英语语言学课件 24页

ChapterthreeWordformation(1)\nContents1.Threesensesof“word”2.Identificationofwords3.Classificationofwords\n1.Threesensesof“word”Aunitofexpressionthatnativespeakersmayrecognizebyintuition,whetheritisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform.–Avaguedefinition.\nThreesensesareinvolvedindefining“word”,noneofwhichissatisfactorytocopewithallthesituations.(1)Aphysicalunit:aclusterofsoundsegmentsorlettersbetweentwopausesorblanks,egPhonological:[ɪtɪzˈwʌndəfl]Orthographic:Itiswonderful.Threewordsarerecognized.\n(2)BothasageneraltermandasaspecifictermAsetofforms:walk,walks,walking,walkedHowmanywordsarethere?(general:one;specific:four)SoWORDmaybeusedbothasageneralterm(thenwalk,walks,walking,walkedarejustoneword)andasspecificitems(thenwalk,walks,walking,walkedarethreewords).\n(3)Agrammaticalunit:sentenceclausephrasewordmorphemeTheWordrankislocatedbetweenMorphemePhrase.Aword,inthissense,isthenagrammaticalunit,justlikemorphemeorclausecomplex.\n2.IdentificationofwordsThreefactorstoidentifywords:(1)Stability:themoststableofalllinguisticunits.e.g.housewife,butnot*wifehouse(2)Relativeuninterruptibility:newelementsshouldnotbeinsertedintoaword.e.g.independent,butnot*inadependention\n(3)Aminimumfreeform:thesmallestunitthatcanbeusedasacompleteutterancebyitself,e.gCertainly.Yes.Hi.WonderfulMorning.\n3.Classificationofwords(1)Generalclassificationa.Variablevs.InvariableWordsb.Grammaticalvs.LexicalWordsc.Closed-classvs.Open-classWords\na.variablewords&invariablewordsfollowgosayboydogfatlatesincewhenathroughhellothat\nVariablewords:mayhaveinflectivechangee.gnouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs.Invariablewords:donothaveinflectiveendings.e.gconjunctions,prepositions,articles,interjection,pronouns.a.variablewords&invariablewords\nb.grammaticalwords&lexicalwordsanduptheanthislovebuildingpanruncrazymadghostslowly\nb.grammaticalwords&lexicalwordsGrammatical/Functionwords:mainlyworkforconstructinggroup,phrase,clauseoreventext.Suchasconjunctions,prepositions,articles,pronouns.Lexical/Contentwords:mainlyworkforreferringtosubstance,actionandquality.Suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs.\nc.closed-classwords&open-classwords\nSelfiePhubberBromeoFangirl/fanboyGayriageMompetition\nClosed-classwords:Newmemberscannotnormallybeadded,whosemembershipisfixedorlimited.e.gpronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,auxiliaries.Open-classwords:Newmemberscanbeadded,whosemembershipisinfiniteorunlimited.e.gnouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs.c.closed-classwords&open-classwords\n(2)PracticalandspecificclassificationWordclass:knownasPartsofSpeechintraditionalgrammar,groupingwordsintoclassesaccordingtotheirformalsimilarities.Noun,verb,adjective,adverb,preposition,pronoun,conjunction,interjection,article,etc.Morewordclasses:Particle:infinitiveto,negativenot,subordinateunitsinphrasalverbs“standby”,“getover”,etc.Auxiliary:do,haveModalverbs:can,will,may,must,etc.\nPro-forms:substitutesforotheritemsorconstructions,mostlynominalgroupsorsinglenouns.Pronoun:he,she,I,they,everyonePro-adjective:Yourcarisred.Soishis.Pro-verb:HespeaksEnglishbetterthanhedid.Pro-adverb:HehopestowinandIhopesotoo.Pro-locative:Hewentthere.\nDeterminer:allthearticles,demonstratives,andquantifiersthatappearbeforethenounanditsmodifiers.AccordingtoQuirk,etal.,therearethreesub-classesofdeterminers.\nPredeterminers:all,both;half,one-third,three-quarters…;double,twice,threetimes…;such,what(exclamative),etc.Centraldeterminers:the;this,these,that,those;my,our,your,his,her,its,their;a,another,some,any,no,either,neither;each,every;enough,much,more,most,less;afew,alittle),etc.Postdeterminers:next,last,past,additional;many,several,few,little;one,two,three…;(a)dozen),etc.\nWhendifferentsub-classesofdeterminersoccurtogether,theyfollowtheorderofpre-determiners+centraldeterminers+post-determiners.Asmanyasthreesubclassesofdeterminers(pre-,central,andpost-)maybeused,thereisafixedorderwhenmorethanoneappears.Seethefollowingexamples:allyourbookshalfmysalaryeveryothermonthforthepastfewyears\n\nHomeworkExplaindefinitionsofeachwordformationwithatleasttwoexamples.\nThankyouforyourlistening!