语言学概论作业 5页

rapiddevelopmentofthemarketeconomyenvironmenttoexplorepublicservants'dutyconsumptionmonetizationreformhasprovidedagoodfoundation.Thesocializationofrearserviceworkhasbeenlaunched,andrapidprogressinsomeplacesanddepartments,dutyconsumptionmonetizationofcarrierandapproachtomanagementhasbeenresolved.Third,inrecentyears,exploringthemonetizationofdutyconsumptionhasmadesomeprogress,havegainedsomeexperienceandcanprovidereferencetothecomprehensivereformofthesystemofpublicservants'dutyconsumptionfurther.Implementingan"honestcanteen",standardizeofficialentertainingmanagement;enhancingthetelecommunicationexpensemanagement;eliminationofCountytravelandcountrysidesubsidies;research"villageofficials"capitalizationmanagementofcorporatespending,andsoon.Finally,group...　　18sessiontobeheldinBeijingfromNovember9,2013to12th.35yearsagoblewthethirdplenarysessionofthereformandopeningupinthespringbreeze,changed,affecttheworld;today,35yearslater,intheeyesofthenationandtheworldexpect,againtoreformmarkChina,usheredinthe18session.XIGeneralSecretarypointedoutthatChina'sreformhasenteredacrucialperiodandtheShamShuiPoDistrict,mustbebasedongreaterpoliticalcourageandwisdom,losenotimeindeepeningreforminimportantfields.Darestocrackahardnut,darestoquestiontheRapids,whichdarestobreakthebarrierofideas,anddaretobenefitcurebarriers.Deepeningreformandopeningupisonscheduletoachieveinstitutionalsafeguardsofthemoderatelywell-off.Underthe"fiveinone"theGenerallayoutofsocialistmodernizationrequirements,18sessionofthedecisionwasa"fiveinone"andtheimprovementofoverallschemeofreform,willpromoteanintegratedandcoordinatedeconomic,political,cultural,socialandecologicalcivilizationconstructionofthefivereformsandtheparty'sconstructionintheareaofinstitutionalreform.　　The"fiveinone"programmeistoachieveacomprehensivereformofinstitutionalguaranteesforobjectivesofbuildawell-offsociety,thesmoothprogressoftheconstructionofawell-offsocietyandreformtheobjectivesoftheprogramme.　　One,holdingtimeandplaceimportanceonNovember9,2013tothe18sessionofthe12thBeijingsince1978,35,havebeen7plenarysession,eachtimeonmajorissuesofpoliticalandeconomiclifeofthecountryhasmadeimportantdeployment.InaccordancewithPRCpoliticalpractice,oftenateverysessionoftheCPCCentralCommitteeinaplenarysessionwasheldimmediatelyaftertheparty'sCongress,onthetheme"personnel",discussingelectionCentral'stopleaders,suchastheelectionoftheStandingCommitteeofthepoliticalBureau,throughtheCentralCommitteemembers,decisions,suchasmembersoftheCentralMilitaryCommission.　　Thesecondplenarysession,isheldintwosessionsbeforethegeneralelection,mainlytodiscussanewStatepersonnelissues.Butbythethird（0126）《语言学概论》复习思考题一、选择题。每小题有四个备选答案，选出一个正确答案，并将它的番号填入题干的括号内。1、[i]是一个（②）①舌尖元音②舌面元音③卷舌元音④舌根元音2、现代汉语属于（②）①历时语言学②共时语言学③应用语言学④普通语言学3、下面划线部分作为词根的是（③）①阿姨②作者③儿子④第一4、根据语言的形态分类，汉语属于（①）①孤立语②屈折语③粘着语④多式综合语5、“他读书”中的“书”和“我看报”中的“报”之间的关系为（②）①组合关系②聚合关系③线性关系④任意关系6、语言中发展速度最慢的是（③）①语音②语义③语法④一般词汇7、从造字方法看，兼用表意表音两种方法的文字叫（④）①表意字②假借字③指事字④意音文字8、英语tooth→teeth采用的语法手段是(④)①加词尾②加词缀③变换重音的位置④词根内部音素的变化9、多义词的中心意义与本义（③）①完全一致②在少数词中是一致的③在多数词中是一致的④完全不一致10、按照普通话及重庆话的读音，“路”、“庞”、“移”等字都没有代表读音的部分，这说明它们（④）①不是形声字②是形声字③没有表音的成分在内④读音古今变化很大11、以声音的高低来区别意义的语言单位叫③①时位②重位③调位④音质音位12、一般说来，新词、古词、方言词、行业词和外来词等①①属于一般词汇②属于基本词汇③有的属于基本词汇，有的属于一般词汇④有时属于基本词汇，有时属于一般词汇13、语言符号与它所代表的事物之间（④）①在意义上有一定的联系②在特征上有一定的联系③在意义和特征上都有一定的联系④在意义和特征上都没有联系14、现代汉语的“着”、“了”、“过”也表示（①）的语法范畴①体②时③态④人称15、社会方言的特点反映在（②）方面最明显。①语音②词汇③语法④行业用语16、鹦鹉可能一口气背出若干首诗，这说明（②）①鹦鹉有比较低级的语言能力②鹦鹉有一种机械模仿声音的本能③鹦鹉可以就有限的内容跟它的主人交际④鹦鹉具有比其他动物强的语言能力17、音位的条件变体和自由变体（②）①前者区别意义，后者不区别意义②前者出现的环境是互补的，后者可以出现在同样的环境中③前者不能出现在同样环境中，后者出现的环境是互补的④前者是对立关系，后者是互补关系18、一种语言中的词汇和语法，（④）①前者是有限的，后者是无限的②前者是无限的，后者是有限的③都是无限的④都是有限的19、词是语言中（③）①最小的单位②音义结合的最小单位③能够独立运用的最小单位④用于交际的基本表述单位20、世界语(Esperanto)是（③）①法国人设计的②德国人设计的③波兰人设计的④美国人设计的21、随着语言的发展，印欧语系语言大多由“宾—动”型变成“动—宾”型，这是语法（②）①词类的发展②组合规则的发展③聚合规则的发展④语法范畴的消长22、下列特征中，普通话辅音音位/t/具有的区别特征是（①）。①塞②塞擦③舌根④送气23、词在组合中的意义（②）。①是一般的、概括的②是具体的、个别的③是模糊的、两可的④是多义的24、下列语言单位中，属于自由词组的是（②）。①胸有成竹②智力投资③半斤八两④守株待兔25、“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约则谓之不宜”plenarysession,eachsessionoftheCentralCommitteeofnationalinstitutionsandpersonnelproblemshavebeenarranged,youcanconcentrateonnationaldevelopmentandreforms.　　Previousplenarysessionisoftenbrandedwithacentralleadingcollective,oftenbylookingatthethirdplenumoftheinitiativetofoundthecurrentcentralleadershipcollectivegovernancecharacteristics.　　FromtheanalysisoftheprocessofeconomicreforminChina,plenarysession,12session,14,16plenarysessionhaveprogrammaticmeaning,respectively,markingthefourstagesofChina'seconomicreform,andthatthestart-upphaseofreform,reform,constructionphaseandperfectingtheSocialistmarketeconomyframeworkstageofsocialistmarketeconomy.　　Previousplenarysessiontopicsproposedtothethirdplenarysessionof"takingclassstruggleasthekeylink,"shiftedtosocialistmodernization;　　12sessionmarkedthechangefromruraltourban,establishedwithpublicownershipastheFoundationofaplannedcommodityeconomy;　　13sessionatatimewhenboththeoldandthenewsystemchange,governanceandrectifytheeconomicorder;14...FairandefficientandauthoritativeSocialistjudicialsystem,safeguardthepeople'sinterests.　　LegalauthoritytoupholdtheConstitution,deepeningthereformofadministrativelawenforcement,ensurethattherighttoexercisejudicialpowerindependentlyandimpartiallyaccordingtolawtheprosecution,perfectingtherunningmechanismofjudicialpower,improvethesystemofjudicialprotectionofhumanrights.Plenarysession,Affairstherighttoadheretothesystem,andletthepeopleauthoritytoletthepowerrunintheSun,isshutupinacageofthesystempowerpolicy.DecisionScience,implementationshouldbeconstructedstrong,supervisetherunningofpowerfulsystem,improvethesystemofpunishingandpreventingcorruption,promotingpoliticalintegrity,andstrivetoachievecadres'honestandGovernmentintegrity,cleanpolitics.　　Toformascientificandeffectivecoordinationofpowerrestrictionandmechanismstostrengthenanti-corruptioninstitutionalinnovationandinstitutionalprotection,soundimprovementstylenormalsystem.Plenarysession,buildingasocialistcultureinChina,enhancingnationalculturalsoftpower,mustadheretotheorientationofadvancedSocialistculture,adheretothedevelopmentofSocialistculturewithChinesecharacteristics,adheretothepeople-centredwork-oriented,furtherdeepeningreformofculture.　　Toimprovetheculturalmanagementsystem,establishandimprovethemodernmarketsystemandbuildingmodernpublicculturalservicesystem,improvethelevelofcultureopening.Plenarysession,achievingdevelopmentresultsmoreequitablebenefitofallpeople,wemustspeedupreformofsocialprogramsandsolvetheissuesofconcerntothepeoplethemostdirectandrealinterest,andbettermeettheneedsofthepeople.　　Todeepeneducationreform,improveinstitutionalmechanismsforthe\nrapiddevelopmentofthemarketeconomyenvironmenttoexplorepublicservants'dutyconsumptionmonetizationreformhasprovidedagoodfoundation.Thesocializationofrearserviceworkhasbeenlaunched,andrapidprogressinsomeplacesanddepartments,dutyconsumptionmonetizationofcarrierandapproachtomanagementhasbeenresolved.Third,inrecentyears,exploringthemonetizationofdutyconsumptionhasmadesomeprogress,havegainedsomeexperienceandcanprovidereferencetothecomprehensivereformofthesystemofpublicservants'dutyconsumptionfurther.Implementingan"honestcanteen",standardizeofficialentertainingmanagement;enhancingthetelecommunicationexpensemanagement;eliminationofCountytravelandcountrysidesubsidies;research"villageofficials"capitalizationmanagementofcorporatespending,andsoon.Finally,group...　　18sessiontobeheldinBeijingfromNovember9,2013to12th.35yearsagoblewthethirdplenarysessionofthereformandopeningupinthespringbreeze,changed,affecttheworld;today,35yearslater,intheeyesofthenationandtheworldexpect,againtoreformmarkChina,usheredinthe18session.XIGeneralSecretarypointedoutthatChina'sreformhasenteredacrucialperiodandtheShamShuiPoDistrict,mustbebasedongreaterpoliticalcourageandwisdom,losenotimeindeepeningreforminimportantfields.Darestocrackahardnut,darestoquestiontheRapids,whichdarestobreakthebarrierofideas,anddaretobenefitcurebarriers.Deepeningreformandopeningupisonscheduletoachieveinstitutionalsafeguardsofthemoderatelywell-off.Underthe"fiveinone"theGenerallayoutofsocialistmodernizationrequirements,18sessionofthedecisionwasa"fiveinone"andtheimprovementofoverallschemeofreform,willpromoteanintegratedandcoordinatedeconomic,political,cultural,socialandecologicalcivilizationconstructionofthefivereformsandtheparty'sconstructionintheareaofinstitutionalreform.　　The"fiveinone"programmeistoachieveacomprehensivereformofinstitutionalguaranteesforobjectivesofbuildawell-offsociety,thesmoothprogressoftheconstructionofawell-offsocietyandreformtheobjectivesoftheprogramme.　　One,holdingtimeandplaceimportanceonNovember9,2013tothe18sessionofthe12thBeijingsince1978,35,havebeen7plenarysession,eachtimeonmajorissuesofpoliticalandeconomiclifeofthecountryhasmadeimportantdeployment.InaccordancewithPRCpoliticalpractice,oftenateverysessionoftheCPCCentralCommitteeinaplenarysessionwasheldimmediatelyaftertheparty'sCongress,onthetheme"personnel",discussingelectionCentral'stopleaders,suchastheelectionoftheStandingCommitteeofthepoliticalBureau,throughtheCentralCommitteemembers,decisions,suchasmembersoftheCentralMilitaryCommission.　　Thesecondplenarysession,isheldintwosessionsbeforethegeneralelection,mainlytodiscussanewStatepersonnelissues.Butbythethird这句话是两千多年以前我国著名哲学家（④）说的。①孔子②孟子③韩非子④荀子26、重庆人将“沙坪坝”的声母和韵母发成[sampa]，这种情况属于语流音变中的（③）①异化②弱化③脱落④清化27、语言学的三大发源地是（③）①中国、印度、埃及②中国、埃及、古罗马③中国、印度、古希腊和古罗马④中国、印度、古希腊28、按照语言之间的亲属关系对语言进行分类，称之为语言的（④）。①形态分类②结构分类③功能分类④谱系分类29、汉字跟汉语的基本关系是一个汉字记录一个语素，但也有少数汉字只表示一个音节，从这个角度看，汉字是一种（③）①语素文字②表意文字③语素一音节文字④音节文字30、元音音质的不同取决于（④）①发音体振动的频率②发音体振动的幅度③发音方法的成阻方式④舌位的高低、前后和唇形的圆展31、（③）是基本词汇的一个主要特点①不一定有构词能力②构词能力比较弱③有比较强的构词能力④每个词都有构词能力32、声音的高低完全决定于(③)①发音体振动的强弱②发音体的振幅③发音体振动的频率④人的性别和年龄33、汉语/k/和/ts/两个音位系列在（②），合并为/tþ/音位系列。①开口呼、合口呼前②齐齿呼、撮口呼前③开、齐、合、撮四呼前④只在齐齿呼前34、下列英语的读音中，包含有复辅音的是（④）。①sick②up③go④strand35、“拖拉机”一词是（①）①意译词②仿译词③借词④方言词36、在汉词和英语的词汇中，借词占的比重（②）①汉语大于英语②英语大于汉语③两者相差无几④英语是汉语的一倍37、“洋泾浜”（②）①可以作为母语为学习②没有人把它作为母语来学习③可以作为第一语言进行交际④不可以用作书面语形式38、成都话和上海话的差异，主要体现在（②）①语法②语音③词汇④语义39、方言形成的原因在于（①）①社会的不完全分化②社会的完全分化③文字的分化④水土的差异40、法语、西班牙语、葡萄牙语的母语是（②）①日耳曼语②拉丁语③古斯拉夫语④古希腊语41、英语conduct[ˊk«ndÃkt]（引导），重音在前时是“品行”的意思，重音在后[k«nˊdÃkt]时是“引导”的意思。这种现象是（②）。①调位不同②重位不同③时位不同④重音法不同42、汉语中“北平→北京”、“德律风→电话”，产生词语替换的原因是（④）①社会的因素②语言系统内部的因素③前者是语言系统内部因素,后者是社会因素④前者是社会因素,后者是语言系统内部因素43、构成反义词的一组词（④）①不属于同一意义领域②多数属于同一意义领域③少数属于同一意义领域④必须属于同一意义领域44、现代汉语“看→看过”采用的语法手段是(①)①加词尾②词序③加后缀④虚词45、《庄子》里“匠石运斤成风”中的“匠石”，现代汉语说“名叫做石的工匠”。这个差别所反映的汉语语法发展事实属于（①）①组合规则的发展②聚合规则的发展③结构关系的变化④语法范畴的变化46、[a,i,u,y]的音质取决于(①)①口腔的大小②振幅的大小③各个共振峰的绝对频率④基音的频率47、如果说社会的阶级分化也影响到语言,那么这种影响主要表现在(③)中。①语言的风格变异②运用语言的个人特点③语言的社会变异④不同的使用场合48、汉语拼音方案中韵母之间的关系是(①)①聚合关系②组合关系③意义关系④语法关系49、音位的条件变体和自由变体（②）①前者区别意义，后者不区别意义②前者出现的环境是互补的，后者可以出现在同样的环境中③前者不能出现在同样环境中，后者出现的环境是互补的④前者是对立关系，后者是互补关系50、在汉语中,一个汉字大体代表一个(③)①音位②词③音节④音素plenarysession,eachsessionoftheCentralCommitteeofnationalinstitutionsandpersonnelproblemshavebeenarranged,youcanconcentrateonnationaldevelopmentandreforms.　　Previousplenarysessionisoftenbrandedwithacentralleadingcollective,oftenbylookingatthethirdplenumoftheinitiativetofoundthecurrentcentralleadershipcollectivegovernancecharacteristics.　　FromtheanalysisoftheprocessofeconomicreforminChina,plenarysession,12session,14,16plenarysessionhaveprogrammaticmeaning,respectively,markingthefourstagesofChina'seconomicreform,andthatthestart-upphaseofreform,reform,constructionphaseandperfectingtheSocialistmarketeconomyframeworkstageofsocialistmarketeconomy.　　Previousplenarysessiontopicsproposedtothethirdplenarysessionof"takingclassstruggleasthekeylink,"shiftedtosocialistmodernization;　　12sessionmarkedthechangefromruraltourban,establishedwithpublicownershipastheFoundationofaplannedcommodityeconomy;　　13sessionatatimewhenboththeoldandthenewsystemchange,governanceandrectifytheeconomicorder;14...FairandefficientandauthoritativeSocialistjudicialsystem,safeguardthepeople'sinterests.　　LegalauthoritytoupholdtheConstitution,deepeningthereformofadministrativelawenforcement,ensurethattherighttoexercisejudicialpowerindependentlyandimpartiallyaccordingtolawtheprosecution,perfectingtherunningmechanismofjudicialpower,improvethesystemofjudicialprotectionofhumanrights.Plenarysession,Affairstherighttoadheretothesystem,andletthepeopleauthoritytoletthepowerrunintheSun,isshutupinacageofthesystempowerpolicy.DecisionScience,implementationshouldbeconstructedstrong,supervisetherunningofpowerfulsystem,improvethesystemofpunishingandpreventingcorruption,promotingpoliticalintegrity,andstrivetoachievecadres'honestandGovernmentintegrity,cleanpolitics.　　Toformascientificandeffectivecoordinationofpowerrestrictionandmechanismstostrengthenanti-corruptioninstitutionalinnovationandinstitutionalprotection,soundimprovementstylenormalsystem.Plenarysession,buildingasocialistcultureinChina,enhancingnationalculturalsoftpower,mustadheretotheorientationofadvancedSocialistculture,adheretothedevelopmentofSocialistculturewithChinesecharacteristics,adheretothepeople-centredwork-oriented,furtherdeepeningreformofculture.　　Toimprovetheculturalmanagementsystem,establishandimprovethemodernmarketsystemandbuildingmodernpublicculturalservicesystem,improvethelevelofcultureopening.Plenarysession,achievingdevelopmentresultsmoreequitablebenefitofallpeople,wemustspeedupreformofsocialprogramsandsolvetheissuesofconcerntothepeoplethemostdirectandrealinterest,andbettermeettheneedsofthepeople.　　Todeepeneducationreform,improveinstitutionalmechanismsforthe\nrapiddevelopmentofthemarketeconomyenvironmenttoexplorepublicservants'dutyconsumptionmonetizationreformhasprovidedagoodfoundation.Thesocializationofrearserviceworkhasbeenlaunched,andrapidprogressinsomeplacesanddepartments,dutyconsumptionmonetizationofcarrierandapproachtomanagementhasbeenresolved.Third,inrecentyears,exploringthemonetizationofdutyconsumptionhasmadesomeprogress,havegainedsomeexperienceandcanprovidereferencetothecomprehensivereformofthesystemofpublicservants'dutyconsumptionfurther.Implementingan"honestcanteen",standardizeofficialentertainingmanagement;enhancingthetelecommunicationexpensemanagement;eliminationofCountytravelandcountrysidesubsidies;research"villageofficials"capitalizationmanagementofcorporatespending,andsoon.Finally,group...　　18sessiontobeheldinBeijingfromNovember9,2013to12th.35yearsagoblewthethirdplenarysessionofthereformandopeningupinthespringbreeze,changed,affecttheworld;today,35yearslater,intheeyesofthenationandtheworldexpect,againtoreformmarkChina,usheredinthe18session.XIGeneralSecretarypointedoutthatChina'sreformhasenteredacrucialperiodandtheShamShuiPoDistrict,mustbebasedongreaterpoliticalcourageandwisdom,losenotimeindeepeningreforminimportantfields.Darestocrackahardnut,darestoquestiontheRapids,whichdarestobreakthebarrierofideas,anddaretobenefitcurebarriers.Deepeningreformandopeningupisonscheduletoachieveinstitutionalsafeguardsofthemoderatelywell-off.Underthe"fiveinone"theGenerallayoutofsocialistmodernizationrequirements,18sessionofthedecisionwasa"fiveinone"andtheimprovementofoverallschemeofreform,willpromoteanintegratedandcoordinatedeconomic,political,cultural,socialandecologicalcivilizationconstructionofthefivereformsandtheparty'sconstructionintheareaofinstitutionalreform.　　The"fiveinone"programmeistoachieveacomprehensivereformofinstitutionalguaranteesforobjectivesofbuildawell-offsociety,thesmoothprogressoftheconstructionofawell-offsocietyandreformtheobjectivesoftheprogramme.　　One,holdingtimeandplaceimportanceonNovember9,2013tothe18sessionofthe12thBeijingsince1978,35,havebeen7plenarysession,eachtimeonmajorissuesofpoliticalandeconomiclifeofthecountryhasmadeimportantdeployment.InaccordancewithPRCpoliticalpractice,oftenateverysessionoftheCPCCentralCommitteeinaplenarysessionwasheldimmediatelyaftertheparty'sCongress,onthetheme"personnel",discussingelectionCentral'stopleaders,suchastheelectionoftheStandingCommitteeofthepoliticalBureau,throughtheCentralCommitteemembers,decisions,suchasmembersoftheCentralMilitaryCommission.　　Thesecondplenarysession,isheldintwosessionsbeforethegeneralelection,mainlytodiscussanewStatepersonnelissues.Butbythethird51、（④）的发展变化是语言发展的基本条件。①自然条件②气候③文化④社会52、汉语“舞台”一词在“历史舞台”中的词义是（③）①本义②中心意义③隐喻方式产生的派生意义④换喻方式产生的派生意义53、同音词指（③）①语音相同的词②音同形同的词③语音相同而意义不同的词④音同形同而意义不同的词54、语法结构中最重要的两个单位是（④）。①语素和词②词和词组③句子和句组④词和句子55、普希金是俄罗斯语言的一代巨匠，他的语言至今仍是学习俄语的楷模。这里两次用到“语言”，两次的含义（④）①完全相同②基本相同③完全不同④有联系又有区别56、下面词组中没有歧义的是（④）。①北京劳模中青年居多②咬死了猎人的狗③小王也找过了④小王学会开车57、莎士比亚曾经借罗密欧的嘴说道：“玫瑰花即使换了另一个名称，仍旧如此芬芳。”这句话（③）。①只是文学家的幻想，从语言学的观点看是不对的②是不是正确，要看换一个什么花的名称③是正确的，反映了命名时约定俗成的道理④从科学的观点看没有意义，因为不可能给玫瑰花更名58、语言系统中演变发展最快的是（①）。①词汇②语音③语法④语义59、“恶化”的“恶”与“厌恶”的“恶”的语音区别主要在于（②）方面。①音重②音质③音长④音高60、英语see→saw采用的语法手段是（③）。①加词缀②加词尾③词根内部音素的变化④变换重音的位置二、解释题：1、组合关系2、聚合关系3、对立关系4、互补关系5、音位变体6、音质音位7、非音质音位8、区别特征9、音节10、复元音11、复辅音12、语流音变13、语法单位14、语素15、词16、单纯词17、合成词18、复合词19、派生词20、语法意义21、语法形式22、词类23、形态24、语法范畴25、文字三、简答题：1、简述音位定义的三个要点。2、按照语素的内部结构，可将语素分成哪几种语素？它们的定义如何？3、简述语言符号同它所代表的现实现象之间的关系。4、阐述语言发展的原因。5、音位和音素有什么不同？6、阐述社会方言和地域方言两个概念。7、什么是词的本义、中心意义、派生意义？8、什么是民族共同语？共同语形成的条件是什么？9、以汉语为例，阐述如何根据文字来考察语音的历史演变。10、“洋泾浜”有哪些特点？11、什么是语言的融合？什么是自愿融合和被迫融合？12、语言发展的特点是什么？13、词的组合有哪几种基本类型？14、简述语言发展的不平衡性。15、词汇的发展主要表现在哪些方面？16、举例说明同义词中的“同”和反义词中的“反”是对立的统一。17、什么是语言联盟？18、什么是语言的混合？四、论述题：1、试论语言与思维的联系和区别。2、试论语言与言语的区别和联系。3、试论语法聚合规则的发展。4、联系汉语实际，论词义演变的原因和结果。5、论词义组合（搭配）的条件。6、试论决定音质不同的条件。7、试论文字的作用。（0126）《语言学概论》复习思考题答案一、单项选择题：二、解释题：1、两个以上连续的语言符号有条件、按规则组合起来的关系。2、能互相替换，具有相同性质和作用的语言符号之间的类聚关系。3、具体语言（或方言）中有区别词的语言形式作用的音素之间的关系。4、具体语言（或方言）中没有区别词的语言形式的作用，出现环境互补的音素之间的关系。5、在具体语言（或方言）中属于同一音位的不同音素。6、以音素为材料，通过音质的不同来区别词的语音形式的音位。7、在具体的语言（或方言）中有区别词的语音形式作用的音长、音重、音高等单位。包括调位、重位、时位。8、一个音位具有的某种不同于别的音位的语音特征。plenarysession,eachsessionoftheCentralCommitteeofnationalinstitutionsandpersonnelproblemshavebeenarranged,youcanconcentrateonnationaldevelopmentandreforms.　　Previousplenarysessionisoftenbrandedwithacentralleadingcollective,oftenbylookingatthethirdplenumoftheinitiativetofoundthecurrentcentralleadershipcollectivegovernancecharacteristics.　　FromtheanalysisoftheprocessofeconomicreforminChina,plenarysession,12session,14,16plenarysessionhaveprogrammaticmeaning,respectively,markingthefourstagesofChina'seconomicreform,andthatthestart-upphaseofreform,reform,constructionphaseandperfectingtheSocialistmarketeconomyframeworkstageofsocialistmarketeconomy.　　Previousplenarysessiontopicsproposedtothethirdplenarysessionof"takingclassstruggleasthekeylink,"shiftedtosocialistmodernization;　　12sessionmarkedthechangefromruraltourban,establishedwithpublicownershipastheFoundationofaplannedcommodityeconomy;　　13sessionatatimewhenboththeoldandthenewsystemchange,governanceandrectifytheeconomicorder;14...FairandefficientandauthoritativeSocialistjudicialsystem,safeguardthepeople'sinterests.　　LegalauthoritytoupholdtheConstitution,deepeningthereformofadministrativelawenforcement,ensurethattherighttoexercisejudicialpowerindependentlyandimpartiallyaccordingtolawtheprosecution,perfectingtherunningmechanismofjudicialpower,improvethesystemofjudicialprotectionofhumanrights.Plenarysession,Affairstherighttoadheretothesystem,andletthepeopleauthoritytoletthepowerrunintheSun,isshutupinacageofthesystempowerpolicy.DecisionScience,implementationshouldbeconstructedstrong,supervisetherunningofpowerfulsystem,improvethesystemofpunishingandpreventingcorruption,promotingpoliticalintegrity,andstrivetoachievecadres'honestandGovernmentintegrity,cleanpolitics.　　Toformascientificandeffectivecoordinationofpowerrestrictionandmechanismstostrengthenanti-corruptioninstitutionalinnovationandinstitutionalprotection,soundimprovementstylenormalsystem.Plenarysession,buildingasocialistcultureinChina,enhancingnationalculturalsoftpower,mustadheretotheorientationofadvancedSocialistculture,adheretothedevelopmentofSocialistculturewithChinesecharacteristics,adheretothepeople-centredwork-oriented,furtherdeepeningreformofculture.　　Toimprovetheculturalmanagementsystem,establishandimprovethemodernmarketsystemandbuildingmodernpublicculturalservicesystem,improvethelevelofcultureopening.Plenarysession,achievingdevelopmentresultsmoreequitablebenefitofallpeople,wemustspeedupreformofsocialprogramsandsolvetheissuesofconcerntothepeoplethemostdirectandrealinterest,andbettermeettheneedsofthepeople.　　Todeepeneducationreform,improveinstitutionalmechanismsforthe\nrapiddevelopmentofthemarketeconomyenvironmenttoexplorepublicservants'dutyconsumptionmonetizationreformhasprovidedagoodfoundation.Thesocializationofrearserviceworkhasbeenlaunched,andrapidprogressinsomeplacesanddepartments,dutyconsumptionmonetizationofcarrierandapproachtomanagementhasbeenresolved.Third,inrecentyears,exploringthemonetizationofdutyconsumptionhasmadesomeprogress,havegainedsomeexperienceandcanprovidereferencetothecomprehensivereformofthesystemofpublicservants'dutyconsumptionfurther.Implementingan"honestcanteen",standardizeofficialentertainingmanagement;enhancingthetelecommunicationexpensemanagement;eliminationofCountytravelandcountrysidesubsidies;research"villageofficials"capitalizationmanagementofcorporatespending,andsoon.Finally,group...　　18sessiontobeheldinBeijingfromNovember9,2013to12th.35yearsagoblewthethirdplenarysessionofthereformandopeningupinthespringbreeze,changed,affecttheworld;today,35yearslater,intheeyesofthenationandtheworldexpect,againtoreformmarkChina,usheredinthe18session.XIGeneralSecretarypointedoutthatChina'sreformhasenteredacrucialperiodandtheShamShuiPoDistrict,mustbebasedongreaterpoliticalcourageandwisdom,losenotimeindeepeningreforminimportantfields.Darestocrackahardnut,darestoquestiontheRapids,whichdarestobreakthebarrierofideas,anddaretobenefitcurebarriers.Deepeningreformandopeningupisonscheduletoachieveinstitutionalsafeguardsofthemoderatelywell-off.Underthe"fiveinone"theGenerallayoutofsocialistmodernizationrequirements,18sessionofthedecisionwasa"fiveinone"andtheimprovementofoverallschemeofreform,willpromoteanintegratedandcoordinatedeconomic,political,cultural,socialandecologicalcivilizationconstructionofthefivereformsandtheparty'sconstructionintheareaofinstitutionalreform.　　The"fiveinone"programmeistoachieveacomprehensivereformofinstitutionalguaranteesforobjectivesofbuildawell-offsociety,thesmoothprogressoftheconstructionofawell-offsocietyandreformtheobjectivesoftheprogramme.　　One,holdingtimeandplaceimportanceonNovember9,2013tothe18sessionofthe12thBeijingsince1978,35,havebeen7plenarysession,eachtimeonmajorissuesofpoliticalandeconomiclifeofthecountryhasmadeimportantdeployment.InaccordancewithPRCpoliticalpractice,oftenateverysessionoftheCPCCentralCommitteeinaplenarysessionwasheldimmediatelyaftertheparty'sCongress,onthetheme"personnel",discussingelectionCentral'stopleaders,suchastheelectionoftheStandingCommitteeofthepoliticalBureau,throughtheCentralCommitteemembers,decisions,suchasmembersoftheCentralMilitaryCommission.　　Thesecondplenarysession,isheldintwosessionsbeforethegeneralelection,mainlytodiscussanewStatepersonnelissues.Butbythethird9、说话时，发音器官的紧张度、听感上的响度的每次增减所形成的语音段落。说话时，发音器官的紧张度、听感上的响度的每次增减所形成的语音段落。10、同一音节里两个或两个以上元音组合起来构成的音。11、同一音节里处在同一紧张度增强或减弱阶段上的两个或两个以上的辅音的组合。12、在语流中，由于受各种音位相邻的影响，或者说话的高低、快慢、强弱因素的影响而在发音上产生的某种变化。包括：同化、异化、弱化、脱落等。13、能在组合的某一个位置上被替换下来的、音义结合的片断。14、语言符号中音义结合的最小单位。15、造句时能够独立运用的最小的音义结合的单位。16、词干由一个词根语素构成的词。17、词干由两个或两个以上构词语素组成的词。依其结构又可分为复合词和派生词。18、由词根语素和词根语素按照一定的语法规则构成的合成词。19、由词根语素与词缀语素组合起来的合成词。20、词的变化及词在组合中体现出来的语法意义。21、表达语法结构意义的形式。22、依据词的组合规则和聚合规则划分出来的语法类别。23、词与词组合时发生的词形变化所形成的聚合。24、语法形式表达出来的语法意义的类。25、记录语言的书写符号系统。三、简答题：（要点）1、（1）音位是能够区别语音形式的语音单位；(2)音位总是就一定语言（或方言）而言的；(3)音位是最小的语音单位（但要注意与音素的区别）。2、根据语素在词中的作用。可将其分为词根语素、词缀语素、词尾语素。词根语素是能够体现词的词汇意义的语素；词缀语素是粘附在词根上构成新词的语素；词尾语素是加在词干后面，改变词的形式而不构成新词的语素。3、（1）音义之间的关系是任意的，不可论证的；（2）语言符号的音义结合的统一体。音义的结合是社会约定俗成的；（3）意义是人们对现实现象的概括的反映，是联系声音同现实现象之间的桥梁；（4）音义结合的语言符号代表了现实现象。4、（1）社会的发展是语言发展演变的基本条件社会的进步推动语言的发展；不同社会间的联系、交往和接触要影响语言的发展；社会的分化和统一要影响语言的发展。（2）语言结构各要素的相互影响要引起语言的发展演变。（3）语言的交际功能或交际价值的实现是语言发展的又一重要条件。5、①音素是从语音的生理、物理属性方面来说明其特点的，依据音节的发音动作来分析，一个发音动作就可以得到一个音素，由于发音动作特点的不同，构成了语音中的不同音素。而音位则是从语音的社会属性的角度归纳出来的语音单位，一种语言里的音素有很多，但可以归纳为为数不是太多的音位系统。一个音位可以概括两个以上的一类音素。②音位有辨义的作用，而音素则不一定。③音位是就具体的语言或方言而言的，而音素是就所有语言而言的。6、社会方言是指社会内部不同年龄、性别、职业、阶级、阶层的人们在语言使用上表现出来的、在全民语言基础上产生的语言变体。地域方言是指一种语言的地方变体。7、词的本义：一个词产生时最初的意义。是就具历史渊源而言的。词的中心意义：一个词在某个历史阶段最常用的意义。是就多义词在某个历史阶段的各个意义之间的关系而言的。词的派生意义：从词的本义里通过引申而产生出来的意义。8、民族共同语是在一种语言的某种方言的基础上形成的，并引导方言发展以至最后取代方言的共同交际工具。共同语形成的条件是：（1）政治、经济、文化的中心所在地；（2）通行地区广，使用人口多；（3）能够代表整个语言的发展趋势；（4）如果有文字，往往有用这种方言写成的大量文献。9、（1）从形声字的声符去考察古音。（2）据“反切”考察古音。（3）根据古诗词的韵脚考察古音。（4）通过借词的读音考察语音的历史演变。10、（1）语音当地化；（2）词汇数量少；（3）语法规则减少到最低程度，并受当地语法规则的影响；（4）只有口头形式，没有书面语；（5）只用于特殊场合（商业交往），不作母语或第一语言，变体很多。11、语言的融合是一种语言排挤和替代其他语言而成为不同民族的共同交际工具，其他语言则因不再使用而逐渐消亡。自愿融合：在语言的接触中，某一民族的统治者自觉地放弃本民族的语言，选用经济文化比自己先进民族的语言。plenarysession,eachsessionoftheCentralCommitteeofnationalinstitutionsandpersonnelproblemshavebeenarranged,youcanconcentrateonnationaldevelopmentandreforms.　　Previousplenarysessionisoftenbrandedwithacentralleadingcollective,oftenbylookingatthethirdplenumoftheinitiativetofoundthecurrentcentralleadershipcollectivegovernancecharacteristics.　　FromtheanalysisoftheprocessofeconomicreforminChina,plenarysession,12session,14,16plenarysessionhaveprogrammaticmeaning,respectively,markingthefourstagesofChina'seconomicreform,andthatthestart-upphaseofreform,reform,constructionphaseandperfectingtheSocialistmarketeconomyframeworkstageofsocialistmarketeconomy.　　Previousplenarysessiontopicsproposedtothethirdplenarysessionof"takingclassstruggleasthekeylink,"shiftedtosocialistmodernization;　　12sessionmarkedthechangefromruraltourban,establishedwithpublicownershipastheFoundationofaplannedcommodityeconomy;　　13sessionatatimewhenboththeoldandthenewsystemchange,governanceandrectifytheeconomicorder;14...FairandefficientandauthoritativeSocialistjudicialsystem,safeguardthepeople'sinterests.　　LegalauthoritytoupholdtheConstitution,deepeningthereformofadministrativelawenforcement,ensurethattherighttoexercisejudicialpowerindependentlyandimpartiallyaccordingtolawtheprosecution,perfectingtherunningmechanismofjudicialpower,improvethesystemofjudicialprotectionofhumanrights.Plenarysession,Affairstherighttoadheretothesystem,andletthepeopleauthoritytoletthepowerrunintheSun,isshutupinacageofthesystempowerpolicy.DecisionScience,implementationshouldbeconstructedstrong,supervisetherunningofpowerfulsystem,improvethesystemofpunishingandpreventingcorruption,promotingpoliticalintegrity,andstrivetoachievecadres'honestandGovernmentintegrity,cleanpolitics.　　Toformascientificandeffectivecoordinationofpowerrestrictionandmechanismstostrengthenanti-corruptioninstitutionalinnovationandinstitutionalprotection,soundimprovementstylenormalsystem.Plenarysession,buildingasocialistcultureinChina,enhancingnationalculturalsoftpower,mustadheretotheorientationofadvancedSocialistculture,adheretothedevelopmentofSocialistculturewithChinesecharacteristics,adheretothepeople-centredwork-oriented,furtherdeepeningreformofculture.　　Toimprovetheculturalmanagementsystem,establishandimprovethemodernmarketsystemandbuildingmodernpublicculturalservicesystem,improvethelevelofcultureopening.Plenarysession,achievingdevelopmentresultsmoreequitablebenefitofallpeople,wemustspeedupreformofsocialprogramsandsolvetheissuesofconcerntothepeoplethemostdirectandrealinterest,andbettermeettheneedsofthepeople.　　Todeepeneducationreform,improveinstitutionalmechanismsforthe\nrapiddevelopmentofthemarketeconomyenvironmenttoexplorepublicservants'dutyconsumptionmonetizationreformhasprovidedagoodfoundation.Thesocializationofrearserviceworkhasbeenlaunched,andrapidprogressinsomeplacesanddepartments,dutyconsumptionmonetizationofcarrierandapproachtomanagementhasbeenresolved.Third,inrecentyears,exploringthemonetizationofdutyconsumptionhasmadesomeprogress,havegainedsomeexperienceandcanprovidereferencetothecomprehensivereformofthesystemofpublicservants'dutyconsumptionfurther.Implementingan"honestcanteen",standardizeofficialentertainingmanagement;enhancingthetelecommunicationexpensemanagement;eliminationofCountytravelandcountrysidesubsidies;research"villageofficials"capitalizationmanagementofcorporatespending,andsoon.Finally,group...　　18sessiontobeheldinBeijingfromNovember9,2013to12th.35yearsagoblewthethirdplenarysessionofthereformandopeningupinthespringbreeze,changed,affecttheworld;today,35yearslater,intheeyesofthenationandtheworldexpect,againtoreformmarkChina,usheredinthe18session.XIGeneralSecretarypointedoutthatChina'sreformhasenteredacrucialperiodandtheShamShuiPoDistrict,mustbebasedongreaterpoliticalcourageandwisdom,losenotimeindeepeningreforminimportantfields.Darestocrackahardnut,darestoquestiontheRapids,whichdarestobreakthebarrierofideas,anddaretobenefitcurebarriers.Deepeningreformandopeningupisonscheduletoachieveinstitutionalsafeguardsofthemoderatelywell-off.Underthe"fiveinone"theGenerallayoutofsocialistmodernizationrequirements,18sessionofthedecisionwasa"fiveinone"andtheimprovementofoverallschemeofreform,willpromoteanintegratedandcoordinatedeconomic,political,cultural,socialandecologicalcivilizationconstructionofthefivereformsandtheparty'sconstructionintheareaofinstitutionalreform.　　The"fiveinone"programmeistoachieveacomprehensivereformofinstitutionalguaranteesforobjectivesofbuildawell-offsociety,thesmoothprogressoftheconstructionofawell-offsocietyandreformtheobjectivesoftheprogramme.　　One,holdingtimeandplaceimportanceonNovember9,2013tothe18sessionofthe12thBeijingsince1978,35,havebeen7plenarysession,eachtimeonmajorissuesofpoliticalandeconomiclifeofthecountryhasmadeimportantdeployment.InaccordancewithPRCpoliticalpractice,oftenateverysessionoftheCPCCentralCommitteeinaplenarysessionwasheldimmediatelyaftertheparty'sCongress,onthetheme"personnel",discussingelectionCentral'stopleaders,suchastheelectionoftheStandingCommitteeofthepoliticalBureau,throughtheCentralCommitteemembers,decisions,suchasmembersoftheCentralMilitaryCommission.　　Thesecondplenarysession,isheldintwosessionsbeforethegeneralelection,mainlytodiscussanewStatepersonnelissues.Butbythethird被迫融合：为了保持本民族的语言进行了艰苦的斗争，但是迫于经济、文化发展的需要最终不得不放弃本民族的语言，选用经济、文化比自己先进民族的语言。12、（1）渐变性；（2）不平衡性。13、主谓结构反映陈述对象和陈述内容的关系。述宾结构反映动作（述语）和受动作支配的动作（宾语）的关系。述补结构反映述语及其程度、结果、趋向的关系。偏正结构反映修饰与被修饰的关系。联合结构反映并列或选择的关系。（以上五种类型，要能举出正确的例子）14、（1）语言系统各部门发展变化的不平衡。（2）在语言的某一部门内部，同样的语言现象由于所处的条件不同，其发展也不平衡。（3）同一语言现象的发展速度、发展方向，在不同的地区也可以不一样，即语言发展的不平衡性在不同地区的表现。15、（1）新词的产生；（2）旧词的消亡；（3）词语的替换。16、客观现实现象中存在着各种不同的关系，有相近的关系，也有对立的关系。词义在反映这些现象时也就存在着同义和反义两种不同的关系。同义中的“同”与反义中的“反”是对立的统一。一方面，反义词是异中有同，以共同的意义领域作为前提，没有“同”就无所谓“反”。另一方面，同义词又是同中有异，同义词在基本意义相同的条件下显示出意义、色彩、用法上的细微差别，“大同”中显出“小异”来，而“小异”往往反映着同一现实现象中的对立双方的细分。17、指没有直接亲属关系或者亲属关系比较疏远的语言，由于长期共处在同一地区或者毗邻地区互相影响而在语言结构上产生共同或相似特征的现象。plenarysession,eachsessionoftheCentralCommitteeofnationalinstitutionsandpersonnelproblemshavebeenarranged,youcanconcentrateonnationaldevelopmentandreforms.　　Previousplenarysessionisoftenbrandedwithacentralleadingcollective,oftenbylookingatthethirdplenumoftheinitiativetofoundthecurrentcentralleadershipcollectivegovernancecharacteristics.　　FromtheanalysisoftheprocessofeconomicreforminChina,plenarysession,12session,14,16plenarysessionhaveprogrammaticmeaning,respectively,markingthefourstagesofChina'seconomicreform,andthatthestart-upphaseofreform,reform,constructionphaseandperfectingtheSocialistmarketeconomyframeworkstageofsocialistmarketeconomy.　　Previousplenarysessiontopicsproposedtothethirdplenarysessionof"takingclassstruggleasthekeylink,"shiftedtosocialistmodernization;　　12sessionmarkedthechangefromruraltourban,establishedwithpublicownershipastheFoundationofaplannedcommodityeconomy;　　13sessionatatimewhenboththeoldandthenewsystemchange,governanceandrectifytheeconomicorder;14...FairandefficientandauthoritativeSocialistjudicialsystem,safeguardthepeople'sinterests.　　LegalauthoritytoupholdtheConstitution,deepeningthereformofadministrativelawenforcement,ensurethattherighttoexercisejudicialpowerindependentlyandimpartiallyaccordingtolawtheprosecution,perfectingtherunningmechanismofjudicialpower,improvethesystemofjudicialprotectionofhumanrights.Plenarysession,Affairstherighttoadheretothesystem,andletthepeopleauthoritytoletthepowerrunintheSun,isshutupinacageofthesystempowerpolicy.DecisionScience,implementationshouldbeconstructedstrong,supervisetherunningofpowerfulsystem,improvethesystemofpunishingandpreventingcorruption,promotingpoliticalintegrity,andstrivetoachievecadres'honestandGovernmentintegrity,cleanpolitics.　　Toformascientificandeffectivecoordinationofpowerrestrictionandmechanismstostrengthenanti-corruptioninstitutionalinnovationandinstitutionalprotection,soundimprovementstylenormalsystem.Plenarysession,buildingasocialistcultureinChina,enhancingnationalculturalsoftpower,mustadheretotheorientationofadvancedSocialistculture,adheretothedevelopmentofSocialistculturewithChinesecharacteristics,adheretothepeople-centredwork-oriented,furtherdeepeningreformofculture.　　Toimprovetheculturalmanagementsystem,establishandimprovethemodernmarketsystemandbuildingmodernpublicculturalservicesystem,improvethelevelofcultureopening.Plenarysession,achievingdevelopmentresultsmoreequitablebenefitofallpeople,wemustspeedupreformofsocialprogramsandsolvetheissuesofconcerntothepeoplethemostdirectandrealinterest,andbettermeettheneedsofthepeople.　　Todeepeneducationreform,improveinstitutionalmechanismsforthe