往年语言学试卷 6页

课程名称英语语言学编号-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ⅰ.Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandchoosetheletterA,B,CorD.(1×20=20)1.Saussure’scollectednoteswereputtogetherbyhisstudentstoproducethegreatwork,______,in1916.Itmarkedthebeginningofmodernlinguistics.A.CourseinGeneralLinguisticsB.ACourseinModernLinguisticsC.LanguageD.SyntacticStructures2.InhisbookSyntacticStructurespublishedin1957,Chomskyestablishedthewell-known______,whichmarkedthebeginningoftheChomskyanRevolution.A.competenceandperformanceB.syntagmaticandparadigmaticC.synchronicanddiachronicD.Transformational-GenerativeGrammar3.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”,thefamousquotationfromShakespeare’splay“RomeoandJuliet”wellillustrates.A.theconventionalnatureoflanguageB.thecreativenatureoflanguageC.theuniversalityoflanguageD.thebigdifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanimalcommunication4.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyof.A.aparticularlanguageB.theEnglishlanguageC.humanlanguagesingeneralD.thesystemofaparticularlanguage5.Theconsonant[f]inEnglishcanbecorrectlydescribedashavingthefollowingphoneticfeatures.A.voiceless,bilabial,stopB.voiceless,labiodental,fricativeC.voiced,bilabial,stopD.voiced,labiodental,fricative6.Thesounds“s”and“z”aretheresultofairescapingunderfricationbetweenthetongueandbeforepassingthroughtheteeth.A.hardpalateB.uvulaC.alveolarridgeD.softpalate7.Themorpheme“vision”inthecommonword“television”isa(n).A.boundmorphemeB.boundformC.derivationalmorphemeD.freemorpheme考试课程：班级：姓名：学号：-------------------------------------------------密----------------------------------封-----------------------------线----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------密----------------------------------封-----------------------------线---------------------------------------------------------\n8.The“n”intheword“think”ispronouncedas[Õ].Thisphenomenoniscalled.A.ruleelaborationB.rulesimplificationC.sounddissimilationD.soundassimilation9.Thelevelofsyntacticrepresentationthatexistsbeforemovementtakesplaceiscommonlytermedthe.A.phrasestructureB.syntacticstructureC.surfacestructureD.deepstructure10.ThesentencethathasaNPandaVPcanbeshowninaformula→“SNPVP”.A.hierarchicalB.linearC.treediagramD.vertical11.“Cold”and“hot”arecalledantonyms.A.gradableB.complementaryC.reversalD.converse12.“HehasbeentoFrance”“HehasbeentoEurope”.A.entailsB.presupposesC.issynonymouswithD.isinconsistentwith13.Y’sutteranceinthefollowingconversationexchangeviolatesthemaximof.X:whowasthatyouwerewithlastnight?Y:Didyouknowthatyouwerewearingoddsocks?A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner14.AccordingtoAustin,tosaysomethingistodosomething;andtheactperformedisknownas_____.A.perlocutionaryactB.performativeactC.locutionaryactD.illocutionaryact15.ThetheoryofCommunicativeCompetencethatwasintroducedtolanguageteachingwasfirstproposedby_____.A.ChomskyB.HallidayC.HymeD.Firth16.“Coconut”isatypicalwordthatfallsintooneofthefollowingborrowings--_____.A.loanwordB.loanblendC.loanshiftD.loantranslation17.Binaryfeaturesthathavetwovalues“+”and“-”canbeusedinthefollowingaspectsoflinguisticanalysisEXCEPT_____.A.semanticcomponentsB.semanticfeaturesC.designfeaturesD.distinctivefeatures18.Thesemanticinformationofwordswhichhastodowiththemoregeneralormoresystematicpartornatureisrepresentativeby_____,asisshownintheword“boy”:(+Human),(+Male),(-Adult).A.casemarkersB.grammaticalmarkersC.semanticmarkersD.distinguishers第1页(共页)\n19.Hallidayhastriedtorelatethefunctionsoflanguagetoitsstructures.Heproposesthreegeneralfunctionsoflanguage--______,interpersonalandtextual.A.informativeB.ideationalC.referentialD.performative20.Awordformationwhereashortwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadyinthelanguageistermed_____.A.clippingB.abbreviationC.acronymD.back-formationⅡ.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.WriteTfortrueandFforfalse.(2×10=20)1.Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,andconventionalityoflanguagemakeslearningalanguagelaborious.()2.Displacementfeatureoflanguagemakeshumanbeingstothinkandtalkinconcreteterms.()3.Languagemarksoutidentity,psychologicallyintermsoflanguageandpersonality;ethnicallyandsociallyintermsofstratification,class,status,role,solidarityanddistance.()4.Thenamingofashipisanexampleoftherecreationalfunctionoflanguage.()5.Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.Thisisthemetalingualfunctionoflanguage.()6.Englishhasaboutforty-fivephonemes.()7.Alanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhisperformance.()8.Theminimalpairstestshowsthatthewordphonemesimplyreferstoaunitofexplicitsoundcontrast.()9.Thesound[s]isavoicelessalveolarstop.()10.Syllablestypicallyconsistofaconsonantfollowedbyavowel.()Ⅲ.ExplainthefollowinglinguistictermsornotionsinEnglish.(3×10=30)1.phaticcommunion:2.competence3.suprasegmentalfeatures4.distinctivefeatures5.blending6.morpheme7.sense8.endocentricconstruction9.illocutionaryact10.linguisticsexismIV.Givebriefanswerstothefollowingquestions.(3×10=30)1.DoyouthinkthatthepictographiccharactersinChinese,suchas山、水、日、月,contradictwithoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage–arbitrariness?Whyorwhynot?2.Thefollowingsentenceisambiguous.DrawtreediagramsordiagramsofImmediateComponentanalysistoshowthedifference,andthengiveEnglishexplanationsforyourdiagrams.(10%)3.Whatarethemainconcernsofgenerallinguistics?-------------------------------------------------密----------------------------------封-----------------------------线---------------------------------------------------------第页(共页)\nⅠ.Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandchoosetheletterA,B,CorD.(1×20=20)1.A2.D3.A4.C5.B6.C7.D8.D9.D10.B11.A12.A13.C14.D15.C16.B17.C18.C19.B20.DⅡ.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.WriteTfortrueandFforfalse.(2×10=20)1.T2.F3.T4.F5.T6.T7.F8.T9.F10.TⅢ.ExplainthefollowinglinguistictermsornotionsinEnglish.(3×10=30)每个term中有具体的分数划分，一般来讲，只要答出划线部分的关键内容即可得到该部分相应的分数，文字表达等其它方面阅卷老师酌情考虑给分情况。另，如果学生用自己的语言表述，只要含义正确，均可得分。1.phaticcommunion:Phaticcommunionreferstooneofthefunctionsoflanguage,i.e.thesocialinteractionoflanguage.(1%)Itinvolvestheuseofsmall,seeminglymeaninglessexpressionstomaintainacomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewithoutcontaininganyfactualcontent.(2%)2.competenceCompetence,putforwardbyChomsky,referstoanideallanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledge(2%)aboutthesystemofrulesofhislanguage(1%).3.suprasegmentalfeaturesSupresegmentalfeaturesarethephonologicalfeaturesinvolvingmorethansinglesoundsegments.(1%)Theprincipalsuprasegmantelfeaturesaresyllable,stress,toneandintonation.(2%任意正确列举两个或以上即可得到两分，只列举一个扣一分)4.distinctivefeaturesDistinctivefeaturesarethephonologicallyrelevant(1%)propertiesthatdistinguishphonemesfromoneanother,//i.e.thesoundfeaturesthatmakemeaningdifferenceinthesamephonologicalsetting.(2%)5.blendingBlendingisarelativelycomplexformofcompounding(1%),inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword(1%),orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords(1%).6.morphemeMorphemeisthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,(1%)aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.(2%)7.senseAsanaspectoflexicalmeaning,senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.(1%)Itistheabstract\npropertiesofanentity.(2%)8.endocentricconstructionEndocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,(1%)orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecenter,orhead,ofthewhole.(2%).Atypicalendocentricconstructionisanounphrase.9.illocutionaryactIllocutionaryact,accordingtoAustin,istheactperformedinsayingsomething,(1%)whoseforceisidenticalwiththespeaker’sintention.(2%)10.linguisticsexismThediscriminationagainstwomeninthelanguage,(1%)indicatingthat(1)thereisadifferenceinthewaymenandwomenaretreated;(2)thisdifferingtreatmentislessfavourabletowomen;and(3)thebasisforthedifferenceisgenderrelated."(2%)（以上的三个表现只要任意答出一种即可得到两分）IV.Givebriefanswerstothefollowingquestions.(3×10=30)1.DoyouthinkthatthepictographiccharactersinChinese,suchas山、水、日、月,contradictwithoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage–arbitrariness?Whyorwhynot?Answer:PictographiccharactersinChinesedonotcontradictwitharbitrariness,thedesignfeaturesoflanguage(2%)becausepictographiccharactersdonotreallyindicateanon-arbitraryrelationshipbetweenwordandmeaning.(2%)Byarbitrariness,itismeantthattheformsorthesoundsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Forinstance,itcannotbeexplainedwhyabookiscalleda/buk/inEnglishbutshuinChinese.(2%)Firstofall,thoughthepictographiccharactersinChineseseemtohaveanaturalbasisinshape,theydonotruncounterwiththearbitrarinessbecausetheirsoundsarestillarbitrarywiththeirmeaning,i.e.thenaturalobjectthattheyreferto.Therefore,thesameobjectisdescribedwithtotallydifferentwords/symbolsindifferentlanguagesinsharplydifferentsoundsandshapes.Forexample,thoughtheChinesecharacter日seemstocoincidewiththenaturalshapeofthesun,thesameobjectisdescribedintotallydifferentformof“sun”,whichbearsnorelationshipwhateverwiththenaturalcircularformofthesun.(2%)Secondly,differentpictographiccharactersareatmostsuggestiveofthenaturalshapestheytrytocapture.Thereisnologicconnectionwhatsoevertobeestablishedbetweenthenaturalshapesandthenoisethatthesoundrepresents.Theyarearbitraryassignifiers.Itisonlywhenyouknowthemeaningthatyouinferthattheformisappropriate.(2%)2.Thefollowingsentenceisambiguous.DrawtreediagramsordiagramsofImmediateComponentanalysistoshowthedifference,andthengiveEnglishexplanationsforyourdiagrams.(10%)\n(1)Theboysawthegirlwhenhewasinthecar.(5%)(2)Theboysawthegirlwhowasinthecar(5%)说明：每个歧义解释中图四分，英文解释一分，但是如果所画图与英文解释不符则不得分。如学生歧义部分没有划出来整个图形不得分，如歧义部分表现正确但其它地方有错酌情给分。3.Whatarethemainconcernsofgenerallinguistics?Generallinguisticsincludesatleastfiveparameters,namely,phonology,morphology,syntax,semanticsandpragmatics.Thefollowingarethemainbranchesoflinguistics.(2)Phoneticsstudiesthespeechsounds,includingtheproductionofthespeech.Phonologystudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.(2points)Morphologyisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning---morphemesandword-formation.(2)SyntaxisaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectEnglishsentences.Theformorstructureofasentenceisgovernedbytherulesofsyntax.(2)Semanticsstudieshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.(1)Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext.(1)-------------------------------------------------密----------------------------------封-----------------------------线---------------------------------------------------------