语言学部分材料 9页

TEM-8考生必背的语言学知识点英语学院TEM-8培训班人文知识材料人文知识部分的考察一共有10道题目，包括四道文化题目、三道文学题目、三道语言学题目。纵观历年真题，英语语言学部分主要考察语言学的概念，并根据概念进行实例分析。PartOne:GeneralIdeasandConecptsaboutLinguistics1.语言的基本特征：任意性、二重性、创造性、移位性和文化传递性。2.语言学的基本概念：口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言语、语言能力与语言运用、语言潜势与语言行为。3.语音学：发音器官的英文名称、英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法、语音学的定义，发音语音学、听觉语音学、声学语音学、元音及辅音的分类、严式与宽式音标。4.音位学：音位理论、最小对立体，自由变异、互补分布、语音的相似性、区别性特征、超音段音位学、音节、重音等。5.词法学：词法的定义、曲折词与派生词、构词法、词素的定义、词素变体、自由词素、粘着词素等。6.句法：句法的定义、范畴、短语规则、句子规则，表层结构和深层结构、转换与生成。7.语义学：语义的定义、语义的有关理论、意义种类、词汇意义关系、句子语义关系。8.语用学：语用学的定义、语义学与语用学的区别、语境与意义、言语行为理论、合作原则语言变化：9.语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）10.语言与社会：社会语言学的概念、语言变体、语域、双语现象与双言制。11.语言思维与文化：语言与文化的定义、萨皮尔-沃尔夫假说、语言与思维的关系、语言与文化的关系、中西文化的异同、12.语言习得“语言习得的基本理论、语言习得的认知因素、语言环境与关键期假设，语言习得的过程、语言习得过程中的非典型性发展。13.二语习得：母语习得与二语习得之间的关系、对比分析、错误分析、中介语、输入假说。个体差异等。14.语言与大脑：神经语言学与心理语言学的基本概念。9\nTEM-8考生必背的语言学知识点PartTwo:真题分析与讲解（2005-2008）TEM820051.Syntaxisthestudyof.A.languagefunctionsB.sentencestructuresC.textualorganizationD.wordformation2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadistinctivefeatureofhumanlanguage?A.ArbitrarinessB.ProductivityC.CulturaltransmissionD.Finiteness3.Thespeechacttheorywasfirstputforwardby.A.JohnSearleB.JohnAustinC.NoamChomskyD.M.A.K.HallidayTEM820061.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsisthenotionof.A.referenceB.meaningC.antonymyD.context2.Thewords“kid,child,offspring”areexamplesof.A.dialectalsynonymsB.stylisticsynonymsC.emotivesynonymsD.collocationalsynonyms3.Thedistinctionbetweenparoleandlanguewasmadeby.A.HallidayB.ChomskyC.BloomfieldD.SaussureTEM820071.ThedistinctivefeaturesofaspeechvarietymaybeallthefollowingEXCEPT.A.lexicalB.syntacticC.phonologicalD.psycholinguistic2.Theword“tail”oncereferredto“thetailofahorse”,butnowitisusedtomean“thetailofanyanimal.”Thisisanexampleof.A.wideningofmeaningB.narrowingofmeaningC.meaningshiftD.lossofmeaning3.referstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesofwordformation.A.PhonologyB.MorphologyC.SemanticsD.SociolinguisticsTEM820081.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?A.ArbitrarinessB.DisplacementC.DualityD.Diachronicity2.Whattypeofsentenceis“Marklikesfiction,butTimisinterestedinpoetry.”?A.AsimplesentenceB.AcoordinatesentenceC.AcomplexsentenceD.Noneoftheabove3.Thephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameformiscalled.A.hyponymyB.synonymyC.polysemyD.homonymy9\nTEM-8考生必背的语言学知识点PartThree:语言学概论精选习题（100题）1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutlanguageisNOTtrue?A.LanguageisasystemB.LanguageissymbolicC.AnimalsalsohavelanguagesD.Languageisarbitrary2.WhichofthefollowingchoicesisNOTaconstituent?A.Ilikethesong.B.IC.songD.like3.Ofthefollowingsoundcombinations,onlyispermissible.A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk4.Therelationbetweenthedeterminer“this”andthenoun“man”inthephrase“thisman”is.A.governmentB.concordC.bindingD.paradigmatic5.ThesentencethathasanNPandaVPismostlyshowninaformula“S→NP+VP”.A.hierarchicalB.linearC.treediagramD.vertical6.“Big”and“small”areapairofopposites.A.complementaryB.gradableC.completeD.converse8.Arbitrarinessoflanguagewasfirstdiscussedby.A.ChomskyB.HallidayC.FirthD.Saussure9.WhichpairofwordsisNOTaminimalpair?A.cat/batB.put/butC.jig/pigD.sit/bit10.Whichfunctionisthemajorroleoflanguage?A.InformativeB.InternationalC.PerformativeD.Emotive11.Iftwosoundsareincomplementarydistribution,theyareofthesamephoneme.A.symbolsB.allophonesC.phonesD.signs12.WhichbranchofstudyCANNOTbeincludedinthescopeoflinguistics?A.SyntaxB.PragmaticsC.PhoneticsD.Anthropology13.Atomisawordoforigin.A.LatinB.GreekC.ArabicD.Spanish14.Thedistinctionoflanguageandparoleismadeby.A.HallidayB.SapirC.ChomskyD.Saussure15.areboundmorphemebecausetheycannotbeusedasseparatewords.A.RootsB.StemsC.AffixesD.Compounds16.isthestudyoftherelationshipbetweensymbolsandtheirinterpreter.A.SyntaxB.SemanticsC.PragmaticsD.sociolinguistics17.isthedefiningpropertiesofunitslikenouns(number,gender,case,etc.)andverbs(tense,aspect,voice,etc.).A.PartsofspeechB.WordclassesC.CategoriesD.Functionsofwords18.Thenoun“tear”andtheverb“tear”are.A.homophonesB.homographsC.completehomonymsD.allophones19.Thefunctionoflanguageisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitissocrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.A.performativeB.phaticC.recreationalD.emotive20.Thetermmaybedefinedasawayofreferringtotheapproachwhichstudies9\nTEM-8考生必背的语言学知识点languagechangesovervariousperiodsoftimeandatvarioushistoricalstages.A.synchroniclinguisticsB.comparativelinguisticsC.diachroniclinguisticsD.anthropologicallinguistics21.examineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.A.SemanticsB.SyntaxC.PragmaticsD.Morphology22.Saussuredistinguishesthelinguisticscompetenceofthespeakeras.A.paroleB.languageC.systemD.langue23.Thisfundamentaldistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceisdiscussedby.A.ChomskyB.SaussureC.BloomfieldD.Austin24.Anaffixcanbeaddedtocertaintypeoftoformanewword.A.infixB.affixC.stemD.word25.Inasentence,whichofthefollowingisusuallyNOTstressed?A.NounsB.VerbsC.PrepositionsD.Adjectives26.Themaximofrequiresthataparticipant’scontributionberelevanttotheconversation.A.quantityB.qualityC.mannerD.relation27.Therelationshipbetween“meat”and“meet”is.A.synonymyB.antonymyC.polysemyD.homonymy28.Thatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenlanguageandtherealworldistheviewofconcerningthestudyofmeaning.A.namingB.conceptualistC.contextualistD.behaviourist29.Whatarethedualstructuresoflanguage?A.SoundsandlettersB.SoundsandmeaningC.LettersandvocalcordsD.Soundsandsymbols30.Wherearethevocalcords?A.InthemouthB.InthenasalcavityC.AbovethetongueD.Insidethelarynx31.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutlanguageisNOTtrue?A.Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.B.Languageissomearbitrarysymbols.C.Thelanguagesystemisuniquetohumanbeing.D.Languageisyettobeunderstood.32.studiesthesoundsysteminacertainlanguage.A.PhoneticsB.PhonologyC.SemanticsD.Syntax33.isthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.A.RootB.AllomorphC.MorphemeD.Word34.Aspeaker’sactualutteranceinChomsky’sterminologyiscalled.A.deepstructureB.linguisticuniversalsC.universalgrammarD.surfacestructure35.Awordwithseveralmeaningsiscalleda(n)word.A.polysemousB.synonymousC.abnormalD.multiple36.Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunicationis.A.generallinguisticsB.phonologyC.semanticsD.morphology37.Leechdividedmeaningsintotypes.9\nTEM-8考生必背的语言学知识点A.4B.5C.6D.738.EnglishhasmanagedtowidenhervocabularybyborrowingwordsformotherlanguageEXCEPT.A.FrenchB.KoreanC.LatinD.Greek39.Distinctivefeaturesareusedtodescribe.A.phonesB.phonologyC.allophonesD.phonemes40.TheEnglishword“untouchable”iscomposedofmorphemes.A.fourB.threeC.twoD.five41.Theprocessbywhichwordsareformedbyputtingtheinitiallettersofseveralwordstogetheriscalled.A.compoundingB.clippingC.acronymD.blending42.“TheAdam’sApple”is.A.akindofappleB.relatedtoAdamC.thefrontpartoflarynxD.onthetopoflarynx43.Thefounderofmodernlinguisticsis.A.ChmoskyB.HallidayC.BloomfieldD.Saussure44.Modernlinguisticsfocusesonthepresentdaylanguage,anditwillbepossibletodescribelanguagefromaperspective.A.sociologicalB.synchronicC.diachronicD.psychological45.Thefourmajormodesofsemanticchangeare.A.extension,narrowing,meaningshiftandclassshiftB.extension,generalization,elevationanddegradationC.extension,narrowing,specializationanddegradationD.extension,elevation,ameliorationanddegradation46.Intheproductionofconsonantsatleastarticulatorsareinvolved.A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four47.Thebasicunitinthestudyofmorphologyis.A.theinternalstructureB.morphemeC.therulesbywhichwordsareformedD.word48.Therelationbetween“food”and“bread”iscalled.A.synonymyB.polysemyC.homonymyD.hyponymy49.Voicelesssoundsareproducedwhenthevocalfoldsare.A.closedB.apartC.totallyclosedD.completelyopen50.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword?A.PencilboxB.UnreasonableC.DeadlineD.Upstairs51.involvemorethanonemannerofarticulation.A.StopsB.FricativesC.AffricatesD.Laterals52.WhichisNOTtrueforthevowel/i/?A.HighB.UnroundedC.MidD.Front53.Thesentence“Iapologize!”belongstothecategoryofaccordingtothespeechacttheory.A.expressiveB.performativeC.representativeD.consultative54.Generallinguisticsisthescientificstudyof.A.languageofacertainindividualB.theEnglishlanguage\C.humanlanguagesingeneralD.thesystemofaparticularlanguage9\nTEM-8考生必背的语言学知识点55.Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesin.A.theplaceofarticulationB.theobstructionofairstreamsC.thepositionofthetongueD.theshapeofthelips56.studieshowspeechsoundsaremade,transmittedandreceived.A.PhoneticsB.PhonologyC.PhonemeD.Phonics57.soundsareproducedwiththebackofthetongueandsoftpalate.A.VelarB.PalatalC.GlottalD.Alveolar58.isconcernedwiththestudyoftheactualuseoflanguageincommunication.A.SociolinguisticsB.SemanticsC.PragmaticsD.Synchroniclinguistics59.Whereistheprimarystressoftheword“phonology”?A.phoB.noC.loD.gy60.referstotheutteranceofasentencewithdeterminatesenseandreference.A.LocutionaryactB.illocutionaryactC.ElocutionaryactD.speechact61.Whichofthefollowingwordsisbuiltbyabbreviation?A.SmogB.FridgeC.MotelD.Edit62.Chomskybelievesthatlanguageissomewhatinnate,andthatchildrenarebornwithwhathecallsaLAD.WhatdoesLADstandfor?A.LanguageassociativedistrictB.LanguageacquisitiondistrictC.LanguageassociativedeviceD.Languageacquisitiondevice63.Thesemanticcomponentsoftheword“man”canbeexpressedas.A.+animate,+human,+male,adultB.+animate,+human,+male,+adultC.+animate,+human,-male,-adultD.+animate,+human,-male,+adult64.A(n)isthesmallestunitofsoundinalanguage,whichcandistinguishtwowords.A.morphemeB.soundC.phonemeD.allophone65.Productivityisoneofthefeaturesoflanguage.A.distinctiveB.designC.suprasegmentalD.pragmatic66.Whatisthecommonfeatureofthethreesounds:/b/,/p/,and/m/?A.VoicelessB.VoicedC.NasalD.Bilabial67.WhichofthefollowingitemsisNOToneofthegrammaticalcategoriesofEnglishpronouns?A.GenderB.NumberC.CaseD.Voice68.Intheword“internationalism”,therootis.A.interB.nationC.alD.ism69.ThedifferencebetweenTraditionalGrammarandModernLinguisticsareallofthefollowingEXCEPT.A.descriptivevs.prescriptiveB.spokenvs.writtenC.non-Latin-basedframeworkvs.Latin-basedframeworkD.competencevs.performance70.Theword“pen”originallymeant“featherusedforwritingwithink”.Nowitreferstoanydeviceusedforwritingwithink.Thisisanexampleof.A.degradationofmeetingB.broadeningofmeaningC.narrowingofmeaningD.elevationofmeaning71.Theword“smog”isformedthrough.A.backformationB.blendingC.clippingD.derivation9\nTEM-8考生必背的语言学知识点72.Ingeneral,languageacquisitionreferstochildren’sdevelopmentoftheirlanguage.A.firstB.secondC.dialectalD.individual73.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueforvowels?A.Vowelsaresonorants.B.Intheproductionofvowels,thereisnoobstructionofair.C.Tongueheightisonecriteriontodistinguishvowels.D.Vowelsarealsocalledobstruents.74.Allsyllableshavea(n).A.codaB.onsetC.nucleusD.consonant75.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacharacteristicofChomsky’sTGGrammar?A.InnatenessB.DeductivemethodologyC.EmphasisoninterpretationD.Emphasisonstimulus-response-reinforcement76.Whichofthefollowingisthemajorcauseofinventionofnewlexicalitems?A.TherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyB.ThewayoflanguageteachingC.Thewayofchildren’slanguageacquisitionD.Economicactivities77.Pragmaticsdiffersfromsemanticsinthatthenotionofwastakenintoconsideration.A.meaningB.contextC.formD.content78.Therearemaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple.A.2B.3C.4D.579.Thewell-knownformula:S→r…s→Rwasputforwardby.A.BloomfieldB.FirthC.HockettD.Harris80.dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandnonlinguisticworldofexperience.A.SenseB.ReferenceC.SymbolD.Thought81.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A.Theinformationformtheleftsideofthebodyisreceivedonlybytherightsideofthebrainandviceversa.B.Theinformationfromtheleftsideofthebodyisreceivedonlybytheleftsideofthebrainandviceversa.C.Thebrainisdividedintotwosections:thelowersectioncalledthebrainstemandhighersectioncalledcerebrum.D.Thecortexisseparatedbythelongitudinalfissureintotwoparts:theleftandrightcerebralhemispheres.82.Thestudyoftherelationshipbetweenbrainandlanguageiscalled.A.sociolinguisticsB.macrolinguisticsC.microlinguisticsD.neurolinguistics83.‘sInputHypothesisisoneofthemostfamoustheoriesamongdifferentmodelsoflanguageacquisition.A.KrashenB.ChomskyC.AustinD.Halliday84.Generallyfourtypesofmotivationhavebeenidentifiedinthesecondlanguagelearning.“learnerlearnasecondlanguageforexternalpurpose”iscalledmotivation.9\nTEM-8考生必背的语言学知识点A.instrumentalB.integrativeC.resultativeD.intrinsic85.Thechildrenknowthetaboowords,thepoliteformsofaddressduring.A.PragmaticdevelopmentB.AtypicaldevelopmentC.GrammaticaldevelopmentD.Vocabularydevelopment86.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.Allnormalchildrenhaveequalabilityinlearningtheirfirstlanguage.B.Linguisticsenvironmentplaysanimportantroleinfirstlanguagelearning.C.AchildcanbeginhisfirstlanguageacquisitionatanytimeD.Itiseasyforparentstoteachtheirchildrengrammar.87.AccordingtoSapir-WhorfHypothesis,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.Differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround.B.Languagefilterspeople’sperceptionandthewaytheycategorizeexperience.C.Languagepatternsdetermineorinfluencepeople’sthinkingandbehavior.D.Languagestructurepeoplehabituallyuseshowsnoinfluenceonpeople’sbehavior.88.InEnglish,“green”inthephrase“green-eyes”isassociatedwith.A.unhappyfeelingsB.highsocialpositionC.envyorjealousyD.negativequalities89.TheSapir-Whorfhypothesisisalsoknownaslinguistic.A.reliabilityB.relativityC.reversibilityD.reachability90.Whichofthefollowingdoesn’tbelongtodialectalvarieties?A.RegionaldialectB.SociolectC.IdiolectD.Diglossia91.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnottheconcernofsociolinguistics?A.Thelanguageapersonusesrevealshissocialbackground.B.Thereexistsocialnormsthatdeterminethetypeoflanguagetobeusedonacertainoccasion.C.HowdoesthehumanmindworkwhenpeopleuselanguageD.Toinvestigatethesocialaspectsoflanguage.92.Whichwordisdifferentfromtheotherthreeinwordformation?A.USAB.DOZERC.AIDSD.WTO93.Thefollowingwordsaretheexamplesfor“blending”except.A.memoB.smogC.motelD.brunch94.A.Shallwegetsomethingforthekids?B.Yes.ButIvetoC-A-N-D-YB’sanswervioletsmaximof.A.quantityB.qualityC.mannerD.relation95.Theprovidesgreatphilosophicalinsideintothenatureofthelinguisticcommunication.A.SpeechActTheoryB.CPtheoryC.communicativecompetenceD.linguisticcompetence96.Illocutionaryactis.A.theactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.B.theactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething.C.theactofconveyingtheinfluenceofsomethingonthehearer.D.theconsequentialeffectofalocutionuponthehearer.97.X:HehasbeentoFrance.Y:HehasbeentoEurope.9\nTEM-8考生必背的语言学知识点TherelationshipofAandBis.A.synonymousB.inconsistentC.XentailingYD.XpresupposingY98.Predicationanalysisisawaytoanalyzemeaning.A.phonemeB.wordC.phraseD.sentence99.Whatelementsdoesaphrasecontain?A.Head,determinerandcomplementB.Head,specifierandcomplementC.Head,specifierandcomplementizerD.Head,determinerandcomplementizer100.ThestudyofdoesNOTformthecoreoflinguistics.A.syntaxB.pragmaticsC.morphologyD.sociolinguistics9