英语语言学Syntax 38页

Syntax组员：陈雪芹、齐丽丽、高伟、陈静、黄雪、段彬彬、丁静\n句法学简介1.Definition:Syntaxisthestudyofrules(governingthestructureofphraseandthestructureofsentence)ortheinterrelationshipsofelementsinsentencestructure.Allinall,itfocusonthestructureandorderingofcomponentswithinasentence.\n2.Syntax-fromwordtotext(howtoorganizewordsintophrase,furtherintosentences.Itisconcernedwiththecombinationofwords).Purpose:studytherulesandrevealstherelationshipoftheformandthefunction/meaningoflanguage.\nBasicConcepts3.ThePrescriptiveApproach-thetraditionalgrammar,laydownrulesforthecorrectorproperuseofEnglish,mainlyaccordingtothegrammarofLatin.Thewordorderdependsonsomefactors:Grammaticalcategory/partofspeech/wordclass,number,gender,case,tense,aspect,concord,government\n4.Thedescriptiveapproach-todescribetheregularstructuresofthelanguageasititusedobjectively,notaccordingtosomeviewofhowitshouldbeused.Position:Itisthebasisofmostmodernattempttocharacterizedthestructureofdifferentlanguage.Classification:StructureanalysisImmediateconstituentanalysis\n(1)Structuralanalysis-studythedistributionoflinguisticformsinalanguage.Syntagmaticrelation:isarelationbetweenoneitemandothersinasequence,orbetweentheelementswhichareallpresent(horizonalrelation).Paradigmaticrelation:isarelationholdingbetweenelementsreplaceablewitheachotherataparticularplaceinaatructureorbetweenoneelementpresentandtheothersabsent(verdicalrelation,substitutionrelation)\n(2)immediateconstituents（ICs）直接成分:constituentsdirectlybelowthelevelofaconstructionultimateconstituents(UCs)最终成分:lastlevelofconstituents\nAdvantagesofICanalysisIthelpstoaccountfortheambiguityofcertainconstructions.e.g.ThesonofPharaoh’sdaughteristhedaughterofPharaoh’sson.Itclearlydemonstratesthatsentencesarenotmereleft-to-rightlinearsequencesofelements.Instead,elementscomeintorelationshipsofgreatcomplexityandvaryingkinds.(胡壮麟，P125-126)\nThesonofPharaoh’sdaughteristhedaughterofPharaoh’sson=（1）ThedaughterofPharaoh’sson法老儿子的女儿=（2）ThedaughterofPharaoh’sson法老女儿的儿子\nDisadvantagesofICAnalysis1.Itresultsintechnicalproblemsduetodiscontinuousconstituents.E.g.Leave+thebook+ontheshelf.2.Itresultsinambiguityproblems.E.g.theloveofGod,theshootingofthehunters\nBasiccomponentsofasentenceSentenceSubjectPredicateareferringexpressioncomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandsayssomethingaboutthesubject\n5.constituentstructuregrammarTheideaofconstituency,whichrevealsahierachyofstructurallevels,isreferredtoasaconstituentstructuregrammar.\nLexicalcategories词汇范畴Thenamegiventoclassesintowhichlexicalitemsaregrouped.--Therearetraditionally8classes:Noun,Pronoun,Verb,Adjective,adverb,preposition,conjunction--Modernlinguistictheorieshavemore,--Theyarealsoknownaspartsofspeechandwordclasses\nClassificationofLexicalItemsHowarewordsclassifiedintoclasses?--Phonologicalcriteria“ToinCREASEthenumberofstudents,weneedanIncreaseinfunding.”--Semanticcriteria,structuralambiguity“Flyingplanescanbedangerous”·ifyouliveundertheflightpath.·ifyouhaven’tgotapilot’slicense.\nCommonmonadiccategoriesare:1.SSentence-Thelargestcategorycapableofsyntacticcategorization--Isawthebigaeroplane.--Howlargeistheplane?--RobwasflownbytheaeroplanewhichJanesaw.\n2.PhraseStructureNVAPwordlevelNPVPAPPPphraselevel\nNPNounPhrase--Definedasacategorythatcanbearsomegrammaticalfunctioninasentence,e.g.assubjectordirectobject.\nTypesofNPNPNPNPNPNPron.DetNDetAdjNJohnhe,we,shea,the,appletheredapplethis,thatNPNPDetNPPNPSubjectastoryabouttheherothepersonwhotalkedtome\nVPVerbPhrase-Acategoryconsistingofaverb,itscomplements(补语）anditsadjuncts(附加语).--Johnputthebookonthetable.(thebookandonthetablearecomplementsofput)--Thegirlsawthewomanintheparkwiththetelescope(intheparkandwiththetelescopearetheadjunctsofsaw)\nTypesofVPVPVPVPVNPVPPVShittheballspeakaboutthebooksaidthathehadtoldliesVPVPVAdvVrunfastLook!\nPPPrepositionalPhrase-Aphrasecontainingaprepositionandanounphrase.--onthetable.--inthepark--withthetelescopeItispossibletohaveaPPwithinaPP:--intheparkwiththetelescope\nPPAPPNPDegAdjaboutthebookverylittle\nSNPVPV-BarspecifierheadComplementSusanrarelydoessoe.g.\n6.TransformationalGenerativeGrammarTG•Adescriptionofthepossiblerulesofhumanlanguagethatallowforinfiniteproductionofgrammaticalsentences.•triestodefineauniversalgrammar(UG)\nThreelevelsoftransformationalrules:ThebasicruleisChomsky’suniversalgrammar,theunderlyingprincipleThesecondtypeistheobligatoryrulesthatgovernthetransformationsofauxiliariesandprinciplesThethirdtypeistheoptionaltransformationalrulesthatgovernthetransformatonsofnegotion,passivevoice,interrogation\nDeepstructureandsurfacestructureDeepStructure--theabstractrepresentationofthesyntacticpropertiesofaconstruction.\nBasecomponentDEEPSTRUCTURETransformations(Subcategorizationrestrictschoiceofcomplements)SURFACESTRUCTURE(Note:Whentransformationsarenotnecessary,therepresentationsofthesetwolevelsarethesame)\nisthefinalstageinthesyntacticderivationofaconstruction,whichcloselycorrespondstothestructuralorganizationofconstructionpeopleactuallyproduceandreceive.SNPVPDetNVthetrainInflwillarriveSurfaceStructure\nsee,Mary,JohnJohnsawMary.SNPInflVPNpstVNJohnseeMaryFurtherillustration:DeepstructureSNPInflVPNpstVPPPNMarywasseenbyJohn\nCaseGrammarFilemoresuggestedthatthemainverbsinasentencearethemostimportantpartofthesentencesandhaveanumberofrelationshipwithvariousnounphrases.Theserelationshipsarecalledcases.Cases,alsocalledthematicrolesortheparticipantroleoftheverb,whichalsoinclude:\n1.Agent---theintiatorofsomeaction,capableofactingwithvolition,whichisconsideredaslogicalsubjectandcommonlyoccursinsubjectposition2.patient---theertityundergoingtheeffectofsomeaction,oftenundergoingsomechangeinstate,whichisconsideredasthelogicalobjectandcommonlyoccurindirectobjectdirection3.theme---theertitythatismovedbyanaction,orwholelocationisdescribed\n4.instrument---themeansbywhichanactionisperformedorrsomethingcomesabout\n7.systemicfunctionalgrammar------M.A.K.HallidayTherelatedthreesystems:transitivitysystem,thematicsystem,moodsystem.They’reinfluencedbythethreefunctionsrespectively.Threemetafunctions:(i)Ideationalfunction:thefieldofdiscourseConstructamodleofexperienceandlogical\nrelationsie,expresscontent,languagecanbeusedtoconveytheexpressionoftherealworldandtheinnerworld.(ii)interpersonalfunction:thetenorofdiscourselanguagecanbeusedtoenactandmaintainsocialrelationshipintermsofstratification,class,status,rolesolidarityanddistance\n(iii)textualfunction:themodeofdiscourseCreaterelevancetocontextie,languageitselfcanmakesepratesentencessemanticallycoherentthroughsomegrammaticalandsemanticdevices.\nThemainachievementsofthefuntionalapproach1.Functionalsentenceperspectivesentence(i)Pointofdeparture:thetheme(主位)ofthesentence,knownoroldinformation(ii)Goalofdiscourse:rheme(述位),theveryinformationthatthespeakerwantstoimporttothehearer.Sorhemeisthenewinformationtothehearer.Sentencestructure:thethemetorehme\n2.systemicfunctionalgrammarSystemicgrammar&functionalgrammarThefirstexplaintheinternalrelationsinlanguageassystemnetwork,whichconsistsofsubsytemsfromwhichtheusersmakechoices.Thelatteraimstorevealthatlanguageisameansofsocialinteraction(languageisinseparablefromsocialactivitiesofman)\nSummaryThisparthasintroducedlexicalcategoriesandphrasecategories,followedbyananalysesofsyntacticalrules:thes-rule,phrasestructurerules,coordinationrule,deepstructuresub-categorization,transformationalrules,andsurfacestructure,etc.whichareexpectedtoenablestudentstocombinewordsintonovelsentencesinanendlesslyway.