语言学Chapters 5 5页

Units5SemanticsI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.1.DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.F2.Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.F3.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.T4.Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.F5.Contextuallismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.T6.Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.T7.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningofallitscomponents.F8.Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.T9.“itishot.”isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.T10.Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.TII.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.1.Semantics_______canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.2.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnod_irect______linkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.3.R__eference______meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.4.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalleds_ynonyms________.5.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalledh__omophones________.6.R_elational________oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.7.C_omponential________analysisisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.5\n8.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalleds_electional______restrictions,whichareconstrainsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.9.Ana_rgument_______isalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.10.Accordingtothen_aming_________theoryofmeaning,thewordsinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.III.MultipleChoice1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtheconcernof“sense”?BA.Itisthestudyoftheinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.B.Itisthestudyofwhatalinguisticformreferstointherealphysicalworld.C.Itistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompliersareinterestedin.D.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.2.Themeaningrelationshipbetweenthetwowords“sheep”and“ewe”is__C______.A.AntonymyB.HomonymyC.HyponymyD.Polysemy3.X:Theyaregoingtohaveanotherbaby.Y:Theyhaveachild.TherelationshipofXandYis___D__________.A.synonymousB.inconsistentC.XentailingYD.XpresupposingY4.Accordingtothecomponentialanalysis,thewords“girl”and“woman”differinthefeatureof_______D_____.A.HUMANB.ANIMATEC.MALED.ADULT5.Accordingtopredicationanalysis,thepredicationofthesentence“Itishot.”isa_____A____.A.no-placepredicationB.one-placepredicationC.two-placepredicationD.three-placepredication6.Therelationshipbetween“voilet”and“tulip”is_A_______.A.co-hyponymsB.superordinateC.hyponymsD.antonyms7.Therelationshipbetween“begin”and“commence”is_B_________.A.DialectalsynonymsB.StylisticsynonymsC.CollocationalsynonymsD.Semanticallydifferentsynonyms8.Predicationanalysisisawaytoanalyze__D____meaning.A.phonemeB.wordC.phraseD.sentence9.Whatistherelationshipbetweenthewords“color”and“red”?DA.SynonymyB.AntonymyC.PolysemyD.Hyponymy.10.“Fall”and“autumn”are____A_____synonyms.A.dialectalB.stylisticC.evaluativelydifferentD.semanticallydifferent11.Thefourmajormodesofsemanticchangeare__A______.A.extension,narrowing,elevationanddegradation5\nB.extension,generalization,elevationanddegradationC.extension,narrowing,specializationanddegradationD.extension,elevation,ameliorationanddegradation12.Thesemanticfeaturesoftheword“girl”canbeexpressedas___D___.A.+animate,-human,+adult,+male.B.+animate,+human,-adult,+male.C.+animate,+human,+adult,-male.D.+animate,+human,-adult,-male.13.Whatisthesententialrelationbetween“Helikesskating.”And“Helikessports.”?BA.Presupposition.B.Entailment.C.Contradiction.D.Hyponymy.14.Thepairofwords“borrow/lend”iscalled_A______.A.relationaloppositeB.synonymsC.complementaryD.gradableopposites15.“Yellow”hasdifferentmeaningstoChineseortowesternpeople,thatisits____C_____.A.conceptualmeaningB.cognitivemeaningC.associativemeaningD.stylisticmeaning16.X:HehasbeentoFrance.Y:HehasbeentoEurope.TherelationshipofXandYis___C________.A.synonymousB.insonsistentC.XentailingYD.XpresupposingY17.Theambiguityin“passtheport”iscausedby___D________.A.lexicalitemsB.agrammaticalstructureC.homonymyD.polysemy18.Componentialanalysisisamethodinthefieldof____C___.A.phoneticsB.syntaxC.semanticsD.pragmatics19.“Big”and“small”areapairof__B____opposites.A.complementaryB.gradableC.completeD.converse20.Wecalltherelationbetween“animal”and“horse”as___D____.A.synonymyB.polysemyC.homonymyD.hyponymy21.Theword“pen”originallymeant“featherusedforwritingwithink”.Nowitreferstoanydeviseusedforwritingwithink.ThisisanexampleofB________.A.degradationofmeaningB.broadeningofmeaningC.narrowingofmeaningD.elevationofmeaning22.“Buy”and“sell”formapairof____A______.A.converseantonymsB.gradableantonymsC.complementaryantonymsD.markedantonyms23.ForBloomfield,linguisticsisabranchofpsychologyandspecificallyofthebrandofpsychologyknownas______A____.A.behaviorismB.structuralismC.competenceD.performance5\n24._____B____dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandnon-linguisticworldofexperience.A.SenseB.ReferenceC.SymbolD.Thought25.Knightoriginallymeantyouth,butnowitmeansamedievalgentlemensoldier.BA.broadeningB.narrowingC.meaningshiftD.classshift26.Theclassicsemantictriangleortriangleofsignificancemainlyillustratestheviewof__A________.A.conceptualismB.contextualismC.behaviorismD.structuralism27.Thewords“rain”and“reign”are_____C______.A.homographsB.completehomonymsC.homophonesD.allophones28.Senseandreferencearetwotermsoftenencounteredinthestudyof____B____.A.wordfunctionB.wordmeaningC.wordformationD.wordsystem29._A______isthemajorconcernofsemantics.A.MeaningB.wordsC.SentencestructuresD.Phrasestructurerules30.Thecontexualistviewofmeaningisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfrom_______B____.A.functionB.contextC.instinctD.observation31.Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby_____A_______.A.PlatoB.BloomfieldC.GeoffreyLeechD.Firth32.“Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.”Thisstatementrepresents_______B______.A.theconceptualistviewB.contexutalismC.thenamingtheoryD.behaviorism33.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?DA.Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.B.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.C.Senseisabstractandde-contextualized.D.Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompliersarenotinterestedin.34.X:CanIborrowyourbike?Y:Youhaveabike.TherelationshipbetweenXandYisthat_________D__.A.XissynonymouswithYB.XisinconsistentwithYC.XentailsYD.XpresupposesY35.____B_____isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.A.PredicationanalysisB.ComponentialanalysisC.PhonemicanalysisD.Grammaticalanalysis36.“alive”and“dead”are____C________.A.gradableantonymsB.relationalopposites5\nC.complementaryantonymsD.Noneoftheabove37.__C________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.PolysemyB.SynonymyC.HomonymyD.Hyponymy38.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled_____D_____.A.homonymsB.polysemyC.hyponymsD.synonyms39.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby_____A_______.A.grammaticalrulesB.selectionalrestrictionsC.semanticrulesD.semanticfeatures40.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsisthenotionof__D__________.A.referenceB.meaningC.antonymyD.contextIV.Definethefollowingterms1.semantics2.sense3.reference4.synonymy5.homonymy6.homographs7.hyponymy8.antonymy9.componentialanalysis10.argumentV.Answerthefollowingquestions1.Whydowesaythatameaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents?2.Whatiscomponentialanalysis?Illustrateitwithexamples.3.Howdoyoudistinguishbetweenentailmentandpresuppositionintermsoftruthvalues?4.Howdoyouaccountforsuchsenserelationsbetweensentencesassynonymousrelation,inconsistentrelationintermsoftruthvalues?5.Whatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?Howtheydiffer?I.1-5FFTFT6-10TFTTTII.1.Semantics2.Direct3.reference4.synonyms5.homophones6.relational7.Componential8.selectional9.argument10namingII.1---5BCDDA6-10ABDDA11-15ADBAC16-20CDCBD21-25BAABB26-30ACBAB31-35ABDDB36-40CCDAD5