语言学导论论文 5页

SimpleSyntaxandStructure(Revise)Name:辛婷StudentID:201305001952AbstractThefieldoflinguistics,thescientificstudyofhumannaturallanguage,isagrowingandexcitingareaofstudy,withanimportantimpactonfieldsasdiverseaseducation,anthropology,sociology,languageteaching,cognitivepsychology,philosophy,computerscience,neuroscience,andantificialintelligence,amongothers.Moreandmorescholarsarenowshowinganinterestinadoptinglinguisticapproachestosyntaxstudies.Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.InthispaperitisconcernedwiththecompositionofsentencesbyintroductingsomeofthemostcommoncategoriesofwordsinEnglishaswellassomesimplerulesthatgoverntheorganizationofthesecategoriesintolargerstructuralunits.Sentencescanbestudiedintwodilferentways:Statically,wecandescribethestructuresofsentencestoillustratetherelationshipamongtheelementsofasentence・KeywordsSyntax;lexicalcategories;phrasestructurerule;theSrule;trasfoiTnationsLIntroductionTherearehalfadozenmajordifferentsyntactictheories・Inalllanguages,sentencesarestructuredincertainspecificways・Whatissyntacticstructure,andwhatdoesitmeantosaythatsentencesarestmctiired?Likemanyotherquestionsthatcanbeposedabouthumanlanguage,itisdifficulttoanswerthisoneinanydirectfashion.Infact,itisimpossibletoanswerthequestionWhatisstructure?Withoutactuallyconstmctingatheoryofsyntax,andindeedoneofthecentralconcernsofcurrenttheoriesofsyntaxistoprovideananswertothisquestion.Rather,ourstudyofsyntaxwillbeanattempttofindadefinition.Thatis,giventhatwecanrecognizethatsentencesaremadeupofindividualwords(whichwecanisolate),itwouldseemthattheminimalassumptionwecouldmakewouldbethatsentencesarenothingmorethanwordsstrungoutinlinearorder,oneaftertheother.2.CategoriesCategoiyreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfiinctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb・2」Word-levelcategories\nWordCategoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfiilfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguage.Traditionally,categoryistermedas"partsofspeech”・Somelexicalcategories:MajorlexicalcategoriesExampleNoun(N)book,boy,love,sheepVerb(V)run,read,playAdjective(A)happy，tall,clearPreposition(P)about,over,onMinorlexicalcategoriesExampleDeterminer(Det)the,a,this,thoseDegreeword(Deg)quite,very,more,soQualifier(Qual)often,always,seldom,almostAuxiliary(Aux)must,should,can,mightConjunction(Con)and”but,orToDetermineaword，scategory,threecriteriaareusuallyplayed.①Wordcategoryoftenbearsomerelationshipwithitsmeaning,meaning・②Wordsofdifferentcategoriestakedifferentinflections.③Distributionmeansacertaintypeofelementscanco-occurwithacertainword.2.2PhrasecategoriesDefinition:Awordorgroupofwordswrittenorspokenasaunitandseparatedbypausesorotherjunctures.Types:Nounphrase(NP):theprettygirl;Verbphrase(VP):oftendream;Adjectivephrase(AP):verypessimistic;Prepositionalphrase(PP):inthehouse;Adverbialphrase(ADVP):veryquickly.Phrasesthatarefonnedofmorethanonewordusuallycontainthefollowingcomplement:Head,specifierandcomplement・3>PhrasestructureruleTheremustbecertaingrammaticalmechanismthatensurestheappropriatepositionsthatspecials,heads,andcomplementsoccupyinphrasestructure・Suchspecialtypeofgrammaticalmechanism\nthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule.3.1TheXPruleTheXPrule:XP—(specifier)X(complement)Inallphrases,thespecifierisattachedatthetopleveltotheleftoftheheadwhilethecomplementisattachedtotheright.ThesesimilaritiescanbesummarizedasanXPrule,inwhichXstandsfortheheadN,V,A,orP.Inaddition,weknowtherevisedXPrule:XP—>(specifier)X(complement*)・Thisrulealsocapturesthesimplebutimportantfactthatcomplements,howevermanythereare,occurtotherightoftheheadinEnglish.Sometimesasentence-likeconstructionfunctionsasacomplementsuchastheone:MissHebertbelieves(hatshewillwin.AndtheExpandedXPrule:XP—>(Spec)(Mod)X(Complement*)(Mod)4.Sentences(TheSRule)TheSrule:StNPVP,whichcombinesanNP(oftencalledthesubject)withaVPtoyieldasentencesuchastheonebelow.Theapplemighthittheman.SNPVPThespplemighthitdiemanNow,welearnsomebasicknowledgeaboutsurfacestructureanddeepstructure.\nXVhatdidyoueatforlunch?DeepstructureCPCSSurfacestructure5.ConclusionSyntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgovernthefonnationofsentences・InthispaperIhavefirstintroducedwordcategoriesandphrasecategories.ThenIhavefocusedonsomeofthefundamentalmechanismsemployedintheanalysisofsentenceformation.\nReferences[lJAdrianAkmajian；RichardA.Demers；AnnK.Fanner；RobertM.Hamish，andLin^uistics-AnIntroductiontoLanguageandCommunication,theMITPress,2001P160-161[2]AndrewRadford・Syntax:AMinimalistIntroduction:TheForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress,2000P67-70[3]王兴中，王渝光，《语言学概论》，云南大学出版社，2005P121-125