语言学电子教案 17页

语言学\n2.therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture-Languageisapartofculture.-Languageistheprimarymeansforculturaltransmission.-Somelinguisticdifferencesareduetoculturaldifferences.-Variouscultureswillhavedifferentresponsestothesameword.Example\nAFlyinaBeerIfinthedinninghall,aflywasseeninaglassofbeer……AnEnglishman,“MayIhaveanother,please?”AFrenchman,pourthebeerout.ASpanishman,putthemoneyonthetableandleavewithoutaword.AJapanese,summonthemanagerandcriticize,“Doyoudoallyourbusinesslikethis?”\nAnArab,givethebeertothewaiterandsay,“I’llbuyyouadrink.”AnAmerican,“Pleaseservetheflyandbeerseparately.Ifthecustomerlikesthefly,hecouldputitintohisbeerhimself.”\nThecaseaboveshowsthatsocialinteractionsmayvarygreatlyowingtodifferentculturalbackgrounds.Comment：Inthiscase,people’sdifferentreactionsrevealnotonlytheirindividualpersonalitybutalsotheorientationoftheirnation’smainstreamculture,e.g.theEnglish’sseriousness,theFrench’sarrogance,theSpanish’sgenerosity,theJapanese’scriticalapproach,theArab’ssarcasmandtheAmerican’shumor.\n3.Sapir-WhorfHypothesis(SWH)萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说(认为语言结构决定人类思维方式及行动方法的假说)[亦作Whorfianhypothesis]Ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressouruniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.\n4.Linguisticevidenceofculturaldifferences1.Greetingsandtermsofaddress2.Thanksandcompliments3.Colourwords4.Privacyandtaboos5.Roundingoffnumbers6.Wordsandcultural-specificconnotations7.Cultural-relatedidiomsandproverbsExample\nLiHongzhang’sEmbarrassmentLiHongzhang,oneofthetopofficialsintheQingDynasty,wasinvitedtovisittheUnitedStates.Hewaswarmlywelcomed.Oneday,LiwashostingabanquetfortheAmericanofficialsinapopularrestaurant.Asthebanquetstarted,accordingtotheChinesecustom,Listoodupandsaid,“Iamveryhappytohaveallofyouheretoday.Thoughthesedishesarecoarseandnotdeliciousandgoodenoughtoshowmyrespectforyou,Ihopeyouwillenjoythem…”(今天承蒙各位光临，不胜荣幸。我们略备粗馔，聊表寸心，没有什么可口的东西，不成敬意，请大家多多包涵……)\nThenextday,theEnglishversionofhiswordswasshowninthelocalnewspaper.Tohisshock,therestaurantownerflewintorage.HethoughtitwasaninsulttohisrestaurantandinsistedthatLishouldshowhimtheevidenceofwhichdishwasnotwell-madeandwhichdishwasnotdelicious.Otherwise,Liintentionallydamagedthereputationoftherestaurant,andheshouldapologize.AllthefussmadeLiratherembarrassed.\nComment:WhatLisaidisjustsomeformulaicpoliteexpressioncommonintype;almostallChinesepeopleknowthisandcouldhearthatnearlyeverywhere.Asfarastheliterarymeaningisconcerned,Li’swordsareinappropriate,buttheydoconveythemeaningofrespect.Here,thelanguageformisdifferentfromitscontent,aphenomenononlyfoundintheEasternculture.However,thiscasehappenedinAmerica,andtheaudiencewasAmerican.\nAmericaisacountrywithhighlyvaluedindividualismandtheyexpressthemselvesratherdirectly.TheycouldhardlyunderstandtheEasterner’sover-modesty,fortheytendtocomprehendwhattheyhearliterally,andaclashwasinevitable.IfLi’swordswerechangedinto:“Thecuisineofyourcountryisreallygreat.It’smygreathonortohaveachancetoentertainyouwiththem…(贵国的菜肴真是好极了，今天能有机会借花献佛，不胜荣幸之至……)”theneveryonewouldhavebeenhappy.\n5.CultureoverlapanddiffusionCulturaloverlapCulturaloverlapreferstotheidenticalpartofculturebetweentwosocietiesowingtosomesimilaritiesinthenaturalenvironmentandpsychologyofhumanbeings.Forexample,thesuperiortendstorefertohimselforherselfbymeansofkinshiptermsortitle,suchas“Havedaddy/mummy/teachertoldyouthat?”\nCulturaldiffusionThroughcommunication,someelementsofcultureAentercultureBandbecomepartofcultureB,thisphenomenonisknownasculturaldiffusion.Onetypicalexampleofculturaldiffusionistheappearanceofloanwords.Thepracticeofobservingholidaysofforeignoriginsandacceptingconceptsfromothercultures.Theattitudetowardsculturaldiffusion(esp.culturalimperialismowingtolinguisticimperialism)\n6.Thesignificanceofculturalteachingandlearning6.ThesignificanceofculturalteachingandlearningA.Learningaforeignlanguageisinseparablefromlearningitsculture.B.Weneedtolearnenoughaboutthelanguage’sculturesothatwecancommunicateinthetargetlanguageproperlytoachievenotonlythelinguisticcompetencebutalsothepragmaticorcommunicativecompetenceaswell.\nConclusionAboutInterculturalcommunicationA.Interculturalorcross-culturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures(theirculturalperceptionsandsymbolssystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.)B.Incross-culturalcommunication,weneedtopayspecialattentiontothesignificantdifferencesregardingsocialrelationsandconceptofuniversefromdifferentperspectivessuchaslanguage,food,dress,attitudetowardstime,workhabits,socialbehaviorandreligiousbeliefthatcancausefrustrationsincommunicationsandcontacts.\n金晓虹黄艳玲沈燕吕玲玲Thanks~\n此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢