语言学树形图 32页

..-树形图详细讲解1.Indicatethecategoryofeachwordinthefollowingsentences.a)Theoldladysuddenlyleft.DetANQualVb)Thecarstoppedattheendoftheroad.DetNVPDetNPDetNc)Thesnowmighthaveblockedtheroad.DetNAuxAuxVDetNd)Heneverappearsquitemature.NQualVDegA2.Thefollowingphrasesincludeahead,aplement,andaspecifier.Drawtheappropriatetreestructureforeach.a)fullofpeopleAPAPNfullofpeopleb)astoryaboutasentimentalgirlNP-.word.zl-\n..-NPPPDetNPNPDetANastoryaboutasentimentalgirlc)oftenreaddetectivestoriesVPQualVNPANoftenreaddetectivestoriesd)theargumentagainsttheproposalsNPNPPP-.word.zl-\n..-DetNPNPDetNtheargumentagainsttheproposalse)movetowardsthewindowVPVPPPDetNmovetowardsthewindow3.Drawphrasestructuretreesforeachofthefollowingsentences.a)Thejetlanded.InflP(=S)NPInflVPDetNPstVThejetlandedb)Marybecameveryill.InflP(=S)-.word.zl-\n..-NPInflVPNPstVAPDegAMarybecameveryillc)Whatwillyoutalkabout?CPNPCSNInflNPInflVPVPNPVPNWhatwillyouetalkabouted)Theapplemighthittheman.S-.word.zl-\n..-NPVPDetNAuxVNPDetNTheapplemighthitthemanORInflP(=S)NPInflVPDetNVNPDetNTheapplemighthitthemane)Heoftenreadsdetectivestories.S-.word.zl-\n..-NPVPNQualVNPANHeoftenreadsetectivestoriesORInflP(=S)NPInflVPPresNQualVNPANHeoftenreadsetectivestories4.Thefollowingsentencescontainmodifiersofvarioustypes.Foreachsentence,firstidentifythemodifier(s),thendrawthetreestructures.a)Afrightenedpassengerlandedthecrippledairplane.InflP(=S)-.word.zl-\n..-NPInflVPDetANPstVNPDetANAfrightenedpassengerlandedthecrippledairplaneb)Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky.InflP(=S)NPInflVPDetANPstVPPPNPDetANAhugemoonhungintheblacksky-.word.zl-\n..-c)Anunusualeventoccurredbeforethemeeting.InflP(=S)NPInflVPDetANPstVPPPNPDetNAnunusualeventoccurredbeforethemeetingd)Aquaintoldhouseappearedonthegrassyhill.InflP(=S)NPInflVPDetANPPstVPPANPNPDetAN-.word.zl-\n..-Aquaintoldhouseappearedonthegrassyhill5.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainconjoinedcategories.Drawatreestructureforeachofthesentences.a)Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants.InflP(=S)NPVPNAuxVNPDetANPNCONNJimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpantsORInflP(=S)NPVPNInflVNP-.word.zl-\n..-DetANPNCONNJimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpantsb)Helenputonherclothesandwentout.SNPVPNVPCONVPVPNPVAdvVPDetNHelenputonherclothesandwentoutORInflP(=S)NPInflVP-.word.zl-\n..-NPstVPCONVPVPNPVAdvVPDetNHelenputonherclothesandwentoutc)Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics.SNPVPNVPCONVPVPNPVPNPVAPNVAPNMaryisfondofliteraturebut(is)tiredofstatisticsORInflP(=S)NPInflVP-.word.zl-\n..-NPresVPCONVPVPNPVPNPVAPNVAPNMaryisfondofliteraturebut(is)tiredofstatisticsd)Thedetectivewentoutandthemysteriousmancamein.SSCONSNPVPNPVPDetNVAdvDetANVAdvThedetectivewentoutandthemysteriousmancameine)Crusoeknowsthatspringwilleandthesnowwillmelt.SNPVPCP-.word.zl-\n..-NVCSSCONSNPVPNPVPNAuxVDetNAuxVCrusoeknowsthatspringwilleandthesnowwillmelt6.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainembeddedclausesthatfunctionasplementsofaverb,anadjective,aprepositionoranoun.Drawatreestructureforeachsentence.a)YouknowthatIhatewar.SNPVPCPNVCSNPVPNPNVNYouknowthatIhatewar-.word.zl-\n..-ORCPCInflP(=S)NPInflVPCPNPresVCSNPVPNVNPNYouknowthatIhatewarb)HesaidthatTomaskedwhethertheclasswasover.SNPVPCPNVCS-.word.zl-\n..-NPVPCPNVCSNPVPDetNVLAHesaidthatTomaskedwhethertheclasswasoverc)Gerrycan’tbelievethefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam.SNPVPNVPNPCPAuxNegVNPCSDetNNPVPNVNPDetAN-.word.zl-\n..-GerrycannotbelievethefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexamd)ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRolls-Royce.SNPVPCPNVLACSNPVPDetNVNPNPNDetNChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRolls-Roycee)Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings.SNPVPCPDetNVPCS-.word.zl-\n..-VPNPVPNVNPNThechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings7.Eachofthefollowingsentencescontainsarelativeclause.Drawthedeepstructureandthesurfacestructuretreesforeachofthesentences.a)Theessaythathewrotewastoolong.DeepstructureCPCSNPVPDetNCPVAPCSDegPNPInflVPNVNP-.word.zl-\n..-NTheessayhewrotethatwastoolongSurfaceStructureCPCSNPVPDetNCPVAPCSDegANPNPInflVPNNPstVNPNTheessaythathewroteewastoolong-.word.zl-\n..-b)Thedogthathekeepsbites.DeepstructureCPCSNPVPDetNCPVCInflSPresNPVPNVNPNThedoghekeepsthatbites-.word.zl-\n..-SurfaceStructureCPCSNPVPDetNCPVCSNPNPInflVPNNPresVNP-.word.zl-\n..-NThedogthathekeepsebitesc)Herbertfoundthemansheloved.DeepstructureCPCSNPVPNInflVNPCPDetNCSNPInflVPNPNVNHerbertfoundthemanshelovedwho-.word.zl-\n..-SurfaceStructureCPCSNPVPNInflVNPCPDetNSCNPInflVP-.word.zl-\n..-NPNPNVNNHerbertfoundtheman(whom)sheloveded)Thegirlwhomheoftenquarrelswithmajorsinlinguistics.DeepstructureCPCSNPVPDetNCPVPPPNPCInflSNNPVPPPNQualVPNPVPN-.word.zl-\n..-ThegirlheoftenquarrelswithwhommajorsinlinguisticsSurfaceStructureCPCSNPVPDetNCPVPP-.word.zl-\n..-PNPCSNNPNPInflVPPPNNQualVPNPVPNThegirlwhomheoftenquarrelswithemajorsinlinguistics8.Thederivationsofthefollowingsentencesinvolvetheinversiontransformation.Givethedeepstructureandthesurfacestructuretreesforeachofthesesentences.a)Wouldyouetomorrow?DeepstructureCPCSVPNPAdvPNInflVAdv-.word.zl-\n..-youwouldetomorrowSurfacestructureCPCSVPNPAdvPInflNInflVAdvwouldyoueetomorrowb)Canyoupassmethenewspaper?DeepstructureCPCSVP-.word.zl-\n..-NPNPNPNInflVNDetNyoucanpassmethenewspaperSurfacestructureCPCSVPInflNPNPNPNInflVNDetNCanyouepassmethenewspaperc)Shouldthestudentsreporttheincident?DeepstructureCPCSVP-.word.zl-\n..-NPNPDetNInflVDetNthestudentsshouldreporttheincidentSurfacestructureCPCSVPInflNPNPDetNInflVDetNshouldthestudentsereporttheincidentd)Whatdidyoueatforlunch?DeepstructureCP-.word.zl-\n..-CSVPNPPPNPNPNInflVPNNyoudideatwhatforlunchSurfacestructureCPNPCSVPInflNPPPNPNPNNInflVPNNwhatdidyoueeateforlunch-.word.zl-\n..-e)Whoshouldthisbereportedto?DeepstructureCPCSVPNPPPVPNPNInflVVPNthisshouldbereportedtowhom-.word.zl-\n..-SurfacestructureCPNPCSVPNInflNPPPVPNPNInflVVPNwhomshouldthisebereportedtoef)WhatwasHelenbringingtotheparty?DeepstructureCPCSVPNPPPNPNPNInflVP-.word.zl-\n..-NDetNHelenwasbringingwhattothepartySurfacestructureCPNPCSVPNInflNPPPNPNPNInflVPNDetNwhatwasHelenebringingetotheparty-.word.zl-