环球时代--语言学 6页

环球时代：2010英语专业考研报考前语言学摸底测试题ⅠMultipleChoice(1×40points)1.       Thechoiceofanallophonesinagivenphoneticcontextis______.A.randomB.predictableC.variableD.independent2.Discoveringproceduresarepracticedby______.A.traditionalgrammarB.descriptivegrammarC.TGgrammarD.functionalgrammar3.AccordingtoHoliday,thethreegeneralfunctionsoflanguageare______.A.ideational,interpersonalandreferentialB.metalinguistic,interpersonalandtextualC.ideational,interpersonalandtextualD.ideational,informativeandtextual4.     Inthepresentday,thestabilityof______seemstobedecreasing.A.tabooB.regionaldialectC.idiolectD.social-classdialect5.     TheIndirectSpeechActwasdevelopedby______.A.LevinsonB.JohnSearleC.JohnLyonsD.JohnAustin6.     “Semanticsisthescientificstudyofmeaning”isa_______.A.polysemyB.tautologyC.synonymyD.antonymy7.     Conceptualmeaningis_____.A.affectiveB.associativeC.connotativeD.denotative8.     The______constructionisdefinedasaconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofitsconstitution.A.endocentricB.exocentricC.subordinateD.coordinate9.     InEnglish,themeandrhemeareoftenexpressedby_____and______.A.subject,objectB.subject,predicateC.predicate,objectD.object,predicate10. ____isagrammaticalcategoryusedfortheanalysisofwordclassesdisplayingsuchcontrastasmasculine/feminine/neuter,animate/inanimate,etc.A.CategoryB.NumberC.GenderD.Case11. A______isanymorphemeofcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.A.rootB.stemC.allomorphD.lexeme12. “Radar”isa/an______.A.blendingB.coinageC.acronymD.clipping13. Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreecentigrade”is______.A.interrogativeB.directiveC.informativeD.performative14. TheargumentthatLADworkssuccessfullyonlywhenitisstimulatedattherighttime,aspecificandlimitedtimeperiodforlanguageacquisition—isreferredtoas______.A.theWhofianHypothesisB.theUGHypothesisC.theCriticalPeriodHypothesisD.theSapir-WhorfHypothesis15. B.F.Skinneristhechiefexponentof____.A.theinteractionalviewsB.thecontextualistviewsC.theinnatistviewsD.thebehavioristviews16. Thestudyofhowlanguageislearnediscalled_____.A.languageacquisitionB.appliedlinguisticsC.pysholinguisticsD.pragmatics17. Amongthefollowingtheories,whichhasnothingtodowithchildlanguageacquisition?A.Thecontextualistviews.B.Thebehavioristviews.C.Theinnatistviews.D.Theinterationistviews.18. AmongthefollowingEnglishword,______isborrowedfromAmericanIndianlanguage.A.squashB.algebraC.sopranoD.B2B19. Theculturethatisabstract,ambiguousandhiddenrefersto_____.A.folkcultureB.theproductsofnatureC.whatisbornandgrowsD.spiritualculture6第6页共6页\n20. InAmericanEnglish“abluebook”,therelatedassociationwith“blue”are_____.A.highpositionB.beingaristocraticC.well-knownnamesD.sentimentalcontent21. Amongthefollowingtermsforthetypesoflanguage,whichisconsideredamoreneutralterms?A.SpeechvarietyB.StandardlanguageC.non-standardlanguageD.Dialects22. WhatdescriptionisTRUEwithstandarddialect?A.Itisasuperimposedformaboveovertherangeofregionaldialect.B.ItisrelatedtosomeparticulargroupoflanguageusersinChina.C.Itisasociallyprestigiousdialectofalanguage,henceasociolect.D.Itismostcorrectinlinguisticformsamongallthelanguagevarietiestolinguists.23. Thefamousline“Myloveisared,redrose”stirsuptheimaginationofabeautifulyounglady.Thisisthe____meaning.A.iconicB.denotativeC.connotativeD.cultural24. ThefollowingisthelanguageusedbytwospeakersAandB.A:Ididityesterday.B:Idoneityesterday.Hehasn’tgotit.Heain’tgotit.ItwasshethatsaiditItwasherwhatsaidit.Fromthiswecaninferthat______.A.    AndBhavecomefromdifferentregionsB.    AandBdisplaydifferentlinguisticskillsandlinguisticcompetenceC.    AandB’srelativesocialstatuscanroughlybeestimatedD.    AandBhavelearneddifferentlanguagesatschool25. Itistruethatwordsmayshiftinmeaning,i.e.semanticchange.Thesemanticchangeofthewordtailbelongto_____.A.narrowingofmeaningB.meaningshiftC.lossofmeaningD.wideningofmeaning26. Aslateasthefifteenandsixteenthcenturies,onecouldmerelyaddnotattheendofanaffirmativesentencetonegateit,asinILovetheenot.However,inmodernEnglish,peoplewillsay“Idonotloveyou.”Thisshowschangein_____.A.vocabularyB.agreementruleC.negationruleD.syntacticrelations27. ThefollowingallshowthesyntacticrelationsEXCEPT_____A.positionalrelationB.relationofsubstitutabilityC.relationofcooccurrenceD.relationofwords28. A:Mikeisalwayslying.B:IhatethatS-O-B!Thisconversationviolatesthemaximof_____.A.quantityB.relationC.qualityD.manner29. “YoushouldspendmoretimeonEnglish”isa_____.A.representativeB.expressiveC.directiveD.declaration30. “Foralargeofclassofcases…themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguage.”Isutteredby____.A.FirthB.OgdenC.WittgensteinD.Malinowski31. Whichofthefollowingscanbethesameformsharedbytwohomonyms?A.DeliciousB.TreeC.MineD.Beautiful32. Whichofthefollowingsentencescannotbegeneratedbytheprediction“JOHN(LEAVE)”?A.JohnisleavingforShanghaiB.Johnhasleft.C.John,leave!D.Johnleaves.33. “Jackplaysgolfwell”isinconsistentwith_____.A.GolfisJack’sfavoriteB.JackissobadatplayinggolfC.JackplaysgolfaswellasbasketballD.Jackgivesupgolf6第6页共6页\n34. “Tommy’shenlaidaneggyesterday.”presupposes“_______”.A.TommyhadahenB.TommyhadabighenC.AneggwaslaidbyTommy’shenD.Theeggisnotastone35. Intheviewofthenamingtheory,whichofthemeaningsofthewordscannotbeexplained?A.RainB.CowC.GodD.Cattle36. ____istheessentialandnecessaryelementofaphrase.A.HeadB.complementC.SpecifierD.Modifier37. Theunderlinedpartin“YouknowthatIhatewar”iscalleda______.A.matrixB.complementclauseC.complementphraseD.complement38. Informingayes-noquestion,thepositionfromwhichtheauxiliaryismovedandleftemptyisrepresentedasa_____.A.headB.traceC.INFLD.specifier39. WhichoftheefollowingstatementisNOTtrue?A.Derivationaffixesareaddedtoanexistingfromtocreatedanewword.B.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.C.Sometimesboundmorphemescanstandbythemselves.D.Themeaningofacompoundisoftenidiomatic40. Thegreatestsourceofmodificationoftheairstreamisfoundinthe______.A.oralcavityB.lungC.pharyngealcavityD.nasalcavityⅡTrueorFalseQuestions(3×15points)Determinewhethereachofthefollowingstatementistrueorfalse:1.       Regardlessoftheirethnicandculturalbackground,childrenofallcolorsandsocietiesfollowroughlythesameroute/orderoflanguage,thoughtheymaydifferintherateoflearning.2.       Anachievementtestassesseshowmuchalearnerhasmasteredthecontentsofaparticularcourse.3.       Generativegrammarissystemofrulesthatinsomeexplicitandwell-definedwayassignsstructuraldescriptionstosentences.4.       InHymes’view,thelearneracquiresknowledgeofsentencesnotonlyasgrammaticalbutalsoaslexical.5.       Linguisticcompetenceisonevarietyofcultural-competence.6.       GreekdoesnotbelongtoIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily.7.       ThetermStreamofConsciousnesswasoriginallycoinedbythephilosopherWilliamJamesinhisPrincipleofPsychologytodescribethefreeassociationofideasandimpressionsinthemind.8.       TheCooperativePrinciple,animportantpragmaticprincipleproposedbyP.Grice,aimstoexplainhowspeakerscarryoncommunicationcooperativelyinutterances.9.       Asentenceisagrammaticalunitandanutteranceisapragmaticnotion.10.   Aftercomparing“Theystoppedattheendofthecorridor”with“Attheendofthecorridor,theystopped”,youmayfindsomedifferenceinmeaning,andhedifferencecanbeinterpretedintermsofcollocativemeaning.11.   Allboundmorphemesareaffixes.12.   Thewords“water”and“teacher”haveacommonphonemeandacommonmorphemeaswell.13.   Inthesoundwritingsystem,thereferenceofthegraphemeisthephoneme.14.   AspirationisnotadistinctivefeatureinEnglishphonology.15.   ThereasonforFrenchtousechevalandforEnglishtousehorsetorefertothesameanimalisinexplicable.ⅢShortEssayQuestions(10×3points)Answerthefollowingthreequestions:1.      How,inyouropinion,doespragmaticsdifferfromsemantics?2.  StudythepassagetakenfromShakespeare’sHAMLETandidentifyeverydifferenceinexpressionbetweenElizabethanandModernEnglishthatisevident.6第6页共6页\nKing:WhereisPelonius?Hamlet:Inheaven,sendthithertosee.Ifyourmessengerfindhimnotthere,Seekhimi’theotherplaceyourself.Butindeed,ifyoufindhimnotwithinthismonth,youshallnosehimasyougoupthestairsintothelobby.ActIV.Sceneiii3.  Pointoutthreewaysinwhichmodernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.ⅣDoestheconstancyundernegationtestworkasameansoffindingthepresuppositionsofthefollowingsentences?Whatarethepresuppositions：(a)Johnregretsthathebrokeyourcomputer.(b)Thepregnantengineerwentonaholiday.(c)Hisbrotherisbald.(15points)ⅤDefineSYLLABUS,anddescribethewholeprocessofsyllabusdesignwithmajorlinks.(20pints)Ⅰ(每题1分)1-10BBCBBBDBBC11-20BCCCDAAADC21-30AAACDCDDCC31-40CABADACBCAⅡ(每题3分)TTTFTFTTTFFFTTTⅢShortEssayQuestions(10×3points)Answerthefollowingthreequestions:1.How,inyouropinion,doespragmaticsdifferfromsemantics?（10points）Semanticsandpragmaticsarebothlinguisticstudiesofmeaning.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.Ifitisnotconsidered,thestudyisrestrictedtotheareaoftraditionalsemantics;ifitisconsidered,thestudyiscarriedoutintheareaofpragmatics.(4分)Semanticsstudiessentencesasunitsoftheabstractlinguisticsystemwhilepragmaticsstudiesutterancesasinstancesofthesystem.Theformerstopsatthesentencelevels;thelatterlooksatbiggerchunksofconversation.Theformerregardssentencesasstableproducts;thelattertreatsutterancesasdynamicprocesses.(3分)Theformeranalysessentencesinisolation;thelatteranalysesutterancesincloseconnectionwiththeircontextofsituation.Inasimpleformula,thescopescanbeclarifiedclearly:pragmatics＝meaning－semantics.(3分)（本题考查语义学和语用学之间的异同。传统语义学只研究句法成分的意义，尤其词义及其关系，同义关系，反义关系和上下义关系。还有句子意义以及句子之间的关系，同义反复关系，矛盾关系等。语用学则研究语言的使用，尤其是研究在具体语境下的交际意义，会话含义，言语行为，话语意义等）2.StudythepassagetakenfromShakespeare’sHAMLETandidentifyeverydifferenceinexpressionbetweenElizabethanandModernEnglishthatisevident.(10points)King:WhereisPelonius?6第6页共6页\nHamlet:Inheaven,sendthithertosee.Ifyourmessengerfindhimnotthere,Seekhimi’theotherplaceyourself.Butindeed,ifyoufindhimnotwithinthismonth,youshallnosehimasyougoupthestairsintothelobby.ActIV.SceneiiiFromthesceneabovewecanseethechangesrevealasfollows:(1)morphologicalchange:thither>there,nose>smell,(2)syntacticchange:changeinnegationruleyourmessengerfindhimnotthere>yourmessengerdoesnotfindthereyoufindhimnotthere>youdonotfindhimthere(3)lossofwords:i’(in)>0(5分)Fromthechangesshownabove,wecanfindthatfromtheMiddleEnglishtotheModernEnglish,themorphologicalrulesandsyntactichaveundergonechanges,i’(in)isseldomfoundinmodernEnglish.(5分)(本题主要考查语言变化问题。考生可以从历史语言学，词汇学和社会语言学各自的角度出发回答问题，具体解释形态变化，句法变化等)3.Pointoutthreewaysinwhichmodernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.(10points)(1)Mostlinguisticanalysistodayidfocusedonspeechratherthanwriting.Everythingconsidered,speechisbelievedtobemorerepresentativeofhumanlanguagethanwriting.Inspiteofthecommonfeaturestheyshare,theydifferbecausetheyaretransmittedindifferentchannels.Thisisonemajordifferencebetweenlinguiststodayandthegrammariansofthe19thcentury.(4分)(2)Modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarishugelyprescriptive.Manyearlygrammarswerebasedon“high”(literal,religious)writtenlanguage.Grammariansoftenuselogicalandaestheticcriteriatojudgethecorrectnessofsentencesandlaydownrulesfor“correct”behavior.Linguisticstoday,however,hasmadeaspecialpointofguardingagainstprescriptivism.Theybelievethatwhateveroccursinnaturalspeechshouldbedescribedintheiranalysis.(3分)(3)Anotherdifferenceisthepriorityofsynchronicdescriptionsoverthetraditionaldiachronicstudies.Modernlinguisticsholdsthatunlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessfullystudieditwouldbedifficulttodescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment.(3分)（本题主要考查传统语法与现代语言学之间的差异。传统英语语法借鉴了拉丁语法，主要根据书面语语料，因此是规定语法，而不是描写语法。而现代语言学是以人们的言语为基础研究语言的本质及其规律。语言来源于言语，而高于言语；语言是语言学研究的对象，文字是辅助工具，它反映了语言，但是次于语言。现代语言学主要是共时语言学，而不是历时语言学）ⅣDoestheconstancyundernegationtestworkasameansoffindingthepresuppositionsofthefollowingsentences?Whatarethepresuppositions：(a)Johnregretsthathebrokeyourcomputer.(b)Thepregnantengineerwentonaholiday.(c)Hisbrotherisbald.(15points)The“constancyundernegation”teststatesthatthepresuppositionremainstruewhenasentenceisnegated.Thistesthas6第6页共6页\nprovidedawaytofindthepresuppositionsofthefollowingsentences.（3分）(a)Johnregretsthathebrokeyourcomputer.Thenegatedformshouldbe“Johndoesn’tregretthathebrokeyourcomputer”.Therefore,oneobviouspresuppositionturnsouttobe“Johnbrokeyourcomputer”.(anotherpresuppositionisthat:Youhaveacomputer.)（4分）(b)Thepregnantengineerwentonaholiday.Thenegatedformshouldbe“Thepregnantengineerdidn’tgoonaholiday".Thus,twoofitspresuppositionsare“theengineerisfemale”and“theengineerispregnant”.（分）(c)Hisbrotherisbald.Thenegatedformshouldbe“Hisbrotherisnotbald”.Fromthis,onepresuppositionofitshouldbe“Hehasabrother”.（4分）(本题主要考查语义学知识，句子意义之间的关系。否定方法确实能帮助我们发现预设，但是不一定一定如此，因为有时同时有几个预设)ⅤDefineSYLLABUS,anddescribethewholeprocessofsyllabusdesignwithmajorlinks.(20pints)Syllabus,alsocalledcurriculum,istheplanningofacourseofinstruction.Itisadescriptionofthecoursecontent,teachingproceduresandlearningexperiences.（5分）Therearegenerallythreeprocessesinasyllabusdesigning.(1)SelectingparticipantsBeforethetrainingprogramstarts,itisnecessarytospecifythecharacteristicsofthelearnerandselectindividualswhomatchthosespecifications.Forexample,collegebeginnersinChinaareexpectedtohaveacquiredtheknowledgeofEnglishspecifiedintheSyllabusforHigherSchoolEnglish.Inordertoselectqualifiedstudents,anentranceexaminationisheldeveryyear.Likewise,teachersshouldbeselectedaccordingtospecifiedstandards.（5分）(2)ProcessWhendecidingwhattobetaughttotheselectedstudents,theteacherhastoconsiderseveralquestions：thelearners’presentmasteryofthelanguage;whathewillbeusingthelanguagefor;thegapbetweenthelearners’presentstateandthefuturerequirement,andthewaytobridgethegap.Allthisbeingclear,theteachercancometotheactualdesignofthesyllabus,whichincludesthearrangementofcontent,preparationofmaterials,selectionofteachingmethodologyandtechniques,andmeansofcourseevaluation.（5分）(3)EvaluationAttheendofthetrainingprogram,itisnecessarytofindoutwhetherandtowhatdegreethelearnershavereachedtheteachingobjectives.Therefore,theteacherhastocheckwhetherandtowhatdegreetheprogramhastaughtwhatitmeanttoteach,andalsotrytofindoutwhetherandtowhatdegreetheprogramisusefultothelearnersintheirwork.Thetwokindsofevaluationprovidefeedbacktothewholetrainingprogram.(5分)（本题考查外语教学的基本理论与实践。传统上，这是属于教学法的内容，现在把它划为应用语言学范畴，以提高教学质量和教学理论。也称为外语习得或二语习得（L2）。总之，教师要研究教学对象，教学手段，教学过程以及教学结果，并提出具体改进手段或方法）6第6页共6页