语言学概论semanticanalysis 15页

IntersententialSemanticRelations1.Entailment2.Presupposition3.ImplicatureThreekinds:\nEntailmentDefinition:Anentailmentreferstosomethingthatlogicallyfollowswhatisassertedintheutterance.AccordingtoSaeed,suchanintersententialsemanticrelationshipcanbedefinedbytruthasfollows:\nAsentencepentailsasentenceqwhenthetruthofthefirstpguaranteesthetruthofq,andthefalsityofthesecondqguaranteesthefalsityofp.Example:Sentencep:Isawaboy.Sentenceq:Isawachild.\nSentencep:Ihavebeentozhoushan.Sentenceq:IhavebeentoZhejiang.CompositeTruthTableforEntailmentPqTTFTorFF←FTorF←T\nTwosourcesofentailmentTheregularsource:hyponymy(下义关系)betweenlexicalitems.A:Isawaboy.b:Isawachild.Childandboyisakindofhyponymy.Theothersource:syntax.Forexample,theactiveandpassiveversionsofthesamesentenceentailseachother:A:Aboychasedadog.B:Adogwaschasedbyaboy.Whentwosentencesmutuallyentaileachother,likeAandB,wemayalsocallthemparaphrase.\nEntailmentisdifferentfromsynonymyandcontradiction.Synonymousintersententialrelation:(a)Maryownsacar.(b)ThecarbelongstoMary.Theyaremerelythedifferentversionsofasingleproposition.Contradictoryintersententialrelationreferstoapairofsentencewhicharecontradictorytoeachother.Betweensentences:(a)MarybeatsJoaninthegame.(b)MarylostthegametoJoan.Insinglesentence:Myunmarriedsisterismarriedtoabachelor.\npresuppositionDefinition:Itreferstowhatisassumedbythespeakerandassumedbyhimorhertobeknowntothehearerbeforeheorshemakestheutterance.Inabroadsense,presuppositioncanbedefinedinordinarylanguageasanykindofbackgroundassumption.\nAccordingtoSaeed,thetruthvaluecanbediagrammedinthefollowingfigure:CompositeTruthTableforPresuppositionpqTTFTTorF←TForexample:(p)Marry’sdogisbarking.(q)Marryhasadog.\nImplicatureDefinition:Incommunicativepractice,thespeakermayuseanutterancetoimplyfurtherinformation.Heorshemayimplywhatheorshedoesnotliterallymean.Suchinformationiscalledimplication(a)Mr.Jonesseldomdinesattherestaurant.(b)Mr.Jonessometimesdinesattherestaurant.\nSemanticAnalysisComponentialAnalysis(成分分析)PredicationAnalysis（述谓分析）\nComponentialAnalysisDefinition:Componentialanalysisdefinesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponentsorsemanticfeatures.Itisawaytoanalyzethewordmeaning.Aparticularcharacteristicofcomponentialanalysisisthatthesemanticcomponentsofawordaregenerallyanalyzedinbinaryopposition.\nIntheconventionalpractice,theplus”+”ofanywordmeansthefeatureindicatedispresentandtheminus“-”indicatestheabsenceofthefeature.Man:[+noun][+concrete][+animate][+male][+adult]Woman:[+noun][+concrete][+animate][-male][+adult]Rock:[+noun][+concrete][-animate]Idea:[+noun][-concrete]\nPredicationAnalysisDefinition:Predicationanalysisisanapproachtosententialmeaningwhichbreaksdownpredicationsofpropositions,questions,commands,etcintothetwotypesofconstituents:argument(s)andpredicate.Arguments(中项)refertologicalparticipantswhicharealwaysfunctionedbynominalphrases.Thepredicate（谓语）istherelationalelement,whichisusuallyfunctionedbylexicalverbsorverbphrasesorprepositions.Eg:Thedogischasingahare.\nFourtypesofpredicateTwo-placepredicate:Thisreferstoapredicatethatgovernstwoarguments.Eg:Haveyouanyfriendshere?One-placepredicate:Thisreferstoapredicatethatgovernsonlyoneargument.Eg:Thechildcanspeaknow.(However,inthesentence“wespeakEnglish”itisatwo-placepredicate)No-placepredicate:Itgovernsnoargument.Eg:Itisblowinghard.Three-placepredicate:Itgovernsthreearguments.Eg:Hetoldusanamusingstory.\nThankyou!