语言学习题答案 6页

1.Q:Whatisthescopeoflinguistics?Thescopeoflinguisticscanbeillustratedas:1)Generallinguistics:thestudyoflanguageaswhole.Itdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.2)Phonetics:thestudyofsoundsusedincommunication.3)Phonology:thestudyabouthowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.4)Morphology:thestudyofthewayinwhichsymbols/morphemesarearrangedtoformwords.5)Syntax:thestudyoftherulesaboutthecombinationofwordstoformpermisiblesentences.6)Semantics:thestudyofmeaning.7)Pragmatics:thestudyofmeaninginthecontextofuse.AndtheInterdisciplinarybranches.1)Sociolinguistics2)Psycholinguistics……………2.Q:Whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinseveralbasicways:firstly,modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itdescribesthelanguageasitis;whiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive,itprescribesthewaylanguageshouldbeused.Secondly,modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.Then,modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoalatin-basedframework.3.Q:Whatisaphone?Howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?Howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.Itisnotanyparticularsound.6\nThedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.4.Q:Explainwithexamplesthesequentialrule,theassimilationruleandthedeletionrule?1)Sequentialrulesformthelettersas“k,h,l,j”intoallpossiblewordsinEnglish.Wemightorderthemas:blik,klib,bilk,kilb.withoutotherorders.Soitindicatesthattherearerulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.Onespecialsequentialrulethat……2)Assimilationrule:itassimilatesonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatherofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.Forexample:“illegal”,inlegal3)Deletionrule:Itcanbestatedas:deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconsonant.forexample:“designation”,the[g]representedbytheletter“g”ispronounced,whileintheword“sign”./g/soundisdeleted,becauseitisfollowedbyandendedwiththenasalconsonant/n/.5.Q:WhatarethemajortypesofsynonymsinEnglish?TherearefivetypesofsynonymsinEnglish.Theyaredialectalsynonyms--synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects;stylisticssynonyms–synonymsdifferinginstyle;synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning;collocationalsynonyms;semanticallydifferentsynonyms.6.Q:Explainwithexamples“Homonymy”,“Polysemy”,and“Hyponymy”?Homonymy(定义)….Itincludeshomophones(定义)(piece\peace),homographs(定义)(bowv.\bown.)andcompletehomonyms(定义)(scalen.\scalev.).Polysemymeansthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethatonemeaning.Forexample:“table”,hasatleastsevenmeanings.Hyponymymeansthatthesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Forexample:“furniture”issuper-ordinate,itshyponymsarebed,table,desk,dresser,wardrobe,settee……6\n7.Q:Howcanwordsoppositeinmeaningbeclassified?Towhichcategorydoeseachofthefollowingpairsofantonymsbelong?Therearethreetypesoppositionsinmeaning.Theyaregradableantonyms,complementaryantonymsandrelationalopposites.“north\south”,“wide\narrow”and“poor\rich”belongtogradableantonyms;“vacant\occupied”and“literate\illiterate”belongtocomplementaryantonyms;“above\below”,“doctor\patient”and“father\daughter”belongtorelationalopposites.8.Q:Howaresentencemeaningandutterancemeaningrelated,andhowdotheydiffer?Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,andde-contextualized,thatofanutteranceisconcrete,andcontext-dependent.Themeaningofanutteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.Difference:Sentencemeaningincludeslocutionaryact,butitdoesn’tincludeillocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.9.Q:AccordingtoAustin,whatarethethreeactsapersonispossiblyperformingwhilemakinganutterance.Giveanexample?Theyarelocutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.Forexample:someoneutters“you”“have”“door”“open”!Thelocutionaryactexpresseswhatthewordsliterallymean.Theillocutionaryactexpressesthespeaker’sintention:askingsomeonetoclosethedoor.Thehearergetsthespeaker’smessageandseesthatthespeakermeanstotellhimtoclosethedoor,andthenthehearerclosesthedoor.Therefore,theutterancegetstheeffectoflosingthedoor.Andthisistheperlocutionaryact.10.Q:WhatarethefourmaximsoftheCP?Trytogiveyourownexamplestoshowhowfloutingthesemaximsgivesrisetoconversationalimplicature?Theyarethemaximofquantity(具体说明其内容)…themaximofquality…themaximofrelation…6\nandthemaximofmanner….Forexample:A:WhenisJerry’sbirthdayparty?B:Sometimenextmonth.So,Bdoesn’twishtotellyouwhenJerry’sbirthdaypartyisgoingtobeheld.A:Wouldyouliketoattendourtravelingatweekend?B:I’mafraidIhavegotaninvitationatweekend.So,Bdoesn’twanttoattendyourtraveling.A:Shallwegetsomethingforourbrother?B:Yes.ButIvetoG-U-N.So,Bdoesn’twanttheirbrothertoknowtheyaretalkingaboutgettingthemagun.11.Q:CitewithexamplesthechangesinEnglishLanguage?1)soundchange:“mouse”[mu:s]—[maus];2)morphologicalchange:greenen—green;3)syntacticchange:youcanspeak,can’tyou?Youspeak,speaknotyou?4)lexicalchange:wot—toknow,ASPCA,math—mathematics;5)semanticchange:“silly”meanshappyinoldEnglish,buttodayitmeansfoolish;“aunt”meansfather’ssisterbefore,buttodayitalsomeansmother’ssister.12.Q:Whatarethemainsocialdialects?Howdotheyjointlydetermineidiolect?TheyareGendervariation,Agevariation,Ethnicdialect,Stylisticvariation,Register.Idiolectalvariationisdeterminedbymanyfactors.Thedifferentbackgroundsofdifferentpeopleinfluencetheirchoiceoflinguisticforms,andthelinguisticfeaturesofthelanguagetheyuserevealtheirindentities.13.Q:WhatpeticuliarfeaturesdoesaPidginhave?Anydialectshavenativespeakers,exceptpidgin.Twopartiesdidn’tknoweachother,soinordertodotrade,theyhavetousepidgin.With6\nmoreunderstandingsofeachother’scultures,lesspeoplewouldusepidgin.14.Q:Amongthelanguageacquisitiontheories,whichonedoyouthinkismorereasonableandconvincing?Explainwhy?Therearethreelanguageacquisitiontheories,theyarethebehavioristview,theinnatistviewandtheinteractionistview.Itendtothebehavioristmuchmore,inmyopinion,todoisbetterthandoingnothing,practiceandintimationarethebestwaytolearnalanguage.Fortheinnatist,sedulitycanmakeupeverynaturalfacultiy,andfortheinteractionist,noteveryonecangoaboardtohavealanguageenvironment,athome,therearestillmanyscholarshipsstudydifferentlanguageswell.15.Q:WhatisLanguageAcquisition?Itreferstothechild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue,itmeanshowthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.16.Q:WhatisLanguageAcquisitionDevices?ItalsoknownasLAD,itclaimsthathumanbeingsarebiologicallyprogrammedforlanguageandthatthelanguagedevelopsinthechildjustasotherbiologicalfunctionssuchaswalking.itwasdescribedasanimaginary“blackbox”existingsomewhereinthehumanbrain,the“blackbox”issaidtocontainprinciplesthatareuniversaltoallhumanlanguages.17.Q:WhatistheCriticalPeriodHypothesis?Thecriticalperiodhypothesisreferstoaperiodinone’slifeextendingfromaboutagetwotopuberty,duringwhichthehumanbrainismostreadytoacquireaparticularlanguageandlanguagelearningcanproceedeasily,swiftly,andwithoutexplicitinstruction.18.Q:WhatisRegister?Languagevariesasitsfunctionvaries,itdiffersindifferentsituations,itisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituation.6\n19.Q:WhatisIdiolect?Idiolectisapersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselementsregardingregional,social,gender,andagevariations.20.Q:WhatisPidgin?Pidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.21.Q:WhatisCreole?ItisoriginallyaPidginthathasbecomeestablishedasanativelanguageinsomespeechcommunity.Thatis,whenapidgincometobeadoptedbyapopulationasitsprimarylanguage,andchildrenlearnitastheirfirstlanguage,thenthepidginlanguageiscalledaCreole.22.Q:WhatisCP?ItisstandofthecooperativePrinciple.….Itrequiresthatthespeakerandthehearershouldmakeconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichthespeakerandthehearerareengaged.23.Q:WhatisHomonymy?Itreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.ItincludesHomophones,Homograghs,CompleteHomonyms.24.Q:WhatisPolysemy?Itmeansthatthesameonewordhavingmorethanonemeaning.25.Q:WhatisSense?Itisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualized.Itisthemeaninginthedictionary.Itdoesnotrefertoanyparticularindividualthatexistsintherealword,butappliestoanyindividualthatmeetsthefeaturesdescribedinthedefinition.26.Q:WhatisSyntax?Itisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.6