phonetics 2011 语言学 49页

AboutPhonetics\nPhoneticsWhatisPhoneticsOrgansofSpeechClassificationofConsonantsandVowels\nLipsTeethTeethridge(alveolar)HardpalateSoftpalate(velum)UvulaTipoftongueBladeoftongueBackoftongueVocalcordsPharyngealcavityNasalcavity\n汉语俗称英语俗称语音学术语形容词形式唇LipsLabialLabial双唇twolipsBilabialBilabial齿teethdentaldental唇齿间BetweenteethandlipLabiodentalLabiodental齿龈TeethridgeAlveolarridgeAlveolar硬腭(hard)palatepalatepalatal软腭softpalatevelumvelar\n\n\nExercises:underlinethewordsthatbeginwithasoundasrequired.Abilabialconsonant:madsadbadcadpadhadladAvelarconsonant:nodgodcodpodrodLabiodentalconsonant:ratfatsatmatchatvatpatAnalveolarconsonant:nicklicksicktickkickquickApalatalconsonant:sipshiptipchiplipzipAdentalconsonant:liebuythighthytieryeAglide:onewaryolkrush\nExercises:underlinethewordsthatbeginwithasoundasrequired.Abilabialconsonant:madsadbadcadpadhadladAvelarconsonant:nodgodcodpodrodLabiodentalconsonant:ratfatsatmatchatvatpatAnalveolarconsonant:nicklicksicktickkickquickApalatalconsonant:sipshiptipchiplipzipAdentalconsonant:liebuythighthytieryeAglide:onewaryolkrush\nPhoneticsWhatisPhoneticsOrgansofSpeechClassificationofConsonantsandVowels\nPhonetics:---abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesthemethodsfortheclassification,descriptionandtranscriptionofspeechsounds.\nLinguistsarenotinterestedinallsounds,butinspeechsounds---soundsthatconveymeaninginhumancommunication.\nThreebranchesofphoneticsarticulatoryphonetics（发音语言学）acousticphonetics（声学语言学）auditoryphonetics（听觉语言学）\n\nTheprocessofspeechproductionandperceptionProduction—transmission—perceptionspeakersoundwaveslistenerarticulatoryphoneticsacousticphoneticsauditoryP（发音语言学）（声学语言学）（听觉语言学）\nArticulatoryPhonetics:abranchofphoneticswhichstudiesthephoneticsfromthespeaker’spointofviewandexaminesthewayinwhichaspeechsoundisproduced,thatis,howaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds,whichvocalorgansareinvolvedandhowtheycoordinateintheprocess.\nAcousticPhonetics::abranchofphonetics,whichstudiesthephysicalpropertiesofsoundsproducedinspeechorthetransmissionofsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves.\nAuditoryPhonetics::abranchofphoneticswhichstudiesthephoneticsfromthehearer’spointofviewandstudieshowsoundsareareperceivedbythehearer.\n汉语俗称英语俗称语音学术语形容词形式咽upperthroatpharynxPharyngeal喉throatlarynxlaryngeal口mouthOralcavityoral鼻NosenasalcavityNasal\nSpeechorgans:Pharyngealcavity----thethroat;Theoralcavity----themouth;Nasalcavity----thenose.\nLipsTeethTeethridge(alveolar)HardpalateSoftpalate(velum)UvulaTipoftongueBladeoftongueBackoftongueVocalcordsPharyngealcavityNasalcavity\nOrthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds---AstandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscriptionistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).\nTheprincipleofIPAistouseRomanalphabetletter,usingadifferentletterforeachdistinguishablespeechsound,andusingnewlettersanddiacriticsonlywhennecessary.ThebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingonelettertorepresentonespeechsound.\nDiacritics:（Linguistics/Phonetics&Phonology)Alsocalleddiacriticalmarkasignplacedaboveorbelowacharacterorlettertoindicatethatithasadifferentphoneticvalue,isstressed,orforsomeotherreason\nBroadtranscription---usedindictionaryandtextbookforgeneralpurpose,withoutdiacritics.Narrowtranscription---usedbyphoneticianforcarefulstudy,withdiacritics.\nSpeechisacontinuousprocess,sothevocalorgansdonotmovefromonesoundsegmenttothenextinaseriesofseparatesteps.Rather,soundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.Forexample,pat,spat.\nPlaceyourhandinfrontofyourmouth.Say“pat”and“spat”alternatively.Youfeelmoreairagainstyourhandintheproductionof“pat”than“spat”.Inphoneticterms,thatextrapuffofairin“pat”isknowasAspiration,andisrepresentedinthetranscriptionbytherightsuperscripth.\n[p]isaspiratedin“pat”andunaspiratedin“spat”.Thisaspiratedvoicelessbilabialstopisthusindicatedbythediacritich,as[ph],whereastheunaspiratedcounterpartistranscribedas[p].Thisdifferenceinpronunciationisnotrandom,andtherearerulesbywhichwecanpredictwhereacertainfeaturecanoccur.\nWhenweuseasimplesetofsymbolsinourtranscription,itiscalledabroadtranscription,[pæt],Theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasanarrowtranscription.[phæt],Botharephonetictranscriptionssoweputbothformsinsquarebrackets[].\nClassificationofSpeechsoundsEnglishspeechsoundsaregenerallyclassifiedintotwolargecategories:VowelsConsonantsNote:Theessentialdifferencebetweenthesetwoclassesisthatintheproductionoftheformertheairstreammeetswithnoobstructionofanykindinthethroat,thenoseorthemouth,whileinthatofthelatteritissomehowobstructed.\n\n\nClassificationofconsonants：Englishconsonantsmaybeclassifiedaccordingtotwodimensions:--placeofarticulation.--mannerofarticulation.\n\nEnglishvowels\nExercises:underlinethewordsthatbeginwithasoundasrequired.Abilabialconsonant:madsadbadcadpadhadladAvelarconsonant:nodgodcodpodrodLabiodentalconsonant:ratfatsatmatchatvatpatAnalveolarconsonant:nicklicksicktickkickquickApalatalconsonant:sipshiptipchiplipzipAdentalconsonant:liebuythighthytieryeAglide:onewaryolkrush\nUnderlinethewordsthatendwithasoundasrequired:Africative:payhorsetoughricebreathpushsingwreathehangcavemessageAnasal:trainbangleaflimbAstop:drillpipefitcrabfogridelaughrackthroughtipAnaffricate:racksuchridgebooze\n汉语俗称英语俗称语音学术语形容词形式唇LipsLabialLabial双唇twolipsBilabialBilabial齿teethdentaldental唇齿间BetweenteethandlipLabiodentalLabiodental齿龈TeethridgeAlveolarridgeAlveolar硬腭(hard)palatepalatepalatal软腭softpalatevelumvelar\nPlaceofarticulation:Bilabial—twolips;Labiodental—upperteethandlowerlip;Dental—upperteeth,tiporbladeoftongue;Alveolar—tonguetiporblade,alveolar;Palatal—tonguefront,hardpalate;Velar—tongueback,softpalate;Glottal—vocalfoldspushedtowardseachother;\nMannersofarticulation1)Stops(爆破音/塞音)Thesoundsproducedwhenarticulatorsareclosetogethersoastocompletelyshutofftheairflowthroughthevocaltract.\n2)Fricatives（摩擦音）Fricativesaresoundsproducedwhicharepartiallyobstructedinthevocaltract.Theairisallowedtoflowthroughanarrowpassagebyfriction.\n3)Affricates（破擦音）Anaffricateisasoundwhichbeginsasastop（withatotalblockingofthevocaltract）butendsasafricative（withanarrowopeningthroughthevocaltract）\n4)Liquids（流音）Theairstreamisobstructedbutisallowedtoescapethroughanarrowopeningbetweenthetongueandthepalate.[l](latertal),[r](retroflex)\n5）Nasals(鼻音）Whenthenasalpassageisopenedbyloweringthesoftpalate,anstheairisallowedtopassthroughit.\n6)Glides(滑音/半元音)Glides,sometimescalledsemivowels,areproducedwithlittleornoobstructionoftheairinthevocaltractthoughthepassagefortheairstreamisnarrowed.Theymustalwaysoccurimmediatelyeitherbeforeorafteravowel.\nEnglishvowels\nClassificationofvowels----Englishvowelscanbedividedintotwolargecategories:MonophthongsDiphthongs\nThecriteriaofdescriptionofvowelsAccordingtothepartofthetonguethatisraised---front,center,orbackb.Accordingtotheextenttowhichthetonguerisesinthedirectionofthepalate.Normally,threeorfourdegreesarerecognized:high,mid（mid-high,mid-low）,lowc.Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelsaredividedintoroundedvowelsandunroundedvowels.d.Accordingtothelengthofthesound,theycanbeclassifiedintolongvowelsandshortvowels.\n----Accordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldhighestintheprocessofproduction,thevowelscanbedistinguishedas:frontvowels:/i://e//ε//æ//a/centralvowels:/з://ә//Λ/backvowels:/u://u//ɔ://ɔ//α：/\nHigh:closertothepalatethanthe“low”positionFront:nearertothelipsthanthe“back”position