英语语言学论文 6页

成绩评卷人姓名学号华中师范大学本科生课程论文论文题目TheStudyofSpeechSoundinLanguage完成时间2012.12课程名称现代语言学概论专业辅修第二学位英语专业年级2010英语第二学位辅修本科生6\nTheStudyofSpeechSoundsinLanguageI.IntroductionKnowledgeofalanguageincludesthatofthedifferentcomponentsofthelanguage:themorphemes,words,phrases,andsentences.Italsoincludesknowingwhatsoundsareinthelanguageandhowthesesoundsareputtogethertoformmeaningfulunits.Differenttermscanbefoundindescribingthesoundsystemoflanguage.Traditionalterminologyputsphoneticsandphonologyataparalleledlevel.Inthisterminology,phoneticsisthestudyofseparatespeechsounds,whilephonologyisconcernedwiththesystemofcombinationofsounds.Accordingtotheterminologyinsomebooks,however,thestudyofspeechsoundsinageneralwayistermedasphonology.Itisconcernedwithalltheaspectsofthespeechsoundsandsoundsystemsofalanguage.Itssubdivisionsarephonemics.Phoneticsdealswithspeechsoundsinisolation,andphonemicsstudiesthesystemsofspeechsounds.Toavoidconfusion,thetraditionalterminologyisadoptedinthisbook.II.Analysison----2.1.AnalysisofspeechsoundsThestudyofphonicmediumoflanguageinisolationisthelevelofphonetics,attemptingtodescribesallthesoundsthatoccurinhumanlanguage.It’smainlyconcernedwiththeproduction,transmission,andperceptionofthespeechsounds.Analysisofspeechsoundscanbeapproachedfromthefollowing4levelsLevel1:anatomyandphysiology----referstospeechorgansandtheirfunctionsLevel2:articulatoryphonetics----studieshowtoproducespeechsounds.Level3:auditoryphonetics---studieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.Level4:acousticphonetics----studiesthewayspeechsoundsaretransmittedintheair(usingspectrographs,analyzesoundwaves).2.2.Processofspeechproductionandperception2.2.1.Articulatoryphoneticsstudiesthesoundsfromthespeaker’spointofview,howaspeakermanipulateshisspeechorganstoproducespeechsounds.Thisbranchisthelongestestablishedandthemosthighlydeveloped.2.2.2.Auditoryphoneticsstudiesthewaylistenersperceivethespeech6\nsounds.Researchinthisareaismuchconcernedwiththepsychologicalandcognitivefacultiesofthehearer.2.2.3.Acousticphoneticsstudiesthewaysoundstravelbylookingatthesoundofwaves(byusingspectrographs),thephysicalpropertiesofsoundsintheprocessofit’stransmissionthroughtheairfromthespeakertothehearer.2.3.TranscriptionofspeechsoundsIntheearlieststageofEnglish,thesoundwasstrictlyconsistentwiththeform,thatis,thespeechwasrepresentedmuchmorefaithfullythanitistoday,observingtheruleofoneletteronesound.Withthedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferenceshaveoccuredbetweenthetwo.Ex.DidhebelievethatCaesarcouldseethepeopleseizetheseas?Becauseofthediscrepanciesofthelettersfromtheactualsounds,itisnecessarytoestablishasetofsymbolstoaccuratelyrepresentthesoundsforlanguageteachingandlearningandfortheacademicstudyofphonetics.2.4.ClassificationofEnglishspeechsoundsThesoundsofalllanguagescanbeputintotwomajornaturalclasses----consonantsandvowels,andEnglishisnoexception.Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionoftheairstream.Consonantalsoundsareproducedwithsomerestrictionorclosureinthevocaltractastheairtravelsthroughtheglottisoutofthemouth,whilevowelsareproducedwiththeairstreampassingfreelyinthewindpipeandoutofthemouth.Speechsounds:Vowels(withnoobstructionthroughthespeechorgans)Consonants(withobstructionthroughthespeechorgans)III.Conclusion:Spatialprocessingofspeechsoundsbythehumanauditorycortexwasstudiedmeasuringneuromagnetieresponsesutilizingmagnetoencephalography(MEG).Realisticspatialsoundenvironmentwasproducedusingmodernstimulusgenerationmethodologyutilizinghead-relatedtransferfunctions(HRTFs).(何胜莉,2006:98)Inorder6\ntocomparelocalizationofspeechsoundstothatofnonspeech,thestimulussetinvolvedthreedifferentstimulustypes:1)asemi-synthetic/a/-vowel,2)apseudo-vowelcomposedasasumofsinusoidsand3)awidebandnoiseburst.StimuliwerefilteredthroughHRTFsofeighthorizontalequallyspaceddirections.Themostprominentresponse,thecorticallygeneratedNIm,wasinvestigatedabovetheleftandrighthemisphere.Wefound,firstly,thatcorticalactivityreflectingtheprocessingofspatialsoundstimuliwasmorepronouncedintherightthaninthelefthemisphere.Secondly,wefoundthatNImamplitudeswerelargestforthe/a/-vowel.However,behaviouroftheNImamplitudeelicitedbythepseudo-vowelwasrelativelysimilartothatofthe/a/-vowel.(袁颐,2006:95)Speaking:Aplausibleaccountofanactofspeakingmightrunasfollows.Speakersselectfromtheirmemoriesthewordstheywishtosay.Theythenperformaspecialkindofgymnasticswiththeirspeechorgansorarticulators,i.e.,withthetongue,lips,velum,andlarynx.Thegymnasticsresultsinanacousticsignalthatboththespeakerandtheinterlocutorshear.Sinceinperformingthegymnasticsspeakersdonotpauseattheendofeachword,thewordsintheutterancerunintooneanother.(Alcott,Bronson.Journals.Boston,1938:54).Asnotedabove,wordsarelearnedandarestoredinourlinguisticmemory.Ifthewordsweutterarecomposedofdiscretesounds,thenitisreasonabletosupposethatwordsinmemoryalsoconsistofsequencesofdiscretesounds.Scientificstudyoflanguagestronglysupportsthissuppositionalthoughtheevidenceandargumentationaretoocomplextobegivenhere.Wordsinmemory>>>Articulatoryaction>>>Acousticsignal.ThereissomeevidencethatwhenwehearspeechthesameprocessisactivatedbutinreverseAnacousticsignalstrikesourears;weinterpretthesignalintermsofthearticulatoryactionsthatgaverisetoit,andweusethisinterpretation--ratherthantheacousticsignalitself--toaccessourmemory.ConsidernowthegymnasticsthatweexecuteaswepronouncetheEnglishwords'meet'and'Mott'.Inbothwordswebeginwithanactionclosingtheoralcavitywiththelipsandendwithanactionbythetonguebladeclosingtheoralcavityatapointintheanteriorregionofthehardpalate.Betweenthesetwoactionsisanactionofthetonguebody:Thetonguebodyisraisedandadvancedin'meet',andloweredandretractedin'Mott'without,however,closingthecavity.Theproductionofthesewordsis,thus,madeupofdistinctactionsbythreedistinctarticulators.Theactionsmust,moreover,proceedintheorderindicated:Iftheorderofthethreeactionsisreversed,differentwordsareproduced,viz.,team,Tom.Factsofthiskindmotivatethehypothesisthatthewordswesayarecomposedofdiscrete6\nsoundsorphonemes.Whenwespeakwesaywordsandwhenspokentowehearwords.Innormaldiscourse,however,wedonotseparate---the---words---by---short---pauses,butratherrunonewordintothenext.(Halle,Morris.1992.34)Yetinspiteofthiswestillhearutterancesascomposedofdiscretewords.Whyshouldthatbeso?Aclueisprovidedbythefactthatinorderforustohearthewords,theutterancemustbeinalanguageweknow;inutterancesinalanguagewedonotknowwedonothearthewords.Similarly,whenwehearastringofnonsensesyllables,wecannottellwhetheritiscomposedofoneorofseveralwords.Knowledgeoflanguageisthereforecrucial.Inawaythisisnotsurprising.Everybodywhohasstudiedaforeignlanguageknowsthatlearningthewordsisamajorpartofmasteringthelanguage.(Ladefoged,Peter,andIanMaddieson.1996,67)Knowingthewordsisnotsufficient,butitsurelyisnecessary.Whenwelearnawordwestoreinourmemoryinformationthatallowsusbothtosaythewordandtorecognizeitwhensaidbysomeoneelse.Andthereasonwedonothearwordswhenspokentoinaforeignlanguageisthatwehavenotlearnedthem,wedonothavetheminourlinguisticmemory,i.e.,inthepartofourmemorydedicatedtolanguage.WordsinMemoryAsnotedabove,wordsarelearnedandarestoredinourlinguisticmemory.Ifthewordsweutterarecomposedofdiscretesounds,thenitisreasonabletosupposethatwordsinmemoryalsoconsistofsequencesofdiscretesounds.Scientificstudyoflanguagestronglysupportsthissuppositionalthoughtheevidenceandargumentationaretoocomplextobegivenhere.Inutteringawordweactualizethesequenceofdiscretesoundsstoredinmemoryasasequenceofactionsofourarticulators.Because,likeotherhumanactions,speakingissubjecttolimitationsonaccuracy,itistobeexpectedthattherewillbesomeslippageandthatthediscretenessofthesoundswillbecompromisedtosomeextentintheutterance.Infact,X-raymotionpicturesofspeakingshowthattheactionsofthearticulatorsinproducingagivensounddonotbeginandendatexactlythesametime.Thisslippage,however,doesnotinterferewiththehearer'sabilitytoidentifythewords--i.e.,toaccesstheminmemory.Inertiaofthearticulatorsis,ofcourse,nottheonlyfactorinthefailureofthespeechsignaltoreproduceaccuratelyvariousaspectsofthewordasrepresentedinmemory.Otherfactorsarerapidspeechrateandavarietyofmemorylapses.Inspiteofthefactthatburps,yawns,coughs,thesoundmadeinblowingoutacandle,andmanyothernoisesareproducedbyactionsofthearticulators,theyarenotperceivedassequencesofphonemes,eventhoughtheymaybeindistinguishableacousticallyand6\narticulatorilyfromutterancesofphonemesequences.Notbeingwords,thesenoisesarenotstoredinthepartofourmemorythatisdedicatedtowords.Byhypothesizingthatonlyitemsstoredinthelinguisticmemoryarecomposedofphonemes,weexplainwhyburps,yawns,etc.arenotperceivedasphonemesequences.Insum,speechsoundsaretheconstituentsofwords,andwordsarespecialinthatonlywordsaresequencesofspeechsounds.Bibliography何胜莉．世界的荒谬与个人的孤独——浅析语言学[J]．成都电子机械高等专科学校学报,2006,(4):97-100．袁颐．当代语言学的存在主义解读[J]．沈阳大学学报,2006,(6):94-96.1.Halle,Morris.1992."Phonologicalfeatures".Internationalencyclopediaoflinguistics,Vol.III,ed.byWilliamBright,207-11.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.Ladefoged,Peter,andIanMaddieson.1996.Thesoundsoftheworld'slanguages.Oxford,UKandCambridge,MA:Blackwell.2.McCarthy,JohnJ.1988."Featuregeometryanddependency:Areview".Phonetica45.84-108.Levenson,Michael．IrisMurdoch:ThePhilosophicalFiftiesandTheBell[J]．MFSModernFictionStudies2006,(3):558-579.Murdoch’sTheBell[D]．HenanUniversity,2004．YeWei．AnAnalysisofIrisMurdoch’sNovelsfromExistentialism[D]．NortheastNormalUniversity,1901．ZhangYu．ExistentialisticFeaturesofUndertheNet[M]．HebeiNormalUniversity,1902.6