohesionofatextcanbeachievedthroughseveralmethods:reference,conjunctionandlexicalcohesion.Thefirstcohesivedeviceisreference.AccordingtoHalliday,“reference“meansthataparticipantsorcircumstantialelementintroduceatoneplaceinthetextcanbetakenasareferencepointforsomethingthatfollows.Inthesimplestcasethismeansthesamethingscomesinagain.”(Halliday,1986:288).Chinesetendstousefloweryexpressionsandrepetitiontoachievethebeautyofwriting,butthispracticeisnotadvisableinEnglish.Iftherepeatedpartsaretranslatedaccordingly,thetranslationwillberejectedasmonotonousandboring.(47)今后三年各级政府拟投入８５００亿元，其中中央财政投入３３１８亿元，以保证医药卫生体制改革的顺利推进。医药卫生体制改革事关人民群众的健康权益，我们……为人民群众提供安全、有效、方便、价廉的医疗卫生服务。P26Governmentsatalllevelswillallocateanadditional850billionyuaninthenextthreeyears,including331.8billionyuanfromthecentralgovernment,toensuresmoothprogressinthereformofthesystemofpharmaceuticalsandhealthcare.Becausethisconcernsthepeople's78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevelshealth-relatedrightsandinterests,weneedto…prudently,andeffectivelysolvetheproblem.(48)二是受国际金融危机影响，经济增速持续下滑，已成为影响全局的主要矛盾。一些行业产能过剩，部分企业经营困难，就业形势十分严峻，P12Second,continuousdropineconomicgrowthrateduetotheimpactoftheglobalfinancialcrisishasbecomeamajorproblemaffectingtheoverallsituation.Thishasresultedinexcessproductioncapacityinsomeindustries,causedsomeenterprisestoexperienceoperatingdifficultiesandexertedseverepressureonemployment.Intheseexamples,thepronoun“this”isusedtoreplacethenounphase“thereformofthesystemofpharmaceuticalsandhealthcare”andthesentence“Second…affectingtheoverallsituation”tomakesentencemorecohesive.Theusageof“this”makestheEnglishversionconciseandidiomatic.Secondly,conjunctionisalsoawayofsettingupthelogicalrelationsthatcharacterizeclausecomplexesintheabsenceofthestructuralrelationshipsbywhichsuchcomplexesaredefined.(Halliday,1986:310).Asoneofthecohesivedevices,conjunctioniswidelyusedtorevealtheunderlyinglogicalconnectionandmakethemeaningexplicit.(49)各级各类教育都要着眼于促进人的全面发展，加快课程、教材、教育方法和考试评价制度改革，把中小学生从过重的课业负担中解放出来，让学生有更多的时间思考、实践、创造。P3278\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevelsReformofcurriculums,textbooks,teachingmethodsandexaminationandevaluationsystemsshouldbeacceleratedtorelieveprimaryandsecondaryschoolstudentsoftheirexcessivestudyloadsothattheywillhavemoretimetothink,practiceandcreate.(50)到明年底，基本实现全国乡镇和东中部地区具备条件的建制村道路硬化，西部地区具备条件的建制村通公路。再解决６０００万人安全饮水问题，增加５００万沼气用户，继续加强农村电网、邮政通信和社会事业等基础建设。P21Bytheendofnextyear,wewill…inthewesternregion.Inaddition,wewillprovidesafedrinkingwater…includingpowergrids,postalservice,andtelecommunications,andintensifydevelopmentofruralsocialprograms.Inthefirstexample,“sothat”illustratesthelogicalrelationshipbetween“Reformofcurriculums…excessivestudyload”and“theywillhavemoretimetothink,practiceandcreate.”Thelatterpartistheresultoftheformerpart.Inthesecondexample,“inadditiol”areusedasatransitionalitemwhichsummarizetheformerpartandintroducemoreplans,makingthetranslationsmoothandcohesive.Thethirddeviceislexicalcohesion.“Lexicalcohesioncomesaboutthroughtheselectionofitemsthatarerelatedinsomewaytothosethathavegonebefore.”(Halliday,1986:330)(51)78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevels接连出台金融支持经济发展、促进轻纺工业健康发展、促进房地产市场健康发展、搞活流通扩大消费和保持对外贸易稳定增长、稳定就业等政策措施，加快制定重点产业调整振兴规划。这些措施对缓解经济运行中的突出矛盾、增强信心、稳定预期、保持经济平稳较快发展，发挥了至关重要的作用。P33…..Atthesametime,westeppedupeffortstoformulateplansforrestructuringandrevitalizingkeyindustries.Together,thesemeasureshaveplayedacrucialroleinalleviatingseriousproblemsaffectingeconomicperformance…andrapideconomicdevelopment.ThelongChinesesentencesaretranslatedtomoresentencesaccordingtotheirsemanticdivision.Inthedividingoflongsentences,somelexicalitemsareusedtomakethetranslationmorecohesive.“Atthesametime”hereisaddedtointroduceanotherplanwhichbelongstoanotherfield,and“together”makesthesemanticrelationshipclearer.3.3.2CombinationCombinationistojointwoormoresemantically-similarpartstogether.TheChineselanguagefeaturesloosestructureswhichisseeminglyindependentbutwhichbelongstothesamesemanticunit.IntheC-Etranslationofthe2009Report,combinationiswidelyusedatbothsyntacticandtextuallevel.(52)坚定不移地推进自主创新和经济结构调整。实施１６个国家重大科技专项。+在信息、生物、环保等领域新建一批国家工程中心、重点实验室和企业技术中心。P12Weunswervinglypromotedindependentinnovationandeconomic78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevelsrestructuring.Welaunched16majornationalscienceandtechnologyprojects,andestablishedanumberofnewnationalengineeringcenters,keylaboratoriesandenterprisetechnologycentersinsuchfieldsasinformationtechnology,biotechnologyandenvironmentalprotection.(53)实施重点流域、区域水污染防治规划。+发布了《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》白皮书。P23WeimplementedtheplantopreventandcontrolwaterpollutioninmajorrivervalleysandregionsandissuedthewhitepaperChina'sPoliciesandActionsforAddressingClimateChange.(54)城市社区卫生服务体系建设取得重大进展。+农村计划生育家庭奖励扶助制度和少生快富工程实施范围继续扩大。P15Wecontinuedtoexpandthecoverageoftherewardandassistancesystemforruralfamiliescomplyingwithfamilyplanningregulations,andimplementedthe"lowerbirthrateequalsfasterprosperity"programinmoreplacesinthecountryside.Intheexamplesabovethesentencesarecombinedaccordingtotheirinternalsemanticrelationship.InEnglishthesesentencescanbejoinedbylinkingwordas“but”,“and”etc.andcombinationareusefulinthe2009Reportwhichfeaturesmanyloosestructures3.3.3DivisionTheChineseofficialdocumentstendtouselongsentencedividedbymanycommatomakethewritingreachanoverwhelmingeffect.InC-Etranslation,longsentencesusuallycanbedividedaccordingtotheirsemanticdivisions.78\nM.A.ThesisChapter3AdaptationofStrategiesatDifferentLevels(55)①９月份后，国际经济形势急转直下，对我国的不利影响明显加重，//②我们又果断地把宏观调控的着力点转到防止经济增速过快下滑上来，//③实施积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策，//④三次提高出口退税率，五次下调金融机构存贷款基准利率，……加大对中小企业信贷支持。InSeptember,theinternationaleconomicsituationstartedtodeterioratesharplyanditsnegativeimpactbecameincreasinglyfeltinChina.//Weagainresolutelyshiftedthefocusofmacrocontroltopreventingeconomicgrowthfromslowingdowntooquickly.//Weimplementedaproactivefiscalpolicyandamoderatelyeasymonetarypolicy.//Weraisedexportrebateratesthreetimes…onfiveoccasions…andmedium-sizedenterprises.(56)继续淘汰落后产能，//全年关停小火电１６６９万千瓦，关闭小煤矿１０５４处。P11Wecontinuedtoeliminatebackwardproductionfacilities.//Lastyear;weshutdownsmallthermalpowerplantswithatotalcapacityof16.69millionkilowattsandclosed1,054smallcoalmines.Asisshownintheexamples,thetwosentencesarecutintoseveralpartsaccordingtotheirsemanticrelationship.Inthefirstexample,thefirstclauseisabouttheinfluenceofglobaleconomicsituation,andtherestintroducestrategiesmadebythegovernmentfromdifferentaspects.Inthesecondexample,theformerpartservesasaconclusionandthelatterusetheconcretefigurestosupporttheconclusion.78\nM.A.ThesisConclusionConclusionThisthesismakesastudyaboutNida’sFEtheoryanditsapplicationtothe2009Reporttranslation.Thoughthetheoryisadisputableone,itsfundamentalscanoffersomeguidancetothetranslationpractice.TheFEtheoryaimsatproducing“theclosestnaturalequivalenttothesourcelanguage”andenablingthereadersintheSLtohavethesameorsimilarexperienceasthereadersinTLdo”.Itcanberegardedasausefulelementthatdeterminestheadoptionofstrategiesatdifferentlevels.Iftranslatorsexercisethetheoryintheirtranslation,theversionwilldefinitelyfulfilltherequirementsforGWRtranslation,avoidChinglishwhichcausemisunderstandingandmisconception,andcaterfortheexpectationsofthetargetreceptor.Insofarasthe2009Reportisconcerned,translatorscan,onthepremiseofmaintainingitspoliticalfaithfulness,makeeffortsatdifferentlevelstomaketheirtranslationmoreidiomaticandsmoother.Thethesissuggeststhatcategorywordsshouldbetranslatedascommonwordswhentheyrefertosomethingconcrete,andtheycanbeignorediftheybringnosubstantialcontent.Secondly,politicalterms,asthechoiceofwordsinvolvessomethingmorecomplicated,mustbehandledwithgreatcare,collocationandcontextshouldalsobetakenintoaccountinchoosingthemostsuitableequivalent,andtranslationoftautology,high-soundingwords,excessivemodifierscanbealteredorevendeleted,providingthetranslationisinformativeenough,becauseserviletranslationofthesewordscancausedistortedandoverloadedcommunicationoftheoriginal78\nM.A.ThesisConclusionintention.Thethesisalsomakesasuggestionatthesyntacticlevel.Forzero-subjectsentence,translatorscaneitherconversethevoice,choosetheotherpartsasthesubject,oraddimpliedsubject.Secondlywordorder,especiallythatofattributesandadverbials,shouldbechangedaccordingtothegrammarandexpressionhabitofthetargetreceptors,andconversionsofpartofspeechcanalsomaketheversionsmoothandcohesive.Finallytranslatorscanat,thetextuallevel,divideorcombinesentencesintonewgroupsaccordingtotheirsemanticdivisionandaddcohesivedeviceswheneverpossible.Nida’sFEtheorycanprovideanewsightinthepracticeofofficialdocumenttranslationandcanhelpresolvealotofdifficultproblems.However,theimprovementoftheofficialdocumentstranslationshouldalsobebroughttothenoticeofleaders,authoritiesandtranslatorsinrelevantdepartmentsandorganizations.Ontheonehandtheyshouldpayattentiontothecultivationoftranslationtalentsandpromoteeducationreforminforeignlanguageteaching.Theyshouldsetuporganizationswheretoptranslatorscanmeetregularlytodiscussthetranslationofneologismsanddifficulttermswhichemergeinourlife.Alsoaninspectionandsupervisionsystemshouldbebuilttoensurethequalityoftranslations.Ontheotherhand,translatorsofpublicitiesliketheGWRshouldnotonlybefamiliarwithforeignculture,theirwayofexpressionandtheirthinkingmodel,butalsobeobjectiveandtruthfultothefact.Theseeffortsfromtheleaders,authorities,andtranslatorswillcontributegreatlytothequalityofofficialdocumentstranslation.Well-intendedasitis,thethesismakesnoattempttosolvealltheissuesconcerningthestudyofGWRtranslation,forexample,acomparisonbetweentheGWRandtheStateofUnionaddress.Thestrategiesdiscussed78\nM.A.ThesisConclusioninthisthesisarenotexhaustive,thusleavingmuchroomforfurtherstudy.What’smore,thetranslationofGWRisinthechargeoftoptranslatorsintheCTBsotheEnglishversionis,althoughnotperfect,comparativelyauthorized.Itisdifficultfortheauthor,whoseknowledgeonbothtranslationtheoryandpracticeisrelativelylimited,tofindproblemsintheexistingedition.However,astimegoesby,eventhepublishededitionwhichhasundergonethejointeffortsofauthoritiescanberevised.ItiscertainthattheGWRtranslationwillgainincreasingconcernsinthetranslationcircleandmoreandmoreresearcheswillbecarriedouttomakeChinabetterknowntotheworld.78\nM.A.ThesisBibliographyBibliographyHalliday,M.A.K.1986.AnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar.London:EdwardArnold.Joan,Pinkham.2000.Thetranslator’sGuidetoChinglish.Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress.Mona,Baker.2000.InOtherWord:ACoursebookonTranslation.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.Nida,E.A.1964.TowardsaScienceofTranslating:WithSpecialReferencetoPrinciplesInvolvedinBibleTranslating.Leiden:E.J.Brill.Nida,E.A.&CharlesR.Tabber.1969.TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation.Leiden:E.J.Brill.Nida,E.A.1982.TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation.Leiden:PublishedfortheUnitedBiblesociety.Nida,E.A.&Waard,Jande.1986.FromonelanguagetoAnother:FunctionalEquivalenceinBibleTranslation.Nashiville:Nelson.Nida,E.A.1993.Language,CultureandTranslating.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.Nida,E.A.2004.TowardsaScienceofTranslating.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.Newmark,P.2001.ApproachestoTranslation.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.Newmark,P.2001.ATextbookofTranslation.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.78\nM.A.ThesisBibliographyNewmark,P.1988.ATextbookofTranslation.NewYork:PrenticeHall.Wolfram,Wilss.2001.TheScienceofTranslationproblems—andmethods.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress.ZhangNanfeng,ChenDehong.2000.WesternTheoriesofTranslation.CityUniversityofHongkongUniversity.爱泼斯坦，林戍荪，沈苏儒，2000，呼吁重视对外宣传中的外语工作,《中国翻译》第6期，第2-4页。程镇球，1992，汉英翻译问题，《中译英技巧论文集》北京：中国对外翻译出公司。段连城,1992,呼吁译界同仁都来关心对外宣传[A]。中国翻译编辑部。中译英技巧文集[C]。北京：中国对外翻译出版公。傅雷，1951，《高老头重译本序》。平明出版社。方梦之，2003，《译学词典》。上海：上海外语教育出版社。金其斌，2003，宣传资料的翻译策略初探，《中国科技翻译》第4期，第23-28页。金人，1951，论翻译工作的思想性，《翻译通报》第2期，9-10页。贾文波，1999，《汉英时文翻译—政治经济汉译英300句析》。北京：中国对外翻译出版社。贾毓玲，2003，从政府工作报告谈如何克服“中式英语”的倾向，《上海科技翻译》第4期，28-30页。李欣，2001，外宣翻译中的译前处理，《上海科技翻译》第1期，18-21页。78\nM.A.ThesisBibliography刘慧梅，1996，从文化角度看旅游资料英译，《中国翻译》第5期，10页。刘洪潮，2005，《怎样做新闻翻译》。北京：中国传媒大学出版社。刘宓庆，1992，《英汉对比与翻译》。南昌：江西教育出版社。卢敏，2002如何做好中央文献翻译工作，《中国翻译第5期》，48-51页。吕瑞晶，喻云根，1983，《汉英翻译教程》。西安：陕西人民出版社。吕煦，2003，《实用英语修辞学》。北京：清华大学出版社。沈苏儒，2009，《对外传播翻译研究文集》。北京：外文出版社。田传茂，杨先明，2007，《汉英翻译策略》。上海：华东师范大学。唐颖，曲晶，2004，《英语修辞学》。长春：吉林大学出版社。谭载喜，1999，《新编奈达翻译理论》。北京：中国对外翻译出版社。王弄笙，2000，汉英翻译中的Chinglish,,《中国翻译》第2期，31-35页。王弄笙，2004，十六大报告汉英翻译的几点思考，《中国翻译》第1期，56-59页吴文子，2006,2005年政府工作报告英语译文中一些值得商榷的译例，第2期，76-78页。袁晓宁，2005,外宣英译的策略及其理据，《中国翻译》第1期，75-78页。78\nM.A.ThesisBibliography张健，2001，英语对外报道并非逐字英译，《上海科技翻译》第4期，24-28页。张基佩，2001，外宣英译的原文要适度删减，《上海科技翻译》第3期，21-24页。http://english.gov.cn/http://www.gov.cn/78\nAcknowledgementsIwouldliketotakethisopportunitytoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetoallthehonorableprofessorswhohavebenefitedmeagreatdealduringmythreeyearsoffurthereducationinForeignLanguageSchoolofCentralSouthUniversity.Aboveall,Iamdeeplyindebtedtomysupervisor,ProfessorZhangLongkuan,whoseinspirationandinsightfulsuggestionscontributetothecompletionofmythesis.Atlast,Ireallyappreciateformylovingfamily.Iwouldnothavefinishedmythesiswithouttheirever-lastingsupportandconsideration.me.Thenmanythanksgotomygirlfriendwhoalwaysgivesmesomeadviceandencouragementduringtheprocessofmythesiswriting.78\n78