社会语言学练习 11页

 RevisionExercisesforSociolinguistics I. DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1.Sociolinguisticsisthesub-disciplineoflinguisticsthatstudiessocialcontexts。2.Languageasameansofsocialcommunicationisahomogeneoussystemwithahomogeneousgroupofspeakers。3.Languageusevariesfromonespeechcommunitytoanother,fromoneregionalgrouptoanother,fromonesocialgrouptoanother,andevenfromoneindividualtoanother.4.Thegoalofsociolinguisticsistoexplorethenatureoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseamongavarietyofspeechcommunitiesandindifferentsocialsituations.5.Thelinguisticmarkersthatcharacterizeindividualsocialgroupsmayserveassocialmarkersofgroupmembership.6.Fromthesociolinguisticperspective,theterm“speechvariety”cannotbeusedtorefertostandardlanguage,vernacularlanguage,dialectorpidgin。7.Functionalspeechvarietiesareknownasregionaldialects。8.Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisitsgrammarandusesofvocabulary。9.Geographicalbarriersaretheonlysourceofregionalvariationoflanguage。10.Aperson’ssocialbackgroundsdonotexertashapinginfluenceonhischoiceoflinguisticfeatures。11.Twospeakersofthesamelanguageordialectusetheirlanguageordialectinthesameway。12.Everyspeakerofalanguageis,inastrictersense,aspeakerofadistinctidiolect.13.Thestandardlanguageisabetterlanguagethannonstandardlanguages。14.Alinguafrancacanonlybeusedwithinaparticularcountryforcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplewithdifferentlinguisticbackgrounds。15.Pidginsarelinguisticallyinferiortostandardlanguages。\n16.Apidginusuallyreflectstheinfluenceofthehigher,ordominant,languageinitslexiconandthatofthelowerlanguageintheirphonologyandoccasionallysyntax.17.ThemajordifferencebetweenapidginandaCreoleisthattheformerusuallyhasitsnativespeakerswhilethelatterdoesn’t。18.Bilingualismanddiglossiameanthesamething。19.Thekindofnameortermspeakersusetocallorrefertosomeonemayindicatesomethingoftheirsocialrelationshiptoorpersonalfeelingsaboutthatindividual.20.Theuseofeuphemismshastheeffectofremovingderogatoryovertonesandthedisassociativeeffectassuchisusuallylong-lasting。II.Fillineachoftheblanksbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21. Thesocialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeechc________.22. Speechv_________referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.23. Fromthesociolinguisticperspective,aspeechvarietyisnomorethanad__________varietyofalanguage.24. Languagestandardizationisalsocalledlanguagep_______.25. Socialvariationgivesrisetos_________whicharesubdivisibleintosmallerspeechcategoriesthatreflecttheirsocioeconomic,educational,occupationalbackground,etc.26. S_______variationinaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.27. Aregionaldialectmaygainstatusandbecomestandardizedasthenationaloro________languageofacountry.28. Thestandardlanguageisas_________,sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.29. Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandard,orv_______languages.30.Apidgintypicallylacksini_______morphemes.\n31.Linguistictabooreflectss_________taboo.32. Theavoidanceofusingtaboolanguagemirrorssocialattitudes,emotionsandvaluejudgmentsandhasnol_________basis. III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:33._______isconcernedwiththesocialsignificanceoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseindifferentspeechcommunities.A.PsycholinguisticsB.Sociolinguistics。C.HistoricallinguisticsD.Generallinguistics34.Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisits_____.A.useofwordsB.useofstructuresC.accent。D.morphemes35.____isspeechvariationaccordingtotheparticularareawhereaspeakercomesfrom.A.Regionalvariation。B.LanguagevariationC.SocialvariationD.Registervariation36._______arethemajorsourceofregionalvariationoflanguage.           A.Geographicalbarriers。B.Loyaltytoandconfidenceinone’snativespeech           C.Physicaldiscomfortandpsychologicalresistancetochange           D.Socialbarriers37._________meansthatcertainauthorities,suchasthegovernmentchoose,aparticularspeechvariety,standardizeitandspreadtheuseofitacrossregionalboundaries.A.LanguageinterferenceB.LanguagechangesC.Languageplanning。D.Languagetransfer38._________inaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.\nA.RegionalvariationB.ChangesinemotionsC.VariationinconnotationsD.Stylisticvariation。 39.A____isavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds.A.linguafranca。B.registerC.CreoleD.nationallanguage40.Although_______aresimplifiedlanguageswithreducedgrammaticalfeatures,theyarerule-governed,likeanyhumanlanguage.A.vernacularlanguagesB.creolesC.pidgins。D.sociolects41.Innormalsituations,____speakerstendtousemoreprestigiousformsthantheir____counterpartswiththesamesocialbackground.A.female;male。B.male;femaleC.old;youngD.young;old 42. Alinguistic____referstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe"polite"societyfromgeneraluse.A.slangB.euphemismC.jargonD.taboo。 IV.Definethefollowingterms:43.sociolinguistics44.speechcommunity45.speechvariety46.languageplanning47.idiolect48.standardlanguage49.nonstandardlanguage50.linguafranca51.pidgin52.Creole53.diglossia54.Bilingualism55.ethnicdialect56.Sociolect57.register58.slang59.taboo60.euphemismV.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:\n61.Discusswithexamplesthatthespeechofwomenmaydifferfromthespeechofmen.62.DiscusswithexamplessomeofthelinguisticdifferencesbetweenStandardEnglishandBlackEnglish.63.Whatisalinguistictaboo?Whateffectdoesithaveonouruseoflanguage?64.HowwouldyoudescribethediglossicsituationinChina?65.WhatisthebasicideaofSapir-WhorfianHypothesis?66.Howdoyouunderstand“Dialectsofthesamelanguagesometimesarenotmutuallyintelligible.”?67.ExplainthedifferencesbetweenpidginandCreoleandthenspecifytheirlinguisticfeaturesrespectively.68ExplainDellHymes’ethnographicalframework(SPEAKING).\nReferenceanswers SociolinguisticsI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:l.F2.F3.T4.T5.T6.F7.F8.F9.F10.F11.F12.T13.F14.F15.F16.T17.F18.F19.T20.F II.Fillineachoftheblanksbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21.community22.variety23.dialectal24.planning25.sociolects26.Stylistic27.official28.superposed29.vernacular30.inflectional31.social32.linguistic III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:33.B34.C35.A.36.A.37.C38.D39.A40.C41.A42.D IV.Definethefollowingterms:43. sociolinguistics:Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinsocialcontexts.44. speechcommunity:Thesocialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeechcommunityoraspeechcommunityisagroupofpeoplewhoformacommunityandsharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguage.Theimportantcharacteristicofaspeechcommunityisthatthemembersofthegroupmust,insomereasonableway,interactlinguisticallywithothermembersofthecommunity.Theymaysharecloselyrelatedlanguagevarieties,aswellasattitudestowardlinguisticnorms.45. speechvariety:Speechvariety,alsoknownaslanguagevariety,referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.Thedistinctivecharacteristicsofaspeechvarietymaybelexical,phonological,\nmorphological,syntactic,oracombinationoflinguisticfeatures.46. languageplanning:languagestandardizationisknownaslanguageplanning.Thismeansthatcertainauthorities,suchasthegovernmentorgovernmentagencyofacountry,chooseaparticularspeechvarietyandspreadtheuseofit,includingitspronunciationandspellingsystems,acrossregionalboundaries. 47. Idiolect:Anidiolectisapersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombinesaspectsofalltheelementsregardingregional,social,andstylisticvariation,inoneformoranother.Inanarrowersense,whatmakesupone’sidiolectincludesalsosuchfactorsasvoicequality,pitchandspeechrhythm,whichallcontributetotheidentifyingfeaturesinanindividual'sspeech. 48. standardlanguage:Thestandardlanguageisasuperposed,sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.Itisthelanguageemployedbythegovernmentandthejudiciarysystem,usedbythemassmedia,andtaughtineducationalinstitutions,includingschoolsettingswherethelanguageistaughtasaforeignorsecondlanguage.49. nonstandardlanguage:Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandardlanguages50. linguafranca:Alinguafrancaisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds.51. pidgin:Apidginisavarietyoflanguagethatisgenerallyusedbynativespeakersofotherlanguagesasamediumofcommunication.52. Creole:ACreolelanguageisoriginallyapidginthathasbecomeestablishedasanativelanguageinsomespeechcommunity.53. diglossia:Diglossiausuallydescribesasituationinwhichtwoverydifferentvarietiesoflanguageco-existinaspeechcommunity,eachwithadistinctrangeofpurelysocialfunctionandappropriateforcertainsituations.54. Bilingualism:Bilingualismreferstoalinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers,suchastheinhabitantsofaparticularregionoranation.55. ethnicdialect:Withinasociety,speechvariationmaycomeaboutbecauseofdifferentethnicbackgrounds.Anethniclanguagevarietyisasocialdialectofalanguage,oftencuttingacrossregionaldifferences.Anethnicdialectisspoken\nmainlybyalessprivilegedpopulationthathasexperiencedsomeformofsocialisolation,suchasracialdiscriminationorsegregation.56. Sociolect:Socialdialects,orsociolects,arevarietiesoflanguageusedbypeoplebelongingtoparticularsocialclasses.57. register:Registersarelanguagevarietieswhichareappropriateforuseinparticularspeechsituations,incontrasttolanguagevarietiesthatareassociatedwiththesocialorregionalgroupingoftheircustomaryusers.Formatreason,registersarealsoknownassituationaldialects. 58. Slang:Slangisacasualuseoflanguagethatconsistsofexpressivebutnon-standardvocabulary,typicallyofarbitrary,flashyandoftenephemeralcoinagesandfiguresofspeechcharacterizedbyspontaneityandsometimesbyraciness.59. taboo:taboo,orratherlinguistictaboo,denotesanyprohibitionbythepolitesocietyontheuseofparticularlexicalitemstorefertoobjectsoracts.60. euphemism:Aeuphemism,then,isamild,indirectorlessoffensivewordorexpressionsubstitutedwhenthespeakerorwriterfearsmoredirectwordingmightbeharsh,unpleasantlydirect,oroffensive.V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:61.Discusswithexamplesthatthespeechofwomenmaydifferfromthespeechofmen.Innormalsituations,femalespeakerstendtousemoreprestigiousformsthantheirmalecounterpartswiththesamegeneralsocialbackground.Forexample,standardEnglishformssuchas"Ididit"and"heisn’t"canbefoundmoreofteninthespeechoffemales,whilethemorecolloquial"Idoneit"and"heain't"occurmorefrequentlyinthespeechofmales.Anotherfeatureoftenassociatedwithso-calledwomen'slanguageispoliteness.Usually,toughandroughspeecheshaveconnotationsofmasculinityandarenotconsideredtobedesirablefemininequalities.Ingeneral,men'slanguageismorestraightforward,lesspolite,andmoredirect,andwomen'slanguageismoreindirect,lessblunt,andmorecircumlocutory.Thisphenomenonofsex-preferentialdifferentiationisalsoreflectedintherelativefrequencywithwhichmalesandfemalesusethesamelexicalitems.Forexample,certainwordsthatarecloselyassociatedwithwomenmaysoundtypicallyfeminineasaresultofthatassociation.Forexample,someEnglishadjectiveslike\n"lovely","nice","darling"and"cute"occurmoreofteninfemalespeechesandthereforecausefeminineassociation.Femaleshavealsobeenshowntopossessagreatervarietyofspecificcolortermsthanmales,inspiteofthefactthatmendonotnecessarilypossesslessacutecolorperceptionthanwomen.Ontheotherhand,maleshavethereputationofpossessingalargervocabularyintraditionallymale-dominateddomainssuchassports,huntingandthemilitary.ArequestinEnglishsuchas"Closethedoorwhenyouleave"canbephrasedinanumberofwaysrangingfromaharshcommandtoaverypoliterequest:a.Closethedoorwhenyouleave.b.Pleaseclosethedoorwhenyouleave.c.Wouldyoupleaseclosethedoorwhenyouleave?d.Couldyouclosethedoorwhenyouleave?Althoughtheaboveoptionsareallavailabletobothmenandwomen,itisusuallythemorepoliteformsthatareselectedbyfemalespeakers.Ingeneral,femalesarefoundtousemorequestionsthandeclarativestatementsincomparisonwithmales.62.DiscusswithexamplessomeofthelinguisticdifferencesbetweenStandardEnglishandBlackEnglish.OneofthemostprominentphonologicalcharacteristicsofBlackEnglishisthefrequentsimplificationofconsonantclustersattheendofwordswhenoneofthetwoconsonantsisanalveolar/t/,/d/,/s/,or/z/.Theapplicationofthissimplificationrulemaydeletethepast-tensemorpheme,so"past"and"passed"arebothpronouncedlike"pass."Anothersalient（显著的）characteristicofBlackEnglishphonologicalsystemconcernsthedeletionofsomeword-finalstopconsonantsinwordslike"side"and"borrowed.”SpeakersofBlackEnglishfrequentlydeletetheseword-finalstops,pronouncing“side”like“sigh”and“borrowed”like“borrow.”Oneprominentsyntacticfeatureisthefrequentabsenceofvariousformsofthecopula"be"inBlackEnglish,whicharerequiredofStandardEnglish.ComparethefollowingexpressionsinBlackEnglishandStandardEnglish:(1)BlackEnglishStandardEnglishTheymine.They'remine.Youcrazy.Yourecrazy.\nAnotherdistinctivesyntacticfeatureofBlackEnglishisthesystematicuseofdieexpression"itis"whereStandardEnglishuses"thereis"inthesenseof“thereexists”:IsitaMr.Johnsoninthisoffice?AnotheraspectofBlackEnglishistheuseofdoublenegationconstructions.Whenevertheverbisnegated,theindefinitepronouns"something","somebody",and"some"becomethenegativeindefinites"nothing","nobody",and"none",forexample:Hedon'tknownothing.(Hedoesn'tknowanything.)63.Whatisalinguistictaboo?Whateffectdoesithaveonouruseoflanguage?Alinguistictabooreferstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe"polite"societyfromgeneraluse.Obscene,profane,andswearwordsarealltaboowordsthataretobeavoidedentirely,oratleastavoidedinmixedcompany.Insociolinguistics,alinguistictaboo,denotesanyprohibitionontheuseofparticularlexicalitemstorefertoobjectsoracts.Aslanguageuseiscontextualizedinparticularsocialsettings,linguistictaboooriginatesfromsocialtaboo.Whenanactistaboo,referencetothisactmayalsobecometaboo.Taboowordsandexpressionsreflecttheparticularsocialcustomsandviewsofaparticularculture.Aslinguistictabooreflectssocialtaboo,certainwordsaremorelikelytobeavoided,forexamples,thewordsrelatedtosex,sexorgansandexcrementinmanycultures.Theavoidanceofusingtaboolanguagemirrorssocialattitudes,emotionsandvaluejudgments,andhasnolinguisticbasis.Theavoidanceofusingtaboolanguagehasledtothecreationofeuphemisms.Aeuphemismisamild,indirectorlessoffensivewordorexpressionsubstitutedwhenthespeakerorwriterfearsmoredirectwordingmightbeharsh,unpleasantlydirect,oroffensive.Forexample,wesay"portly"insteadof"fat".Inmanycultures,peopleavoidusingdirectwordsthatpertaintodeathordyingbecauseitisthesubjectthateveryonefearsandisunpleasanttotalkabout.IntheEnglish-speakingworld,forexample,peopledonot“die”,but“passaway”.Euphemismsinvolveawiderangeoffields.Althoughtheuseofeuphemismshastheeffectofremovingderogatoryovertones（暗示）,thedisassociativeeffectisneverlong-lasting.Oftenwhenthenegativeconnotationofawordisrecognizedinitseuphemisticform,aneweuphemismwillhavetobesoughtfor.However,anexcessiveuseofeuphemismmayhavenegativeeffects.Asamatteroffact,manyeuphemisms\nhavebecomeclichésthataretobeavoidedinformalspeechandwriting.Theyalsotendtobewordyandtogivewritingatimidquality.Inaddition,euphemismcanbeevasiveorevendeceitful.Becausetheyareoftenimproperlyusedtoobscuretheintendedmeaning,manypeoplefindthemoffensiveandpreferplainlanguage.