(部分)语言学资料 27页

Chapter5名词解释Predication答案:Predicationreferstotheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence;itconsistsof‘argument(s)’and‘predicate’.Anargumentisalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.Apredicateissomethingsaidaboutanargumentoritstatesthelogicalrelationlinkingtheargumentsinasentence.Selectionalrestrictions答案:Selectionalrestrictionsrefertotheconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.Namingtheory答案:Thenamingtheory,proposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato,isoneoftheoldestnotionsconcerningmeaning,accordingtowhich,thelinguisticformsorsymbols,inotherwords,thewordsusedinalanguagearesimplylabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor,andwordsarejustnamesorlabelsforthings.Conceptualism答案:Conceptualismholdstheviewthatrelateswordsandthingsthroughthemediationofconceptsofthemind.27\nBehaviorism答案:Behaviorismholdstheviewthatthemeaningofalanguageformisthe‘situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.’Contextualism答案:Contextualismholdstheviewthatmeaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context–elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehaviour.Grammaticality答案:Grammaticalityreferstothegrammaticalmeaningofalinguisticunit(suchas‘asentence’),whichisgovernedbythegrammaticalrulesofthelanguage.问答题Whatiscomponentialanalysis?答案:Itisawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaningintosemanticfeatures,usingsuchlabelsas‘+HUMAN’,‘+ADULT’,‘+ANIMATE’,‘+MALE’,andsoon.Componentialanalysismakesitpossibletoshowhowthewordsanalyzedarerelatedinmeaning.Whatispredicationanalysis?答案:ItisawayproposedbytheBritishlinguistG.Leechtoanalyzesentencemeaning,27\nbywhichthebasicunitofasentencecalledpredicationconsistsofargument(s)andpredicate,e.g.Thepredicationof“Tomissmoking.”is:TOM(SMOKE).Whatisthedifferencebetweensenseandreference?答案:Thedifferencebetweensenseandreferenceisthatsenseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform,whereasreferencedealswithwhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld.Whatissense?答案:Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualized.Itistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin,likethedefinitionof‘dog’as‘adomesticatedcaninemammal,occurringinmanybreedsthatshowagreatvarietyinsizeandform’.Whatisreference?答案:Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.Forinstance,ifwesay‘Thedogisbarking’,wemustbetalkingaboutacertaindoginthesituation;here,‘dog’referstoadogknowntoboththespeakerandthehearer.Thisisthereferenceoftheword‘dog’inthisparticularsituation.27\n综合分析题AnalyzeSpeakerA'spresuppositioninthefollowingdialogueanditspossibleeffectonSpeakerB:A:(ThefirsttimetoinviteBtoseeafilm)Hello,Mary.ThisisJohnspeaking.B:Hi,John.A:Whichfilmdoyouwouldliketoseewithmetonight,Titanic,orLoveMeAgain?B:Well,...答案:SpeakerA'spresuppositioninthedialogueisMaryhaspromisedtoseeafilmwithJohnthatevening.HemadethissuppositionprobablybecausehewasafraidofMary'srefusaltogotoseethemoviewithhim.Therefore,heaskedMarytomakeachoiceoutoftwofilmsinstead.ThepossibleeffectisthatifMarywascareless,orshelikedhimverymuch,orshewasinlovewithhim,thenshemightaccepthisassumptionandwentwithhimtoenjoythefilm.Ifshewasverycareful,orshedidnotlikehim,thenthepresuppositionmighthavelittleeffectonher,andshemightwelldeclinehisinvitation.Chapter6名词解释Constatives答案:Constativesarestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andthusverifiable(‘Thedressisred’).Expressives答案:Expressivesarethespeaker’sattemptstoexpresshisfeelingsorattitudetowardsan27\nexistingstate,e.g.‘I’msorryforbeinglate.’,‘It’sverykindofyoutogivemeadvice.’Performatives答案:Performativesaresentencesthatdonotstateafactordescribeastate,andarenotverifiable(‘InamethisshipElizabeth’).Directives答案:Directivesarethespeaker’sattemptstogetthehearertodosomething,e.g.‘Turnonthelight!’,‘You’dbetterreadthebook.’,‘Yourmoneyoryourlife!’Illocutionaryact答案:Illocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention,theactperformedinsayingsomething.Declarations答案:Declarationsarethespeaker’sattemptstobringaboutimmediatechangesbysaying(declaring)something,e.g.‘Inowdeclarethemeetingopen.’,‘Ifireyou!’Utterancemeaning答案:Utterancemeaningistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orinacontext.Locutionaryact答案:Locutionaryactistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses,theactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.Sentencemeaning答案:Sentencemeaningistheabstract,intrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofpredication.27\nCommissives答案:Commissivesarethespeaker’sattemptstocommitthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction,e.g.‘Ipromisetocome.’,‘Iwillcallyoutomorrowmorningwithoutfail.’Representatives答案:Representativesarethespeaker’sattemptstostateordescribe,saywhatthespeakerbelievestobetrue,e.g.‘IhaveneverbeentoEnglandbefore.’,‘Themanisarichman.’perlocutionaryact答案:Perlocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething,theconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance;itistheactperformedbysayingsomething.问答题whatistherelationshipbetweenpragmaticsandsemantics?答案:Therelationbetweenpragmaticsandsemanticsisthatbotharelinguisticstudiesofmeaning.Buttheydifferinthatsemanticstraditionallystudiesmeaningsofwords,meaningsofsentencesinisolationfromlanguageuse,whereaspragmaticsstudiesmeaningsinthecontextoflanguageuse.Whatisconversationalimplicature?答案:Conversationalimplicatureisanonconventionalimplicaturebasedonanaddressee’sassumptionthatthespeakerisfollowingtheconversationalmaximsoratleastthecooperativeprinciple.Itoccurswhenanyofthefourmaximsisviolated.27\nHowaresentencemeaningandutterancemeaningdifferentfromeachother?答案:Sentencemeaningistheabstract,intrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofpredication.Whereasutterancemeaningistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orinacontext.Sothedifferencebetweensentencemeaningandutterancemeaningisthattheformerisabstractanddecontextualized,whilethelatterisconcreteandcontext-dependent.Howdoesasentencedifferfromanutterance?答案:Asentenceandanutterancedifferinthatasentenceisagrammaticalandself-containedunitinisolationfromcontext,whereasutteranceissomethingaspeakeruttersinacertainsituationwithacertainpurpose.Whatiscontext?答案:Contextisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer(e.g.knowledgeofthelanguagetheyuse,knowledgeofwhathasbeensaidbefore,knowledgeabouttheworldingeneral,knowledgeaboutthespecificsituationinwhichlinguisticcommunicationistakingplace,andknowledgeabouteachother).综合分析题1.AnalyzethefollowingdialoguebyapplyingtheCooperativePrinciple:A:WhereisJohn?27\nB:Hemustbesomewhereinthecity.答案:TheCooperativePrinciplereferstothegeneralprinciplethatinmakingconversation,theparticipantsmustfirstofallbewillingtocooperate,oritwouldbeimpossibleforthemtocarryonthetalk.Itgoesasfollows:Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.Itcomprisesfourmaxims:ofquantity,quality,relation,andmanner.TheviolationofanyofthesemaximsresultsinwhatGricetermsconversationalimplicature.Inthedialoguegiven,SpeakerBviolatesthemaximofquality.OnepossibleinterpretationisthathedoesnotwanttoletAknowaboutJohn.2.Analyzethefollowingdialoguebyapplyingthespeechacttheory:FathersaidtoSon:Yougotuplateagaintoday.答案:AccordingtoAustins’newmodelofspeechacts,aspeakingmightbeperformingthreeactssimultaneouslywhenspeaking:locutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.Inthisexample,Father’swordsmightmeanhisperformingthreeactsatthesametime:Locutionaryact:utteringofthesentence“Yougotuplateagaintoday”.Illocutionaryact:askingSontochangehisbadhabitofgettinguplate.Perlocutionaryact:Son’sactualactofchanging,orstickingto,hisbadhabitofgettinguplateinthecomingdays.27\n3.AnalyzethefollowingdialoguebyapplyingtheCooperativePrinciple:A:WhereisJohn?B:Inthet-o-i-l-e-t.答案:TheCooperativePrinciplereferstothegeneralprinciplethatinmakingconversation,theparticipantsmustfirstofallbewillingtocooperate,oritwouldbeimpossibleforthemtocarryonthetalk.Itgoesasfollows:Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.Itcomprisesfourmaxims:ofquantity,quality,relation,andmanner.TheviolationofanyofthesemaximsresultsinwhatGricetermsconversationalimplicature.Inthedialoguegiven,SpeakerBviolatesthemaximofmanner.Onepossibleinterpretationisthathedoesnotwanttospeakdirectlybecausethewordtoiletwillinviteunpleasantassociation.4.AnalyzethefollowingdialoguebyapplyingtheCooperativePrinciple:A:WhereisJohn?B:It’sgoingtorain.答案:TheCooperativePrinciplereferstothegeneralprinciplethatinmakingconversation,theparticipantsmustfirstofallbewillingtocooperate,oritwouldbeimpossibleforthemtocarryonthetalk.Itgoesasfollows:Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.Itcomprisesfourmaxims:ofquantity,quality,relation,andmanner.Theviolationofanyofthesemaximsresultsin27\nwhatGricetermsconversationalimplicature.Inthedialoguegiven,SpeakerBviolatesthemaximofrelation.Onepossibleinterpretationisthathewantstoavoidthetopicof“John”.5.AnalyzethefollowingdialoguebyapplyingtheCooperativePrinciple:A:WhereisJohn?B:Idon’tknow.PerhapsKateknows.答案:TheCooperativePrinciplereferstothegeneralprinciplethatinmakingconversation,theparticipantsmustfirstofallbewillingtocooperate,oritwouldbeimpossibleforthemtocarryonthetalk.Itgoesasfollows:Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.Itcomprisesfourmaxims:ofquantity,quality,relation,andmanner.TheviolationofanyofthesemaximsresultsinwhatGricetermsconversationalimplicature.Inthedialoguegiven,SpeakerBviolatesthemaximofquantity.Onepossibleinterpretationisthatheisakindman.6.Analyzethefollowingdialoguebyapplyingthespeechacttheory:StudentAsaidtohisfriendbesidehim:Ihavenomoneyinmycardforlunchtoday.答案:AccordingtoAustins’newmodelofspeechacts,aspeakingmightbeperformingthreeactssimultaneouslywhenspeaking:locutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.Inthisexample,StudentA’swordsmightmeanhisperformingthreeactsatthesame27\ntime:Locutionaryact:utteringofthesentence“Ihavenomoneyinmycardforlunchtoday.”Illocutionaryact:StudentA’saskinghisfriendtolendhimsomemoneytohavelunch.Perlocutionaryact:StudentA’sfriend’slending(ordecliningtolend)himsomemoney.Chapter7名词解释Borrowing答案:Borrowingreferstotheuseofwordsinalanguagefromanotherlanguageofadifferentculture,e.g.inEnglish,bonus—Latin;dinner—French.Functionalshift答案:Functionalshiftreferstothephenomenonofwordsshiftingfromonepartofspeechtoanotherwithouttheadditionofaffixes,e.g.shoulder(n.)—shoulder(v.).Acronym答案:Anacronymisawordderivedfromtheinitialsofseveralwords,e.g.IT—informationtechnology;WTO—WorldTradeOrganization.Blending答案:Blendingreferstotheformationofawordbycombiningpartsofotherwords,e.g.smog—smoke+fog;motel—motor+hotel.27\nBack-formation答案:Back-formationreferstotheformationofawordby‘subtracting’anaffixthoughttobepartoftheoldword,e.g.edit—editor;beg—beggar.Clipping答案:Clippingreferstotheabbreviationoflongerwordsorphrases,e.g.gym—gymnasium,mike—microphone.问答题1,Whatiswideningoflexicalmeaning?答案:Themeaningofawordmaychangethroughtime.Thewideningoflexicalmeaningisonekindofchangeinthemeaningofaword.Thisreferstothecasewhenthemeaningofawordbecomesbroader,thatwordmeanseverythingitusedtomean,andthenmore.Taketheword‘tail’forinstance.Itoncereferredto‘thetailofahorse’.Butnowitisusedtomean‘thetailofanyanimal’.Whatisnarrowingoflexicalmeaning?答案:Thisreferstothecasethatinthecourseofseveralgenerations,semanticchangehasnarrowedthemeaningofawordtowhatitisinModernEnglish.Taketheword‘girl’forinstance.Itoncemeant‘youngpersonofeithersex’butnowmeans‘youngpeopleoffemalesex’.2,Whatarecausesoflanguagechange?27\n答案:Languagechangecanbeattributedtoavarietyoffactors.Somelanguagechangesmaybeeasytoexplain,butothersmaybedifficulttoaccountfor.Forinstance,itiscleartousthattherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyhasledtothecreationofmanynewwords(suchas‘telecom’,‘fax’).Inaddition,socialandpoliticalchangesandpoliticalneedshavesuppliedtheEnglishvocabularywithagreatquantityofnewwordsandexpressions(suchas‘hotline’,‘shuttlediplomacy’).Whatismore,asmoreandmorewomenhavetakenupactivitiesformerlyreservedformen,moreneutraljobtitles(suchas‘chairperson’,‘policeofficer’)havebeencreated.Furthermore,thewayacquirethelanguagealsoprovidesabasiccauseofchange.Stillanothersourceofchangewhichcanberegardedas‘economyofmemory’resultsingrammarsimplification(suchas‘agendum—agenda/agendums’).Itistruethatthereisnosinglecauseoflanguagechange.Whenweaccountforlanguagechange,wemayfinditquiteacomplicatedphenomenon.3,WhataretherecenttrendsoftheEnglishlanguage?答案:TherecenttrendsoftheEnglishlanguageincludemovingtowardsgreaterinformality,theinfluenceofAmericanEnglish,andtheinfluenceofscienceandtechnology.Chapter8名词解释Macro-sociolinguistics答案:Macro-sociolinguisticsreferstothestudyofsocietyasawhole,andofhow27\nlanguagefunctionsinitandhowitreflectsthesocialdifferentiations,i.e.,abird’s-eyeviewofthelanguagesusedinsociety.Bilingualism答案:Bilingualismreferstothecaseinwhichtwolanguagesareusedsidebysidewitheachhavingadifferentroletoplay,andlanguageswitchingoccurswhenthesituationchanges.Speechvariety答案:Speechvarietyreferstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.Itisalsotermed‘languagevariety’.Idiolect答案:Idiolectisapersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselementsregardingregional,social,gender,andagevariations.Register答案:AccordingtoM.A.K.Halliday,registerreferstothetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituation.Ethnicdialect答案:Ethnicdialectisasocialdialectofalanguagethatcutsacrossregionaldifferences;itismainlyspokenbyalessprivilegedpopulationthathasexperiencedsomeformofsocialisolationsuchasracialdiscriminationorsegregation.Speechcommunity答案:Speechcommunityreferstothesocialgroupthatissingledoutforanyspecialstudy.Forgenerallinguistics,itisagroupofpeoplewhoformacommunityandsharethesame27\nlanguageoraparticularvarietyofalanguage.Regionaldialect答案:Regionaldialectisalinguisticvarietyusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion.Diglossia答案:Diglossiareferstoasociolinguisticsituationwheretwovarietiesofalanguageexistsidebysidethroughoutthecommunity,witheachhavingadefiniteroletoplay.Pidgin答案:Apidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.Micro-sociolinguistics答案:Micro-sociolinguisticsreferstothestudyofsocietyfromthepointofviewofanindividualmemberwithinit,oraworm’s-eyeviewoflanguageinuse.Linguisticrepertoire答案:Linguisticrepertoirereferstothetotalityoflinguisticvarietiespossessedbyanindividual.Creole答案:ACreoleisapidginwhichhasbecometheprimarylanguageofaspeechcommunityandwhichisacquiredbythechildrenofthatspeechcommunityastheirnativelanguage.Sociolect答案:Sociolectreferstothelinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticularsocialclass.27\n问答题1,Whatisstandarddialect?答案:Standarddialectisasuperimposed,sociallyprestigiousdialectofalanguage.Itisthelanguageemployedbythegovernmentandthejudiciarysystem,usedbythemassmedia,andtaughtineducationalinstitutions.Itisaparticularvarietyofalanguageinthatitisnotrelatedtoanyparticulargroupoflanguageusers,butitisthevarietywhichanymemberofaspeechcommunitycanpossiblyuseregardlessofhissocialandgeographicalbackgrounds,hisgenderandage.2,Whatisculture?答案:Inabroadsense,culturemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguagethatcharacterizesthelifeofthehumancommunity.Inanarrowsense,itmayrefertolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms,whichcanbemostlyfoundinfolkculture,enterprisecultureorfoodculture,etc.3,Whatarethethreesocialvariablesofregister?答案:Thethreesocialvariablesofregisterarefieldofdiscourse,tenorofdiscourse,andmodeofdiscourse.Fieldofdiscoursereferstowhatisgoingon:theareaofoperationofthelanguageactivity.Itanswersthequestionsof‘why’and‘aboutwhat’communicationtakesplace.Tenorofdiscoursereferstotheroleofrelationshipinthesituationinquestion:whotheparticipantsinthecommunicationgroupsareandinwhatrelationshiptheystandtoeachother.Itanswersthequestionof‘towhom’thespeakeriscommunicating.Mode27\nofdiscoursemainlyreferstothemeansofcommunication.Itisconcernedwith‘how’communicationiscarriedout.名词解释Linguisticrelativity答案:Linguisticrelativityreferstothefactthatdifferentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround,andtheythinkandspeakdifferently.Denotativemeaning答案:Denotativemeaningisthemeaningthatcanbefoundinadictionary.Iconicmeaning答案:Iconicmeaningreferstothemeaningwhenawordinvokesimagestopeople.Connotativemeaning答案:Connotativemeaningreferstothemeaningtriggeredbyawordthroughassociations.Materialculture答案:Materialcultureistheconcrete,substantialandobservableaspectofthelifeofapeople.Spiritualculture答案:Spiritualcultureismostlytheabstract,ambiguous,andhiddenaspectofthelifeofapeople,ortheproductsofmind(suchasideologies,beliefs,valuesandconceptsoftime27\nandspace).问答题1,WhatisSapir-WhorfHypothesis？答案:AccordingtoSapirandWhorf,languagefilterspeople’sperceptionandthewaytheycategorizeexperiences.ThisistermedSapir-WhorfHypothesis.Itcomesintwoversions,thestrongandweakversions.Thestrongversionholdsthatthelanguagepatternsdeterminepeople’sthinkingandbehavior.Theweakversionholdsthatthelanguagepatternsinfluencepeople’sthinkingandbehavior.2,Whatisculture?答案:Inabroadsense,culturemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguagethatcharacterizesthelifeofthehumancommunity.Inanarrowsense,itmayrefertolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms,whichcanbemostlyfoundinfolkculture,enterprisecultureorfoodculture,etc.3,WhatareusuallythedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseinresponsetocompliments?答案:ThenativeEnglishspeakerstendtoacceptcomplimentsmoredirectlyandfranklythanthenativeChinesespeakers.Thewesternersusuallyexpresstheir‘thanks’positivelytothosewhooffercompliments,whereastheChineseoftenfeelembarrassedwhentheyhearcomplimentslike‘YouspeakexcellentEnglish’,andshowtheirmodestybysayingsomethinglike‘no,no’.27\n名词解释Languageacquisition答案:Languageacquisitionreferstothechild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue,i.e.howthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.Atypicaldevelopment答案:Atypicaldevelopmentreferstotheabnormallanguagedevelopmentinlinguistics,whichincludeshearingimpairment,mentalretardation,autism,stuttering,aphasia,dyslexia,anddysgraphia.Aphasia答案:Aphasiareferstothepartialortotallossoflanguageduetobraindamage.Dyslexia答案:Dyslexiareferstothedisordersinreadingwhichmaybeacquiredordevelopmental.Mentalretardation答案:Mentalretardationreferstothelanguageimpairmentofmentalabilitythatmaycauseadelayedlanguageacquisition.UniversalGrammar答案:UniversalGrammarreferstotheinnateendowmenttodiscoverlanguage’sstructurebymatchingtheinnateknowledgeofbasicgrammaticalsystemtothatparticularlanguage.Dysgraphia答案:Dysgraphiareferstothedisordersinwritingwhichmaybeacquiredor27\ndevelopmental.问答题1,Whatistheinnatistviewoflanguageacquisition?答案:Theinnatistviewoflanguageacquisitionisthathumanbeingsarebiologicallyprogrammedforlanguageandthatthelanguagedevelopsinthechildjustasotherbiologicalfunctionssuchaswalking.ThisinnateabilityisfirstreferredtoasLanguageAcquisitionDevice(LAD),andlaterasUniversalGrammar(UG).Chomskyholdsthatifchildrenarepre-equippedwithUG,thenwhattheyhavetolearnisthewaysinwhichtheirownlanguagemakesuseoftheseprinciplesandthevariationsonthoseprincipleswhichmayexistintheparticularlanguagetheyarelearning.2,Whatistheinteractionistviewoflanguageacquisition?答案:Theinteractionistviewoflanguageacquisitionisthatlanguagedevelopsasaresultofthecomplexinterplaybetweenthehumancharacteristicsofthechildandtheenvironmentinwhichthechilddevelops.3,WhatistheCriticalPeriodHypothesis?答案:TheCriticalPeriodHypothesisreferstothespecificandlimitedtimeperiodforlanguageacquisition.Ithastwoversions.Thestrongversionsuggeststhatchildrenmustacquiretheirfirstlanguagebypubertyortheywillneverbeabletolearnfromsubsequentexposure.Theweakversionholdsthatlanguagelearningwillbemoredifficultand27\nincompleteafterpuberty.4,Whatisthebehaviouristviewoflanguageacquisition?答案:Thebehaviouristviewoflanguageacquisitionisthatlanguageisbehaviorandthatlanguagelearningissimplyamatterofimitationandhabitformation.5,Whatismotherese?答案:Mothereseisa“special”speechadultsuseintalkingtolittlechildrenwithslowrateofspeech,highpitch,richintonation,shorterandsimplersentencestructures,frequentrepetition,paraphrasingandlimitedvocabulary.Itisalsotermed‘caretakertalk’orchilddirectedspeech.6,Whatisunder-extension?答案:Under-extensionreferstothephenomenonofachilddenyingsomefactduetohislackofadequateknowledge,e.g.achildmaysaythatbirdsarenotanimals.7,Whatistelegraphicspeech?答案:Telegraphicspeechreferstocontentwordswhichgiveustheinformationandwhichlackthefunctionelements.8,Whatisover-extension?27\n答案:Over-extensionreferstothephenomenonofachildtakingapropertyofanobjectandgeneralizingitinappropriately,e.g.‘apple’for‘allfruit’or‘anythinground’.名词解释Interlingualerrors答案:Interlingualerrorsrefertoerrorsmainlyresultingfromcross-linguisticinterferenceatdifferentlevelssuchasphonological,lexical,grammaticalordiscoursal,etc.Affectstrategies答案:Affectstrategiesarestrategiesthatdealwiththewayslearnersinteractorcommunicatewithotherspeakers,nativeornon-native.Cognitivestrategies答案:Cognitivestrategiesarestrategiesinvolvedinanalyzing,synthesis,andinternalizingwhathasbeenlearned.Learningstrategies答案:Learningstrategiesarelearners’consciousgoal-orientedandproblem-solvingbasedeffortstoachievelearningefficiency.Resultativemotivation答案:Resultativemotivationreferstothedrivethatlearnerslearnasecondlanguageforexternalpurposes.Contrastiveanalysis答案:Contrastiveanalysisisakindofanalysiswhichcomparesfeaturesofthenativelanguageandtargetlanguage(theformsandmeanings)tospotthemismatchesor27\ndifferencessothatpeoplecouldpredictlearners’difficulty.Metacognitivestrategies答案:Metacognitivestrategiesarethetechniquesinplanning,monitoringandevaluatingone’slearning.Intrinsicmotivation答案:Intrinsicmotivationreferstothedrivethatlearnerslearnasecondlanguageforenjoymentorpleasurefromlearning.Erroranalysis答案:Erroranalysisreferstotheanalysisoflearners’errors,whichinvolvesfirstindependentlyorobjectively,describingthelearners’interlanguage,thenacomparisonoftheirversionofthetargetlanguageandthetargetlanguageitselfisfollowedtolocatemismatches.Interlanguage答案:AccordingtoSelinker,interlanguagereferstoanabstractsystemoflearner’stargetlanguagesystem.Ithasnowbeenwidelyusedtorefertothelinguisticexpressionslearnersproduceespeciallythewrongornotidiomaticones.Instrumentalmotivation答案:Instrumentalmotivationoccurswhenpeoplelearnaforeignlanguageforexternalgoalssuchaspassingexams,financialrewardsorfurtheringacareer,etc.Languageaptitude27\n答案:Languageaptitudeinsecondlanguageacquisitionreferstoanaturalabilityforlearningasecondlanguage.Interference答案:Interferenceisthenegativeordistortingeffectthatnewlearningcanhaveonpreviouslearningorthatpreviouslearningcanhaveonnewlearning.Intralingualerrors答案:Intralingualerrorsrefertoerrorsmainlyresultingfromfaultyorpartiallearningofthetargetlanguage,independentofthenativelanguage,whichincludelearningstrategies-basederrors,communicationstrategies-basederrors,inducederrors,andsomecompoundandambiguouserrors.Integrativemotivation答案:Integrativemotivationreferstothedrivethatpeoplelearnaforeignlanguagebecauseofthewishtoidentifywiththetargetculture.Fossilization答案:Fossilizationreferstoaprocessoccurringfromtimetotimeinwhichincorrectlinguisticfeaturesbecomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesalanguage.问答题1,Whatisovergeneralization?答案:Overgeneralizationistheuseofpreviouslyavailablestrategiesinnewsituations,whichresultsinmistakes,e.g.27\nThegirlisinablueskijacket.Thegirlisdressedinablueskijacket.*Thegirlisworninablueskijacket.2,Whatiscross-association?答案:Cross-associationreferstotheinternalinterference,orthecloseassociationofthetwosimilarlinguisticformswhichleadstoconfusion,e.g.*Theapricotistoosourtoeatit.[Ican’teatit.]3,WhatistheInputHypothesis?答案:AccordingtoKrashen,theonlywaylearnerscanacquirelanguageisbyreceivingcomprehensibleinput,whichisdefinedas‘i+1’,where‘i’representslearners’currentstateofknowledge,andthenextstageisan‘i+1’.Thatis,learnershavetoreceiveinputthatisjustbeyondtheircompetencebutnotbeyondtheirunderstanding.ThisistermedtheInputHypothesis.However,thishypothesiswaslatermodifiedsothatcomprehensibleinputwasanecessarybutnotsufficientconditionforacquisition.Learnershavetoalsohavetherightenvironmentandcircumstancestoallowcomprehensibleinputtowork.Alearner'saffectivefilterhastobelow;theyhavetobefreeofstressandmotivated.名词解释Neurolinguistics答案:Neurolinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenbrainandlanguage.It27\nincludesresearchintohowthestructureofthebraininfluenceslanguagelearning,howandinwhichpartsofthebrainlanguageisstored,andhowdamagetothebrainaffectstheabilitytouselanguage.Psycholinguistics答案:Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageprocessing;itisconcernedwiththeprocessesoflanguagecomprehensionandproduction.Top-downprocessing答案:Top-downprocessingreferstothespontaneousandautomaticinterpretationofasentenceonthebasisofwhateverinformationisavailablebeforetheanalysisofallthephonemesinthesentence.Bottom-upprocessing答案:Bottom-upprocessingissuchaninductiveanalysisastoperformphoneticanalysis,whenonehearsasentence,toisolatephonemesandwordboundaries,andtorelatethesetorepresentationsinthementallexicon.问答题27\n1,Whatisagardenpathsentence?答案:Agardenpathsentenceisanawkwardsentencethatmisleadsthesyntacticparserandtakesitdownthegardenpathtothewronganalysis,e.g.“Thehorseracedpastthebarnfell.”2,Whatisminimalattachmentstrategy?答案:Minimalattachmentstrategyisthatwepreferattachingnewitemsintothephrasemarkerbeingconstructedusingthefewestsyntacticnodesconsistentwiththerulesofthelanguage,e.g.ErniekissedMarcieandhersister…ItcouldbeeitherErniekissed[Marcieandhersister]…(minimalattachment)or[ErniekissedMarcie]and[hersister…]3,WhatisSpoonerism?答案:Spoonerismisakindofhumorousslipsoftongue,namedaftertheVictorianclericandteacher,W.A.Spooner,whowasinfamousforblunderingthroughmanylecturesorsermonswithhumorousspeecherrorssuchasbelow:Whatheintended:Youhavewastedthewholeterm.Whathesaid:Youhavetastedthewholeworm.27