Linguistics语言学归纳 10页

Linguistics1.Thescopeoflinguistics:(abranchoflinguisticsthat….)phonetics（语音学）:thestudyoflinguisticspeechsounds,howtheyareproduced,howtheyareperceived,andtheirphysicalproperties.(studyofthephonicmediumoflanguage)phonology:（音位学）thestudyofhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticscommunication.morphology:（形态学）thestudyofthewordstructureandwordformation.syntax:（句法学）isthebranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.semantics:(语义学)thestudyoflinguisticmeaning.pragmatics:（语用学）abranchoflinguisticsthatstudiesthecontextoflanguageusetoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.Somedistinctionsinlinguistics:1)Prescriptive&descriptivePrescriptive:aimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuseDescriptive:aimstolaydownrulesfor“correct&standard”behaviorinusinglanguage.(doctor)10\n1)Synchronic&diachronic共时的&历时的Synchronic:thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.Diachronic:thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.2)Langue&parole语言&言语Langue:referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parole:referstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.3)Competence&performance语言能力&语言运用Competence:theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguagePerformance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Designfeaturesoflanguage:1)arbitrariness:（任意性）meansthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.2)Productivity:itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.3)Duality:（双重性）dualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.4)Displacement:languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.不受时空限制5)Culturaltransmission文化传播（eg:狼孩）10\n2.Functionsoflanguage:1)Descriptivefunction:itisthefunctiontoconveyfactualinformation,whichcanbeassertedordenied,andinsomecasesevenverified.2)Expressivefunction:suppliesinformationabouttheuser’sfeelings,preferences,prejudicesandvalues.3)Socialfunction:servestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.10\nPhone:（音素）isaphoneticunitorsegment.Phoneme:（音位）isaphonologicalunit.Itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.3.Morphemes词素—theminimalunitsofmeaningThesmallestunitoflanguagethatcarriesinformationaboutmeaningorfunctionFreemorpheme:amorphemewhichcanbeawordbyitself.Boundmorpheme:amorphememustbeattachedtoanotherone.Derivationalmorphemes：(衍生词素)themorphemeswhichchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassofwords.Theyareconjoinedtoothermorphemes/words,newwordsarederivedorformed.(-en,-ate,-ic,-ous,-ly,-tion,-sive,-er)标出Inflectionalmorphemes:(曲折词素)theyareattachedtowordsormorphemes,buttheyneverchangetheirsyntacticcategory.(-s,-er,-est,-ed,-ing)○标出4.Category:referstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphaseoraverb.Non-traditionalcategories:determiner(Det)限定词,degree(Deg),qualifier(Qua)Phraseelements :specifiers,complements(XPRule),modifiers.Deepstructure:formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead’ssubcategorizationproperties.没变形陈述句Surfacestructure10\n5.Lexicalmeaning:Sense:isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofalinguisticform,thecollectionofallitsfeatures;itisabstractandde-contextualized.Eg:dog-generalmeaningofdog,featuresReference:meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld.Eg；Oneparticular/certaindogexistentinthesituation,knowntoeachother6.Context:itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.(JohnFirth)Speechacttheory:(JohnAustin)Locutionaryact:（言内行为）istheactofutteringwords,phrasesandclauses.Illocutionaryact:(言外之意)istheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactofperformedinsayingsomething.Perlocutionaryact:（言后行为）istheactofperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.Cooperativeprinciple-CP(PaulGrice)Themaximofquantity:Saynolessthantheconversationrequires.Saynomorethantheconversationrequires.Themaximofquality:10\nDon'tsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Don'tsaythingsforwhichyoulackevidence.Themaximofmanner:Don'tbeobscure.Don'tbeambiguous.Bebrief.Beorderly.Themaximofrelevance:Berelevant.7.LanguagechangeAdditionofnewwords:1)Coinage:创新词Spywaredigitalcameracybercitizenmousepotato2)Clippedwords:缩略词Lab-laboratorygym-gymnasiumfridge-refrigeratorburger-hamburger3)Blending:紧缩法Smog-smoke+fogbrunch-breakfast+lunchcamcorder-camera+recorder4)Acronyms:首字母缩略词CEO-chiefexecutiveofficerIT-informationtechnologyEUVIPB2BCPI5)Back-formation:逆构词法Toedit/beg/baby-sit/donate/orient/hawk/aviate/appreciate6)Functionshift10\nn.-v.Toknee/bug/tapev.-n.ahold/reject/retreatadj.-v.tocool/narrow/dim/slow1)BorrowingBonustragedyskirteducationcycleprinceguitarbalconyBalloonoperapumpteatofukowtowsampanzeroKungfumahjongspaghettibizarregarage2)Derivation派生词Fixablerefusalexcitingimpressivedislikerestateanti-pollutionunfairrealizehappiness3)Compounds复合词Bittersweetrainbowspoonfeedsleepwalkinbornoff-licenseUndertakewithoutlandladyhandoverwhitewash8.Register语域Fieldofdiscourse话语范围:referstowhatisgoingon:ontheareaofoperationofthelanguageactivity.Tenorofdiscourse话语基调:referstotheroleofrelationshipinthesituationinquestion:whotheparticipantsinthecommunicationgroupsareandwhatrelationshiptheystandtoeachother.Modeofdiscourse话语方式:referstothemeansofcommunication.Itisconcernedwith“how”communicationiscarriedout.10\n9.Sapir-whorfhypothesis(SWH)萨丕尔·沃尔夫假说Languagefilterspeople’sperceptionangthewaytheycategorizetheirexperiences.10.LanguageAcquisitionTheoriesofchildlanguageacquisition:1)ThebehavioristImitationandpracticearepreliminary,anddiscriminationandgeneralizationarecrucialtolanguagedevelopment.(habit-forming)Butitfailstoexplainhowchildrenacquiremorecomplexgrammaticalstructuresofthelanguage.2)TheinnatistLanguageAcquisitiondevice(LAD)ChomskyItproposedthathumanbeingsarebornwithaninnateability.Itsaidthatthe“theblackbox”containprinciplesthatareuniversaltoallhumanlanguage.UniversalGrammar(UG)10\n1)TheinteractionistItholdsthatlanguagedevelopsasaresultofthecomplexinterplaybetweenthehumancharacteristicsofthechildandtheenvironmentinwhichhegrows.motheresechilddirectedspeech(CDS)caretakertalkCriticalPeriodHypothesis(CPH)EricLennebergLADworkssuccessfullyonlywhenitisstimulatedattherighttime—aspecificandlimitedtimeperiodforlanguageacquisition.Twoversions:Strongonesuggeststhatchildrenmustacquiretheirfirstlanguagebypubertyortheywillneverbeabletolearnfromsubsequentexposure.Theweakholdsthatlanguagelearningwillbemoredifficultandincompleteafterpuberty.11.SecondLanguageAcquisitionPositivetransfer正迁移facilitateNegativetransfer负迁移interfereorhinderInterlanguage中介语Itwasestablishedaslearners’independentsystemofthesecondlanguage,whichisofneitherthenativelanguagenorthesecondlanguage,butacontinuumorapproximationfromoneextremeofhisnativelanguagetotheotherofthesecondlanguage.10\nFossilization石化现象Itisaprocessoccurringfromtimetotimeinwhichincorrectlinguisticfeaturesbecomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesalanguage.Acquisition习得Itisasubconsciousprocesswithoutminutelearningofgrammaticalrules.Learning学习Itreferstoconsciouseffortstolearnthesecondlanguageknowledgebylearningtherulesandtalkingabouttherules.10