语言学名词解释 9页

..-1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumanmunication.2.Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofmunication.3.Arbitrarinessrefersthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor(meaningandsounds).4.Dualitymeansthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelareposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.5.Creativity(productivity)meanslanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityandrecursiveness.6.Displacementmeanslanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.7.Culturaltransmission:languageisnotbiologicallytransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.Thedetailsofthelinguisticsystemmustbelearnedbyeachspeaker.8.Interchangeability:meansthatanyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducerandareceiverofmessages.9.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage10.Descriptivemeansthelinguisticstudyaimstodescribeand-.word.zl-\n..-analyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Prescriptivemeansthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesforcorrectandstandardbehaviorinusinglanguagetotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandnotsay.11.Synchronic共时inwhichlanguagesaretreatedasself-containedsystemsofmunicationatanyparticulartime在那一刻、时、块的情况〔当代、古代〕Diachronic历时inwhichthechangestowhichlanguagesaresubjectinthecourseoftimeandtreatedhistorically.(在过程中都有什么变化、区别、有大时间变化)2个共时即为历时12.Langueandparole找笔记重点。petenceandperformance找笔记重点。13.Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.14.Consonants：aresoundsproducedbyobstructingtheflowofairintheoralcavity。Vowels：areproducedwhentheairstreammeetswithnoobstruction。15.diacritics：areadditionalsymbolsormarksusedtogetherwiththeconsonantandvowelsymbolstoindicatenuancesofchangeintheirpronunciation.16.Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsound-.word.zl-\n..-systemsoflanguages.Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernsthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.17.Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学studiesoftheproductionofspeechsounds.Acousticphonetics声学语音学studiesofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsPerceptualphonetics感知听觉isconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds18.Coarticulation协同发音meanswhenaspeechsoundchangesandbeesmorelikeanothersoundwhichfollowsitonprecedesitAnticipatorycoarticulation:asoundbeesmorelikethefollowingsound.Eg:lambPerseverativecoarticulation:thesoundshowstheinfluenceoftheprecedingsound.Eg:map19.Broadtranscription:thetranscriptionwithletters,symbolsonly.Narrowtranscription:thetranscriptionwithletters,symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.20.Phoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticmunicationareallphones.Butaphonedoesnotdistinguishmeaning.21.Phonemeisaphonologicalunitwhichisthesmallestunitof-.word.zl-\n..-soundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.22.Allophonemeansthedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.Thechoiceofanallophoneisnotrandom,itisrule-governedindifferentcontexts23.Minimalpair:Aminimalpaircontainstwowordsinalanguagewhichdifferfromeachotherbyonlyonedistinctivesoundandwhichalsodifferinmeaning.24.Allophonesofaphonemealwaysoccurindifferentphoneticenvironment,sotheyaresaidtobeinplementarydistribution.25.Ifthephoneticallysimilarsoundsare2distinctivephonemes,theyaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.26.Freevariation:Whentwoormorelinguisticitemsoccurinthesamepositionwithoutanyapparentchangeofmeaningtheyareinfreevariation.27.Assimilation同化现象isaprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound。Regressiveassimilation:afollowingsoundinfluencingaprecedingsoundProgressiveassimilation:aprecedingsoundinfluencesafollowingsound.音位变化规那么：threeaspects：asetofsoundstoundergotheprocess;-.word.zl-\n..-asetofsoundsproducedbytheprocess;asetofsituationsinwhichtheprocessapplies.28.Wordisaminimumfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.29.Morpheme语素isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguageintermsoftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexical词汇的orgrammatical.30．Morphology形态学studiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.31.Endocentricpound:isoneinwhichoneconstituentisthecenterandtheotheristhemodifier.Exocentricpound:isoneinwhichthereisonfocalelementandthewholereferstosthelseratherthanwhateitheroftheconstituentsdenotes32.Allomorph:anyofthedifferentshapesorphoneticformsofamorpheme33.suppletion:atypeofirregularityinwhichthereisapletechangeintheshapeofawordinitsvariousforms34.Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferent-.word.zl-\n..-constituentsarebinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.35.Grammaticalconstructioncanbeusedtomeananysyntacticconstructwhichisassignedoneormoreconventionalfunctionsinalanguage,togetherwithwhateverislinguisticallyconventionalizedaboutitscontributiontothemeaningorusetheconstructcontains.36.Immediateconstituentsareconstituentsimmediately,ordirectly,belowthelevelofaconstruction,evenawordwhichcanbefurtheranalyzedintomorphemes(Bloomfield)37.ICanalysis:theanalysisoftheasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituent-wordgroupswhichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentarereached.38.TheimportanceofICanalysis:isthatitstressedthefunctionoftheintermediatelevel-thewordgroup-intheanalysisofasentence,seeingahierarchicalstructureofthesentence.39.TheadvantagesofICanalysis：theinternalstructureofasentenceisdemonstratedandambiguitycanberevealed.40.Endocentric向心性constructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionally功能一样equivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinablecenterorhead一个词或一组词是整个构造的核心或中心-.word.zl-\n..-41.Exocentric离心性referstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole,thatis,thereisnodefinablecentreorheadinsidethegroup.42.Recursion:therepeateduseofthesameruletocreateinfinitesentences.43.Deepstructure:theabstractrepresentationofthesyntacticpropertiesofaconstruction.Surfacestructure:thefinalstageinthesyntacticderivationofaconstruction,whichcloselycorrespondtothestructuralorganizationofaconstructionpeopleactuallyproduceandreceive.44.Textlinguistics:abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesspokenorwrittentexts.45.Anaphora:theuseofawordorphrasewhichrefersbacktoanotherwordorphrasewhichwasusedearlierinatextorconversation.46.Semanticsisthestudyoflinguisticmeaning,themeaningofwords,phrases,andsentences.47.Reference指代meansthetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor.48.Semantictriangle(OgdenandRichards)meanstherelationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoisnotdirect.(concept)-.word.zl-\n..-49.Contextualism:onecanderivemeaningfromobservablecontextswhichincludesituationalcontextandthelinguisticcontext.50.Behaviorism:meaningisthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsfortheinthehearer.51.ponentialanalysis成分分析法istheapproachthatanalyzewordmeaningbydeposingisintoitsatomic原子的features.Itshowsthesemanticfeatures语义特征ofaword.52.Entailment蕴涵XJohnkilledBillYBilldiedIfXentailsY,themeaningofXisincludedinY.(ifxistrue,yistrue;yisfalse,xisfalse)41.Presupposition预设XJohn’sbikeneedsrepairingYJohnhasabikeYisaprerequisiteofx.(ifxistrue,yistrue;ifxisfalse,yistrue)53.Pragmatics语用学isthestudyofthoserelationsbetweenlanguageandcontextthataregrammaticalizedorencodedinthestructureofalanguage.54.Speechacttheory言语行为理论由Austin提出55.Locutionaryact发话行为〔以言指事字面意思〕whenwespeakwemoveourvocalorgansandproduceanumberofsounds,organizedinacertainwayandwithacertainmeaning.Theactperformedin-.word.zl-\n..-thesenseiscalled~56.Illocutionaryact行事行为〔以言行事言外之意〕whenwespeak,wenotonlyproducesomeunitsoflanguagewithcertainmeaning(locution),butalsomakeourpurposeinproducingthem,thewayweintendthemtobeunderstood,thisisthe~,whichindicatesthespeaker’sintention.Theutteranceshavesomeillocutionaryforces行事语力57.Perlocutionaryact取效行为〔以言成事〕Itreferstotheconsequentialeffectsofalocution语句uponthehearer.58.Cooperativeprinciplemeansthatmakeyourcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.四个准侧：maximOfquantity数量准那么；maximofquality质量准那么〔修辞〕；relation；manner-.word.zl-