[其它语言学习]lecture 31页

Lecture5ChangesinWordmeaning讲授题目：ChangesinWordMeaning计划学时：3periods教学方法：传统讲授法参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》所属章节：教材之第五章教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生应对词义变化的种类、词义演变的原因和过程有较好的了解和认识。1\nLecture5Typeofchanges教学重点：1)Typesofchanges;2)Causesofchanges.教学难点：Fivetypesofchanges:1)Extension;2)Narrowing;3)Elevation;4)Degration;5)Transfer.2\nLecture5Typeofchanges※Vocabularyisthemostunstableelementofalanguageasitisundergoingconstantchangesbothinformandcontent.Comparatively,thecontentisevenmoreunstablethantheform.Ofcourse,somemeaningsremainmuchthesameforalongtimebecausethereferentstowhichtheydirectdonotchange.3\nLecture5Typeofchanges(词的形式和内容总处于变化之中，是语言中最不稳定的因素。从比较的角度来说，内容比形式更不稳定。当然有些词的意义由于所指未变而没有发生变化。)4\nLecture5Typeofchanges※Changinginwordmeaninghasneverceasedsincethelanguagecameintobeingandwillcontinueinthefuture.Yetnoonehasbeenabletosystemizethewaysinwhichchangesoccur.However,thereareafewpatternsthatchangesfollow.Thislecturewilldiscussinsomedetailthemajorpatternsandthecausesofchanges.5\nLecture5Typeofchanges1.TypesofChangesWord-meaningchangesbymodesofextension,narrowing,degradation,elevation,andtransfer.(1)Extension/Widening(词义的扩大)Extensionofmeaning,alsoknownasgeneralization(词义一般化),isthenamegiventothewideningofmeaningwhichsomewordsundergo.6\nLecture5TypeofchangesItisaprocessbywhichawordwhichoriginallyhadaspecializedmeaninghasnowbecomegeneralized.Inotherwords,thetermhasextendedtocoverabroaderandoftenlessdefiniteconcept.※词义的扩大指词的意义的扩展。这是一个词义从表达某一专门意义到表示概括意义的过程。也就是说，词开始涵盖了更多的意义，比原有的概念的范围更大了。7\nLecture5TypeofchangesExamples:WordOldMeaningExtendedMeaningmanuscripthandwritinganyauthor’swritingwhetherwritten(writingbyhand)byhandortypedwithatype-writer,…barnaplaceforstoringonlybarleystoreroompicturepaintingdrawings,evenphotographs8\nLecture5Typeofchangesmillpaceforgrindingplacewherethingsareground/madejournaldailypaperperiodicalbonfirefireonbonesafireintheopenbyburninganythingbutcheronewhokillsgoatsonewhokillsanimals9\nLecture5TypeofchangesExtensionofmeaningmayoccurinfourways:①Fromspecifictogeneralthing:apublicassembly→anyobjectoreventpicture:painting(绘画）→drawings,evenphotographs（各种画及照片）Journal：dailypaperperiodical10\nLecture5Typeofchanges②Frompropernounstocommonnounssandwich:agamblersname→n.akindoffastfood;v.placeorsqueezebetween夹在中间lynch:originatesfromCharlesLynch(1736-1796),memberofavigilancecommitteeinVirginia→killwithoutlawfultrial.Themoreexamplesillustratingthisarewatt,volt,ohm,newton,champagne,vandal,etc.11\nLecture5Typeofchanges③Fromconcretetoabstractthing:apublicassembly→anyobjectoreventarrive:cometoshore→cometoaplaceMoreexamplesare:affair,business,fact,pain,place…12\nLecture5Typeofchanges④Fromtechnicaltermstogeneralwordsbomb:aweapondesignedtoexplode→acompletefailure;alotofmoney.tangent(切线）→toflyatatangent（离题）atomic→great:anatomiceffort(巨大努力）catalyst(催化剂）→athingthatcauseschange(促进/变化的因素）.13\nLecture5Typeofchanges(2)NarrowingNarrowingofmeaning,alsocalledspecialization,istheoppositeofwideningmeaning.Itisaprocessbywhichawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarrowerorspecializedsense.WordOldMeaningSpecializedMeaningliquorliquidalcoholicdrink14\nLecture5Typeofchangesmeatfoodfleshofanimalsdiseasediscomfortillnesspoisondrinkpoisonousdrinkwifewomanamarriedwomanaccidenteventunfortunateeventgirlyoungpersonofeithersex→femaleyoungperson15\nLecture5Typeofchangespill(各种药片）→避孕药片（contraceptivepills)undertaker(承担者、承办人）→承办丧葬的人、殡仪员room(空间、地方）→(有限空间)房间probe（调查、检验）→宇宙探测器side(旁边、侧面）→（人体）肋部memory（记忆）→(计算机）存储器recovery(恢复）→（航天器的）回收garage(任何储存东西的地方）→存放汽车的地方→车库16\nLecture5Typeofchanges(3)ElevationElevationorameliorationreferstotheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningstopositionsofimportance.Somewordsearlyintheirhistorysignifiedsomethingquiteloworhumble,butchangedastimewentbytodesignatesomethingagreeableorpleasant.17\nLecture5TypeofchangesWordOldMeaningElevatedMeaningangelmessengermessengerofGodknightservantrankbelowbaronetgovernorpilotheadofastateministerservantheadofaministrysuccessresultachievement/accomplishmentmarshalkeeperofhorseshigh-rankingarmyofficerniceignorant→foolish→pleasant/delightful18\nLecture5Typeofchanges(4)DegradationDegradationorpejorationofmeaningistheoppositeofsemanticelevation.Itisaprocesswherebywordsofgoodoriginfallintoillreputationornon-affectivewords.WordOldMeaningDegradedMeaningboorpeasantrude,ill-manneredperson19\nLecture5Typeofchangeswenchcountrygirlprostitutesillyhappyfoolishsadcalmsorrowfulknaveboydishonestpersoncriticizeappraisefindfaultwithlustpleasuresexualdesire20\nLecture5Typeofchanges(5)TransferApartfromthefourmajormodesofsemanticchange,thereisoneothertypewhichneedsmentioning,i.e.transfer.Transfermeansthemeaningofawordhaschangedfromliteralmeaningtofigurativemeaning.Thatistosay,peoplealwaysusefiguresofspeechtoexpressthiskindofsemanticchanges.①MetaphorAmetaphor,likeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.E.g:theeyeoftheneedle;theteethofthecomb;anass;todog(tofollow);toparrot(torepeat).21\nLecture5Typeofchanges②Metonymy(换喻、转喻）Metonymyisaneffectivelanguagedevice.Itisalsoanimportantfactorintheshiftofmeaningthatinvolvessubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanothercloselyassociatedwithit.UncleSam→theUnitedStatesgovernmentJohnBull→theEnglishpeopletheBear→theSovietUnionheart→feelingscup→acupofteaorcoffeedish→foodbroughttotableonorinadish22\nLecture5Typeofchanges③SynecdecheSynecdecheisafigureofspeechthatinvolvessubstitutionofthepartforthewholeorthewholeforthepart.hand→memberofashipcrew;worker.heart→bravefellowAustraliabeatCanadaatcricket.→AustraliateambeatCanadateamatcricket23\nLecture5Typeofchanges④EuphemismEuphemismisthesubstitutionofawordofmorepleasantconnotationforoneoftheunpleasantconnotation.Itisalsoanimportantfactorintheshiftofmeaning.DeathinEnglishisfullofsuchexpressionslike:Tojointhemajority;togotoheaven;tocomeanuntimelyend;tobefoodforworms;tokickthebucket,etc.24\nLecture5Typeofchanges2.Causesofchanges(1)社会原因①社会发展与词义变化从社会语言学的角度来看，词义的变化不是在封闭的状态下发生的，而是受社会的影响和制约的。词义不仅在形成过程中与客观世界，社会实践有密切联系，而且随着社会及人们认识的发展而发展。人类社会中的事物、概念、思想不断发生变化，因此反映客观事物或现象的词义往往会发生变化。25\nLecture5Typeofchanges②社会环境与词义变化社会上发生的事件往往会使词的意义发生变化。③社会阶级与词义为化语言就像一面镜子，反映人类社会存在的一切现胆，自然也反映社会各阶级的言语和态度。词义的升格与降格就是受阶级的影响。有许多表示劳动人民职业的词产生了贬义，这是因为在贵族阶级的眼里，劳动人民是无知的、愚蠢的。26\nLecture5Typeofchanges④民族情绪与词义变化民族之间的感情也会影响词义的褒贬。一些坏事前面往往加上其他民族的名称。如：totakeFrenchleave(不辞而别)；Italianhand(干预、干涉、狡诈)；Spanishathlete(胡说八道的人)；Irishbull(荒诞可笑的说法)。在英语中最受歧视的恐怕是荷兰人，英国和荷兰在17世纪的时候经常打仗，使Dutch这个词在许多用法中都带上了贬义。27\nLecture5Typeofchanges例如：doubleDutch(莫明其妙的话)；togetone’sDutchup(发火)；togoDutch(各人付各人钱)；totalkDutch(讲令人听不懂的话)；inDutch(处于困境)；Dutchbargain(饮酒时达成的交易)Dutchcourage(酒后之勇)；Dutchuncle(严厉的批评者)Dutchwidow(妓女)；I’maDutchmanif…我要是…就不是人。28\nLecture5Typeofchanges(2)语言因素①借词的大量涌入，使原有英语词的词义发生演变，以便与借词的语义相区别。如原来英语里的pig,cow和sheep既指动物猪、牛、羊，又指它们的肉，而在中世纪传入法语词pork、beef和mutton来分别表示这些动物的肉食。29\nLecture5Typeofchanges②词语的简化也往往往词义演变theEnglishpeople→English(英国人)theEnglishlanguage→English(英语)periodicalpaper→periodical(期刊)epicpoem→epic(史诗)goldmedal→gold(金牌)coalgas→gas(煤气)30\nThankyou31