语言学 Chapter 4 6页

Chapter4 FromWordtoTextI.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse:1.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.2.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.3.Anendocentricconstructionisalsoknownasheadedconstructionbecauseithasjustonehead4.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.5.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.6.Numberandgenderarecategoriesofnounandpronoun.7.WordorderplaysanimportantroleintheorganizationofEnglishsentences.8.LikeEnglish,modernChineseisaSVOlanguage.9. InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.10.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.(1-5TTFTF6-10TTTTT)II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:1As________isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand2.Aclausethattakesasubjectandafiniteverb,andatthesametimestructurallyaloneisknownasanf__________clause3.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalledp_________.4.Ac_________sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedinto\ntheother.5.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledane_______clause.6.Majorlexicalcategoriesareo___categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.7.G_________relationsrefertothestructuralandlogicalfunctionalrelationsbetweeneverynounphraseandsentence8.Aa__________sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.9.As__________isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.10. As__________maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.Answers:1.sentence2.finite3.predicate4.complex5.embedded6.open7.grammatical8.simple9.sentence10.subjectIII.Therearefourgivenchoicesforeachstatementbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:1Theheadofthephrase“thecityRome”is__________AthecityBRomeCcityDthecityandRome2.A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.\nA.coordinatorB.particleC.PrepositionD.subordinator3Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.A.recursiveB.grammaticalC.socialD.functional4.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordsC.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesD.Alloftheabove.5Thephrase“onthehalf”belongsto________constructionAendocentricBexocentricCsubordinateDcoordinate6.Thetheoryofcaseconditionaccountsforthefactthat__________.A.nounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.B.nounphrasescanbeusedtomodifyanothernounphraseC.nounphrasecanbeusedinadverbialpositionsD.nounphrasecanbemovedtoanyplaceifnecessary.7Thesentencestructureis________.A.onlylinearB.OnlyhierarchicalC.compelD.bothlinearandhierarchical 8.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.\nA.largeB.smallC.finiteD.infinite9.The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexicalB.morphologicalC.linguisticD.combinational10Thesentence“Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves”isa____________sentenceAsimpleBcoordinateCcompoundDcomplexAnswers:1D2D3.A4D5B6A7D8C9D10AIV.  Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.1. Syntax2. ICanalysis3.HierarchicalstructureAnswers:1.Syntax:Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.2. ICanalysis:Immediateconstituentanalysis,ICanalysisforshort,referstotheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents–wordgroups(phrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimatesakeofconvenience.3. Hierarchicalstructure:Itisthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNP,VPandPP.V.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.Whatarethemajortypesofsentences?Illustratethemwithexamples.2.Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction?\n3.DrawatreediagramaccordingtothePSrulestoshowthedeepstructureofthesentence:    Thechildaskedforanewbook4.Whatarethemajortypesofsentencesaccordingtotraditionalapproach?Illustratethemwithexamples？Answers:1.Traditionally,therearethreemajortypesofsentences.Theyaresimplesentence,coordinate(compound)sentence,andcomplexsentence.Asimplesentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence,forexample:Johnreadsextensively.Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordthatiscalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and","but","or".Forexample:Johnisreadingalinguisticbook,andMaryispreparingforherhistoryexam.Acomplexsentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Thetwoclausesinacomplexsentencedonothaveequalstatus,oneissubordinatetotheother.Forexample:BeforeJohngaveheralecture,Maryshowednointerestinlinguistics.2.Anendocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecenter,orhead,ofthewhole.Atypicalexampleisthethreesmallchildrenwithchildrenasitshead.Theexocentricconstruction,oppositetothefirsttype,isdefinednegativelyasaconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofitsconstituents.Prepositionalphrasallikeontheshelfaretypicalexamplesofthistype.3.略4.Traditionally,therearethreemajortypesofsentences.Theyaresimplesentence,coordinate(compound)sentence,andcomplexsentence.Asimplesentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence,forexample:Johnreadsextensively.Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordthatiscalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and","but","or".Forexample:Johnisreadingalinguisticbook,andMaryispreparingforherhistoryexam.Acomplexsentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Thetwoclausesinacomplex\nsentencedonothaveequalstatus,oneissubordinatetotheother.Forexam­ple:BeforeJohngaveheralecture,Maryshowednointerestinlin­guistics.