语言学教程文件 9页

语言学\n精品文档Exercise8I.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:•1.Pragmatics___isthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.•2.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemantics____andpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.•3.Thenotionofcontext____isessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.•4.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesanutterance_____.5.Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,anddecontextualized.6.Constatives（表述句）werestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.7.Performatives（施为句）weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.8.Alocutionary（发话的）actistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.9.Anillocutionary（行事的）actistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.•10.Acommissive____istocommitthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction.•11.Anexpressive____istoexpressfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.•12.TherearefourmaximsundertheCooperativePrinciple:themaximofquantity____,themaximofquality,themaximofrelationandthemaximofmanner.13.Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledthe_CooperativePrincipleproposedbyGrice.14.Whilethemeaningofasentenceisabstractanddecontextualized,thatofan_utteranceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.15.A__perlocutionary（取效的）actistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething.16._Directives（指示句）areattemptsbythespeakertogetthehearertodosomething.17.Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurposeorthesame__illocutionarypoint,buttheydifferintheirstrengthorforce.18.TheideaofPaulGriceisthatinmakingconversation,theparticipantsmustfirstofallbewillingto_cooperate;;otherwiseitwouldbeimpossibleforthemtogoonwiththetalk.Thegeneralprincipleiscalledthe__CooperativePrinciple___.19.Themaximofrelationrequiresthatwhattheconversationparticipantssaymustbe__relevantIII.Choosethebestanswer.收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除\n精品文档•20._C____foundthatnaturallanguagehaditsownlogicandconcludetheCooperativePrinciple.A.JohnAustinB.JohnFirthC.PaulGriceD.WilliamJames•21.Thebranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowcontextinfluencesthewayspeakersinterpretsentencesiscalled__B___.A.semanticsB.pragmaticsC.sociolinguisticsD.psycholinguistics•22._B____proposedthatspeechactscanbeanalyzedonthreelevels.A.AustinB.SearleC.SapirD.Chomsky•23.Promising,undertaking,vowingarethemosttypicalofthe_C____.A.declarationsB.directivesC.commissivesD.expressives•24.Theillocutionarypoint（言外之意）ofthe___B__istoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.A.declarationsB.expressivesC.commissivesD.directives•25.Y'sutteranceinthefollowingconversationexchangeviolatesthemaximof____C_.-X:Whowasthatyouwerewithlastnight?-Y:Didyouknowthatyouwerewearingoddsocks?A.qualityB.QuantityC.relationD.manner•26.Theviolationofoneormoreoftheconversational_D____(oftheCP)can,whenthelistenerfollyunderstandsthespeaker,createconversationalimplicature,andhumorsometimes.A.standardsB.PrinciplesC.levelsD.maxims•27.MostoftheviolationsofthemaximsoftheCPgiveriseto__D___.A.breakdownofconversationB.confusionofone'sintentionC.hostilitybetweenspeakersandthelistenersD.conversationalimplicatures•28.SpeechActTheorywasproposedby__B___.A.SaussureB.AustinC.ChomskyD.Grimm•29.Themaximofquantityrequires:__D___.A.contributeasinformativeasrequiredB.donotcontributemorethanisrequiredC.donotsaywhathaslittleevidenceD.bothAandB•30.AccordingtoSearle,thoseillocutionaryactswhosepointistocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofactionarecalled__A___.A.commissivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives•31.__A___doesnotstudymeaninginisolation,butincontext.A.Pragmatics        B.SemanticsC.Senserelation    D.Concept•32.Themeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomething__C___intraditionalsemantics.A.contextual      B.behaviouristicC.intrinsic         D.logical•33.WhatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningD_____isconsidered.A.referenceB.speechactC.practicalusageD.context•34.Asentenceisa__B___concept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除\n精品文档A.pragmaticB.grammaticalC.mentalD.conceptual•35.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa(n)_C____.A.constativeB.directiveC.utteranceD.expressive•36.Whichofthefollowingistrue?BA.Utterancesusuallydonottaketheformofsentences.B.Someutterancescannotberestoredtocompletesentences.C.Noutterancescantaketheformofsentences.D.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.•37.Speechacttheorydidnotcomeintobeinguntil____A_.A.inthelate50’softhe20thcenturyB.inthemiddleof60’softhe20thcenturyC.inthelate1960’softhe20thcenturyD.intheearly21stcentury.•38.__C___istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.A.AlocutionaryactB.AnillocutionaryactC.AperlocutionaryactD.Aperformativeact•39.Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurpose,buttheydiffer_C____.A.intheirillocutionaryactsB.intheirintentionsexpressedC.intheirstrengthorforceD.intheireffectbroughtabout•40.__B___isadvancedbyGeoffreyLeech.A.CooperativePrincipleB.PolitenessPrincipleC.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammarD.AdjacencyPrinciple•41.Whenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted,__D___mightarise.A.impolitenessB.contradictionsC.mutualunderstandingD.conversationalimplicaturesIV.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue[T]orfalse[F].•42.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudyhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.F•43.Pragmaticstreatsthemeaningoflanguageassomethingintrinsicandinherent.F•44.Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.T•45.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.T•46.Themajordifferencebetweenasentenceandanutteranceisthatasentenceisnotutteredwhileanutteranceis.F•47.Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,butcontext-dependent.F•48.Themeaningofanutteranceisdecontexualized,thereforestable.F•49.Utterancesalwaystaketheformofcompletesentences.F•50.SpeechacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnSearle.F•51.Speechacttheorystartedinthelate50’softhe20thcentury.T收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除\n精品文档•52.Austinmadethedistinctionbetweenaconstativeandaperformative.T•53.Perlocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention.F•_T_54.Ifthecontextofuseisconsidered,thestudyisbeingcarriedoutintheareaofpragmatics.•F__55.Alocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker'sintention.F:(Anillocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker'sintention.)•56.Whenperforminganillocutionaryactofrepresentative,thespeakerismakingastatementorgivingadescriptionwhichhehimselfbelievestobetrue.T•T57.Theutterancemeaningofthesentencevarieswiththecontextinwhichitisuttered.•_T_58.WhileconversationparticipantsnearlyalwaysobservetheCP,theydonotalwaysobserveitsmaximsstrictly.•F__59.Inviting,suggesting,warning,orderingareinstancesofcommissives.F:(Inviting,suggesting,warning,orderingareinstancesofdirectives.)•T__60.OnlywhenamaximunderCooperativePrincipleisblatantly（公然地）violatedandthehearerknowsthatitisbeingviolateddoconversationalimplicaturesarise.•_T_61.Ofthethreespeechacts,linguistsaremostinterestedintheillocutionaryactbecausethiskindofspeechisidenticalwiththespeaker'sintention.•__62.Stylisticscoversthestudyoflanguageuseinrelationtocontext,andinparticularthestudyoflinguisticcommunication.F:(Pragmaticscoversthestudyoflanguageuseinrelationtocontext,andinparticularthestudyoflinguisticcommunication.)•63.Astheprocessofcommunicationisessentiallyaprocessofconveyingmeaninginacertaincontext,pragmaticscanalsobeconsideredasakindofmeaningstudy.T•T__64.Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunicationorsimplyinacontext.V.Definethetermsbelow:•65.pragmatics66.context•67.utterancemeaning•68.sentencemeaning•69.constative70.performative•71.locutionaryact72.illocutionaryact•73.perlocutionaryact•74.CooperativePrinciple•VI.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:•75.Howaresemanticsandpragmaticsdifferentfromeachother?收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除\n精品文档•76.Howdoesasentencedifferfromanutterance?•77.Howdoesasentencemeaningdifferfromanutterancemeaning?•VI.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:•78.Discussindetailthelocutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.•79.WhatarethefourmaximsundertheCooperativePrinciple?•80.Howdoesthefloutingofthemaximsgiverisetoconversationalimplicatures?(Thisonewillbeourassignmentfortoday.)Exercise11I.Fillintheblanks.n1.Inlearningasecondlanguage,alearnerwillsubconsciouslyusehisfirstlanguageknowledge.Thisprocessiscalledlanguage_transfer（迁移）n2.Sucherrorsas"teached"and"womans"arecausedby_overgeneralization（过分概括）n3.The__fossilization（化石化）ofthelearner'sinterlanguageisbelievedtobeamajorsourceofincorrectformsresistanttofurtherinstruction.nfossilization（化石化）n4.Insecondlanguagelearning,instrumentalmotivationoccurswhenthelearner'sgoalisfunctional,and__Integrative（综合的）motivationoccurswhenthelearner'sgoalissocial.nIntegrative（综合的）n5._Contrastiveanalysishypothesisholdsthatwheretwolanguagesaresimilar,positivetransferwouldoccur;wheretheyaredifferent,negativetransfer,orinterference,wouldresult.nContrastiveanalysishypothesisn6.__Interlanguagetheoryholdsthefirstlanguagecanbeviewedasakindof"inputfromtheinside",thustransferisnot"interference"butacognitiveprocess.nInterlanguagetheoryn7._Perceivedtransferability（感知迁移性）meanshowlikelylearnersthinkaformofthefirstlanguagetobeacceptableinanotherlanguage.nPerceivedtransferability（感知迁移性）n8._Inputfloodingisatypeofform-focusedinstructionthatinvolvessupplyinglearnerswithplentifulpositiveevidenceofaspecificlinguisticfeature.nInputflooding收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除\n精品文档n9._Production-basedinstructionaimstoteachaspecificlinguisticfeaturebyelicitingsentencescontainingitfromthelearner.II.Choosethebestanswer.n10.Negativetransferinlearningasecondlanguageisknownas___A__.A.InterferenceB.interlanguageC.FossilizationD.acculturationn11.Besidethegeneticpredisposition（遗传素质）forlanguageacquisition,language____D_isnecessaryforsuccessfullanguageacquisition.A.instructionB.correctionC.imitationD.inputandinteractionn12._C____isdefinedasaconsciousprocessofaccumulatingknowledgeofasecondlanguageusuallyobtainedinschoolsettings.A.CompetenceB.PerformanceC.LearningD.Acquisitionn13.__D___aredevisedtorevealwhatalearnerknows:therulesheisusingandthesystemsandcategoriesheisworkingwith.A.experimentsB.quasi-experimentsC.testsD.tasksn14._C_____seeserrorsastheresultoftheintrusionofthefirstlanguagehabitsoverwhichthelearnerhadnocontrol.A.erroranalysisB.performanceanalysisC.contrastiveanalysisD.discourseanalysisIII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue[T]orfalse[F].n15.Inlanguageclassroomsnowadaysthegrammartaughttostudentsisbasicallydescriptive,andmoreattentionispaidtodevelopinglearners'communicativeskills.Tn16.Iflanguagelearnersareprovidedwithsufficientandtherightkindoflanguageexposureandchancestointeractwithlanguageinput,theywillacquirethenative-likecompetenceinthetargetlanguage.F(Positiveevidencealoneisnotenoughforlearnerstoacquirealanguage,negativeevidencealsohelps.)III.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue[T]orfalse[F].n17.Foreignertalkisalwaysungrammatical.F(Foreignertalkcanbebothungrammaticalandgrammatical.)n18.Learnerswithdifferentfirstlanguageswouldlearnasecondlanguageindifferentways.F(L2learnersfollowbroadlysimilarroutes,althoughminordifferencesexistduetovariablelearnerfactorsandlearningsituations.)Exercise12v1.ThePragueSchoolpracticedaspecialstyleof__synchronic___Linguistics.v2.ThePragueSchoolisbestknownandrememberedforitscontributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetween_phonetics____andphonology.v3.ThemanwhoturnedlinguisticsproperintoarecognizeddistinctacademicsubjectinBritainwas_J.R.Firth___.收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除\n精品文档v4.Halliday'sSystemicGrammarcontainsafunctionalcomponent,andthetheorybehindhisFunctionalGrammarissystemic_____.v5.Systemic-FunctionalGrammarisa(n)___sociologically__orientedfunctionallinguisticapproach.v6.Structuralismisbasedontheassumptionthatgrammaticalcategoriesshouldbedefinednotintermsofmeaningbutintermsof_distribution____.v7.InthehistoryofAmericanlinguistics,theperiodbetween1933and1950isalsoknownasthe__Bloomfieldian___Era.v8.__Descriptivism___inlanguagetheoriesischaracteristicofAmerica.v9.ThestartingpointofChomsky'sTGGrammarishis_innateness____hypothesis.v10.Systemic-FunctionalGrammartakestheactualusesoflanguageastheobjectofstudy,whileChomsky'sTGGrammartakestheidealspeaker'slinguisticcompetence_____astheobjectofstudy.v11.Thepersonwhoisoftendescribedas"fatherofmodernlinguistics"is___B__.A.FirthB.SaussureC.HallidayD.Chomskyv12.ThemostimportantcontributionofthePragueSchooltolinguisticsisthatitseeslanguageintermsof_A____.vA.functionB.meaningC.signsD.systemv13.TheprincipalrepresentativeofAmericandescriptivelinguisticsis___C__.A.BoasB.SapirC.BloomfieldD.Harrisv14.Thetheoryof____D_considersthatallsentencesaregeneratedfromasemanticstructure.A.CaseGrammarB.StratificationalGrammarC.RelationalGrammarD.GenerativeSemanticsv15.Generallyspeaking,the__A___specifieswhetheracertaintagmemeisinthepositionoftheNucleusoroftheMargininthestructure.A.SlotB.ClassC.RoleD.Cohesionv16.___A__GrammaristhemostwidespreadandthebestunderstoodmethodofdiscussingIndo-Europeanlanguages.A.TraditionalB.StructuralC.FunctionalD.Generative17.InHalliday’sview,the__B___functionisthefunctionthatthechildusestoknowabouthissurroundings.A.personalB.heuristic（启发式的）C.ImaginativeD.informativev18.Therhemeinthesentence"OnitstoodJane"is__D___.A.OnitB.stoodC.OnitstoodD.Janev19.Chomskyfollows__C___inphilosophyandmentalisminpsychology.A.empiricismB.behaviorismC.rationalism（理性主义）D.mentalism（唯心主义）v20.TGGrammarhasseen__C___stagesofdevelopment.收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除\n精品文档A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.sixIII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue[T]orfalse[F].v21.FollowingSaussure'sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparole,Trubetzkoyarguedthatphoneticsbelongedtolanguewhereasphonologybelongedtoparole.[F]Phoneticsbelongedtoparolewhereasphonologybelongedtolangue.v22.Thesubject-predicatedistinctionisthesameasthethemeandrhemecontrast.[F]Notalwaysthesamev23.LondonSchoolisalsoknownassystemiclinguisticsandfunctionallinguistics.Tv24.AccordingtoFirth,asystemisasetofmutuallyexclusiveoptionsthatcomeintoplayatsomepointinalinguisticstructure.Tv25.AmericanStructuralismisabranchofdiachroniclinguisticsthatemergedindependentlyintheUnitedStatesatthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury.[F]AmericanStructuralismisabranchofsynchroniclinguistics.v26.TheStandardTheoryfocusesdiscussiononlanguageuniversalsanduniversalgrammar.[F]TheExtendedStandardTheoryfocusesdiscussiononlanguageuniversalsanduniversalgrammar.v27.Americandescriptivelinguisticsisempiricistandfocusesondiversitiesoflanguages.[T]v28.Chomsky'sconceptoflinguisticperformanceissimilartoSaussure'sconceptofparole,whilehisuseoflinguisticcompetenceissomewhatdifferentfromSaussure'slangue.Tv29.Iftwosentenceshaveexactlythesameideationalandinterpersonalfunctions,theywouldbethesameintermsoftextualcoherence.[F]Althoughtwosentencesmayhaveexactlythesameideationalandinterpersonalfunctions,theymaybedifferentintermsoftextualcoherence.v30.CaseGrammarisatypeoflinguistictheorywithintheTGtheoryandcanbearevisionofChomsky'sStandardTheory.Tv31.Thestructuralistsfollowbehaviorisminphilosophyandempiricisminpsychology.[F]Thestructuralistsfollowempiricisminphilosophyandbehaviorisminpsychology.收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除