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1.classificationofwords(1)variableandinvariablewordsvariablewordsmayhaveinflectivechanges.Suchasfollow–follows-followed-following.Invariablewordsdonothaveinflectivechanges.Suchassince,when,seldom,through,etc.(2)grammaticalwordsandlexicalwordsgrammaticalwordsarethosethatmainlyworkforconstructinggroup,phase,clause,clausecomplex,oreventext.Suchasconjunctions,prepositions,articles,andpronouns.Lexicalwordsaremainlyworkforreferringtosubstance,action,andquality.(3)Closed-classwordsandopen-classwordsClosed-classisonewhosemembershipisfixedorlimited,suchaspronouns,prepositions,andconjunctions.Open-classisonewhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited,suchasauxiliaryverbs.(4)WordclassAfewmorewordclasseshavebeenintroducedintogrammar,suchasparticles,auxiliaries,pro-formanddeterminers.2.Senserelations(1)Synonymy:itisthetechnicalnameforthesamenessrelation.Eg.Buyandpurchase,worldanduniverse.(2)Antonymy:itisthenameforoppositenessrelation.Threearethreetypes:gradableantonymy,complementaryantonymyandconverseantonymy.(3)Hyponymy:itisofrecentcreation,isamatterofclassmembership.3.HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?(1)FreemorphemeandboundmorphemeFreemorphemesarethosethatmayoccuralone,whichmaymakeupwordsbythemselves;boundmorphemesarethosethatcannotoccuralone,whichmustappearwithatleastonedifferentmorpheme.(2)Root,affixandstemArootisthebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithoutdestroyingitsmeaning;anaffixisthecollectivetermforthetypeofmorphemethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme;astemisanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemes(3)4.whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?(1)arbitrariness(2)duality(3)creativity(4)displacement2、howdoyouunderstandthedistinction?ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisaSynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisaDiachronicstudy.Asynchronicstudyoflanguagedescribesalanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointintime,whileadiachronicstudyoflanguageisthestudyofthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.3、whatarethemajordistinctions?(1)languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.(2)langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.(3)langueisabstract;itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.(4)langueisrelativelystable;itdoesnotchangefrequently;whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.4、howdoyouunderstand\nChomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesenablesthelanguageuserstoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambigous.AccordingtoChomsky,performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker’sknowledgeofhismothertongueisperfect,hisperformancemayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandphychologicalfactorssuchasstress,embarrassment,etc.Chomskybelievesthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyisthecompetence.Whichissystematic,nottheperformance,whichistoohaphazard.5、whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?Theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;howtheyareproduced,howtheycanbeclassified.Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication..6、howmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?Whatarethey?Thereare3typesofmorphemes.(1)freemorphemeandboundmorpheme(2)root,affixandstem(3)inflectionalaffixandderivationalaffix7、whatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?Orthographicallyacompoundcanbewrittenasoneword,twoseparatewordswithorwithoutahypheninbetween.Syntactically,thepartofspeechofacompound,isdeterminedbythelastelement.Semantically,themeaningofacompoundisidiomatic,notcalculablefromthemeaningofallitscomponents.Phonetically,thewordstressofacompoundusuallyfallsonthefirstelement.8、whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction?Anendocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecenter,orhead,ofthewhole.Atypicalexampleisthethreesmallchildrenwithchildrenasitshead.Theexocentricconstruction,oppositetothefirsttype,isdefinednegativelyasaconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofitsconstitunents.Prepositionalphrasallikeontheshelfaretypicalexamplesofthistype.9、distinguishthetwopossiblemeaningof“morebeautifulflowers”bymeansofICanalysisMorebeautifulflowers;theICanalysisisawaytodismantleagrammaticalconstruction.10、whatarethethreekindsofantonym?(1)complementarypairsareantonymsinwhichthepresenceofonequalityorstatesignifiestheabsenceoftheotherandviceversa.Single/married,notpregment/pregnant.Therearenointermediatestates.(2)gradablepairsareantonymswhichallowforanatural,gradualtransitionbetweentwopoles;good/bad,hot/cold.Itispossibletobealittlecoldorverycold,etc.(3)relationaloppositesareantonymswhichsharethesamesemanticfeatures,onlythefocus,ordirection,isreversed;tie/untie,buy/sell,give/receive,teacher/pupil,father/son.11、doyouthinkBiscooperativeinthefollowingdialogue?Supportyourargumentwithcooperativeprinciple.A:whenisthebuscoming?B:therehasbeenanaccident.Furtheruptheroad.Yes,Biscooperative.Onthefaceofit,B’sstatementisnotananswertoA’squestion.Bdoesn’tsay“when”.However,Awillimmediatelyinterpretthestatementasmeaning“Idon’tknow“or”Iamnotsure.”JustassumethatBisbeing“relevant”and“informative”.GiventhatB’sanswercontainsrelevantinformation.A\ncanworkoutthat“anaccidentfurtheruptheroad”conventionallyinvolves“trafficjams”,and“trafficjam”preludes“buscoming”.Thus,B’sanswerisnotsimplyastatementof“whenthebuscomes”;itcontainsanimplicatureconcerning“whenthebuscomes”.1、arbitrariness：itreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.2、duality：itismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.3、displacement：tmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.4、linguistics：itisusuallydefinedasthescienceoflanguageor,alternatively,asthescientificstudyoflanguage.5、phonetics:itisthescientificstudyofspeechsounds.Itstudieshowthespeechsoundsareproduced,transmittedandperceived.6、phonologyitisthestudyofspeechsoundsthatthehumanvoicecapableofcreatingwhereasphonologyisthestudyofasubsetofthosesoundsthatconstitutelanguageandmeaning.7、morphology形态学Itisthestudyoftheminimalunitsofmeaning-morphemesandword-formationprocesses.8、syntax句法Itreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguageorsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences9semantics语义学itisthestudyofthemeaningofwordsphrasesandsentences10pragmatics语用学itisstudyofmeaningincontext11Psycholinguistics心理语言学itinvestigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisitionfoeexample.12socillinguistics社会语言学itisanumbrellatermwhichcoversavarietyofdifferentinterestsinlanguageandsociety,includingthesocialfunctionoflanguageandthesocialcharacteristicsofitsusers13language语言系统itisasocialbondthatconstituteslanguage14parole言语itisastorehousefilledbythemembersofagivencommunitythroughtheiractiveuseofspeaking.10competenceitistheidealuser|sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage16performanceitistheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations17phonemesitisthesmallestcontrastiveunitinthesoundsystemofalanguage18minimalpairsitistwowordsthatdifferinonlyonesounditcanbeusedtofindoutwhichsoundsubstitutionscausedifferencesofmeaning.19allophonesitisaphenomenonofvariationinthepronuciationofphonemesindifferentpositions20Allomorphitisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.21closed-classworditisawordwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited22syntaxitreferstorulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimplythestudyoftheformationofsentences23ICanalysisimmediatelyconstituentanalysisicanalysisforshort,referstotheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents-wordgroups,whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimatesakeofconvenience.26concord(agreement)itistherequirementthattheformsoftwoormorewordsofspecificwordclassesthatstandinspecificwordclassesthatstandinspecificsyntacticrelationshipwithoneanother,shallalsobecharacterizedbythesameparadigmaticallymarkedcategory27entailmentitisbasicallyasemanticrelationorlogicalimplication28propositionitistheresultoftheabstractionofsentences,whicharedescriptionsofstatesofaffairsandwhichsomewritersseeasabasicelementofsentencemeaning.29Componentialanalysis词的成分分析itdefinethemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticsfeatures30referenceitiswhatalinguisticsformreferstointherealworlditisamatteroftherelationshipbetweentheformandthereality.31morphemeitisthesmallestunitoflanguageinregardtotherelationshipbetweensounding\nandmeaning,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning