英语语言学导论 5页

vIslanguageasystem?vYes.vIsthereintrinsicconnectionbetweenformandmeaning?vNo.It’sarbitrary.vLanguageisasystemwhosepartscanandmustbeconsideredintheirsynchronicsolidarity.(deSaussure,1916)v[Languageis]aset(finiteorinfinite)ofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.(Chomsky,1957)vLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.vLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.vAsystem----elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules.Theycannotbearrangedatwill.e.g.Hethetablecleaned.bklivArbitrary----thereisnointrinsic(logic)connectionbetweenalinguisticformanditsmeaning.vVocal--------theprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound,nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystemsare.vWritingsystemscameintobeingmuchlaterthanthespokenforms.vPeoplewithlittleornoliteracycanalsobecompetentlanguageusers.vSymbols----wordsarejustthesymbolsassociatedwithobjects,actions,andideasbyconvention.vHuman----languageishuman-specific.vHumanbeingshavedifferentkindsofbrainsandvocalcapacity.“LanguageAcquisitionDevice”(LAD)语言习得机制Originoflanguage1.Thedivinetheory神论说---Godcreatedlanguageforhumanbeings.2.Thebow-wowtheory拟声说---Languagedevelopedfromtheimitationofthecallsofanimals.3.Thepooh-poohtheory感叹说---Languagedevelopedfrominstinctivesoundsofpain,angerandjoyofhumanbeings.4.The“yo-he-ho”theory韵律说---Languagedevelopedfromrhythmicgruntsofpeoplewhentheyworkedtogether.PropertiesofLanguage-DesignfeaturesArbitrariness[‘a:bi,trərinis]任意性•Thearbitrarypropertyoflanguagemeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweensoundsandmeanings(formandmeaning).ArbitrarinessuArbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaninguArbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevelØThesentenceislessarbitrarythanwords.\nØCorrespondencebetweenwordorderandnaturalevent.uArbitrarinessandconventionØWhilearbitrarinessmakeslanguageflexibleandcreative,conventionmakesitstableandlaborioustolearn.ØConventionalityismoreimportantthanarbitrarinessinlearningalanguage.Duality二元性•Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels.uTwolevelsofstructures•Primarylevel:meaningfulunits(e.g.words)•Secondarylevel:meaninglessunits(e.g.sounds)Productivity多产性•Thespeakerisabletocombinethebasiclinguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences,mostofwhichareneverbeforeproducedorheard.•Eg.•Heboughtabook/whichwaswrittenbyateacher/whotaughtinaschool/whichwasknownforitsgraduates/who…•Wecanspeakanendlessnumberofsentenceswithalimitedvocabulary,andonesentencecanexpandintoendlesstheoreticallypossiblesentencesinthewayofrecurring.Culturaltransmission文化传递性vHowdidyoulearnlanguage?•Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnedanew.Itispasseddownfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.Displacement时间移位性•Tosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.FunctionsofLanguagevPracticalfunctionsTochat,tothink,tobuyandsell,toreadandwrite,togreetpeople...vAbstractfunctionsTorefer,toinform,tocommunicate…§Halliday2003•Threebroadfunctionsoflanguage(Page10)§Jakobson\n•Sixkeyelementsofcommunication•Sixbasicfunctionsoflanguage§Huetal:(7functions)FunctionsofLanguagevHalliday(born1925)FunctionalGrammarIdeationalFunction概念功能InterpersonalFunction人际功能TextualFunction语篇功能M.A.K.Halliday―ThreebroadfunctionsoflanguageèIdeationalËLanguageexpressesourperceptionoftheworldèInterpersonalËLanguageenablesustocommunicatewithpeopleèTextualËLanguageisusedtoorganisetexts:writtenandspokenFunctionsofLanguagevJakobsonvSixkeyelementsofcommunication-addresser,addressee,context,message,code,contactvFrameworkoflanguagefunctions-referential所指功能poetic诗学功能emotive情感功能conative意动功能phatic交感功能metalingual元语言功能lAddresser---emotive情感(toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions)v(e.g.'Oh!')lAddressee---Conative意动(topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandentreaties)v(eg.imperatives:Comehere!)lContext---referential所指(toconveymessageandinformation)v(eg.TheEarthisround;Waterboilsat100degrees.)§Code---metalingual元语言(toclearupintentions,wordsandmeanings).\n§Whatdoyoumeanby'krill'?§Contact---Phatic交感(toestablishcommunionwithothers)§(e.g.Goodmorning!)§Message---Poetic诗学(toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake)§(e.g.'Oh!')胡壮麟SevenbasicfunctionsoflanguagevInformative信息功能vInterpersonal人际功能vPerformative施为功能vEmotive感情功能vPhatic交感功能vRecreational娱乐性功能vMetalingual元语言功能InformativefunctionoflanguagevThepredominantfunctionoflanguage,alsocalledideationalfunctionintheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar.vLanguageexpressesourperceptionoftheworldInterpersonalfunctionoflanguageThemostimportantfunctioninsociologicaluseoflanguage.1.Toexpresstheidentityoftheaddresserandaddressee.Forexample,①Physicalidentity:age,sex,voiceprint,etc.②Psychologicalidentity:language,personality,intelligence,etc.③Geographicalidentity:accent,dialect,etc.④Ethnicalandsocialidentity:class,status,role,solidarity,distance,etc.2.Toexpresstheaddresser'sattitudetowardwhathespeaksorwritesabout.(e.g.DearSir,DearProfessor,Johnny,yours,yourobedientservant)Performativefunctionoflanguage1.Tochangethesocialstatusofpersons.§Inmarriageceremonies:NowIpronounceyoumanandwife.§Inalawcourt:NowIsentenceyouto3threeyearsimprisonment.§Inchurch:MayGodblessy’all.§Inalaunchingceremony:NowInametheshipElizabethII.§Incursingsomeone:Goddamnit.2.Tocontrolreality–inChinese：岁岁平安-Everyyearbesafeandhappy.Emotivefunctionoflanguage1.Tochangetheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.–Whatasight,Wow,Ugh,Ow...2.Toexpressone’sownfeelingswithoutanyimplicationofcommunicatingwithothers–Damn!Man!Oh,boy!Andhurrah!Phaticfunctionoflanguage\nWeallusesuchsmall,seeminglymeaninglessexpressionstomaintainacomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewithoutinvolvinganyfactualcontent.1.Tostartorendaconversationv-“Niceday,isn’tit?”v-“Hi,I’mWilliamBlake.”v-“Imustgohome,ormyhusbandwillbeatme.”2.Tohelpmaintainacomfortablesocio-interpersonalrelationshipbetweenpeople.v-“Goodmorning”v-“吃饭了吗？”RecreationalfunctionTheuseoflanguageforthesheerjoy.1.Toentertainpeoplev-nurseryrhymes童谣v-nonsensicallyrics无意义的歌词2.Toshowskillsintheuseoflanguage.v-poetryforitssheerbeautyMetalingualfunctionoflanguageTheuseoflanguagetotalkaboutlanguage.vThismakesthelanguageinfinitelyself-reflexive:Wehumanbeingstalkabouttalkandthinkaboutthinking,andthusonlyhumanbeingscanaskwhatitmeanstocommunicate,tothink,tobehuman.