英语语言学总结 6页

语言学概论1.Language—asystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication2.NatureoflanguageArbitrary.Systematic.Vocal.Symbolic.humanspecificforcommunication3.Designfeaturesoflanguage①Productivity/creativity.produceorunderstandindefinitesentencesbyusingfinitesetofrules②Duality.Soundsandmeaningsystem③Arbitrariness:noconnectionbetweenwordsandmeanings.④Displacement.overcomebarrierscausedbyspaceandtime⑤Transferability.Spokenandread,transferintoeachother.⑥Culturaltransmission：Languageandculturearecloselyconnected.Languagesarepartsofculture，reflectcultureandpassonfromgenerationtogenerationbylearning4.Functionoflanguage①informativefunction(最重要)②phaticfunction—maintainsocialrelationship③recordingfunction④performativefunction带来行为效果⑤physiological/emotive/expressivefunction⑥recreationfunction(pleasurefunction)5.somebasicdistinctionsinlinguistic（前三个是老师重点讲的）⑴langueandparole(语言和言语)﹡LanguereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityParolereferstoparticularrealizationoflangue﹡Langueisthesocial,conventionalsideoflanguageParleisindividualizedspeech﹡Langueisrelativelystableandsystematic,whereasParoleismorevariableandmaychangeaccordingtocontextualfactors﹡LangueandParoletogetherconstitutelanguage⑵synchronicanddiachronic(共识语言学和历识语言学)﹡Languagecanbestudiedatagivenpointintimeorovertime﹡whenwestudylanguageatoneparticulartime,itiscalledsynchronicstudy(synchroniclinguistics)[stateoflanguageatanypointinhistory]﹡whenwestudylanguagedevelopmentsthroughtimediachronicstudy(diachronic/linguistics)[differencesoftwoormorethantwolanguages\novertime]⑶competenceandperformance(能力和表现)﹡competence—theknowledgethatnativespeakershaveoftheirlanguageasasystemofabstractformalrelations①whatheknows②theideallanguageusersknowledgeofthatlanguagesystem③stable﹡performance—theiractuallinguisticbehavior，theactualuseofthisknowledge①whathedoes②theactualrealizationofthelanguageuser’sknowledge③variable﹡Thelanguageuser’sperformanceisnotatruereflectionofhiscompetence⑷prescriptiveanddescriptivePrescriptivegrammarstellwhatshouldbeinthelanguage.Descriptivegrammarstellwhatisinthelanguage.⑸speechandwritingInthepast,spokenlanguageisprimary,butnotthewritten,andthespokenlanguageinsomesensedependentuponthestandardwrittenlanguage.However,languageisprimarilyvocal.1.Scopeofphonetics①articulatoryphonetics发音语言学（简答题）②acousticphonetics声学语言学③auditoryphonetics听觉语言学7.Constant分类⑴placeofarticulation①bilabial双唇音②labiodental唇齿音③interdental/dental齿间音④alveolar齿龈音⑤palatal腭音⑥velar软腭音⑦uvula小舌音⑧glottal声门音⑵mannerofarticulation①stops/plosives爆破音②fricatives摩擦音③affricates塞擦音④nasals鼻音⑤liquids流音⑥glides滑音8.Phonemes音素（定义题）定义：theminimumphonemicunitthatisnotfurtheranalyzableintosmallerunits9.Minimalpairsandsets(定义或者分析题)﹡Minimalpairs:twodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentthatoccursinthesameplaceinthestring,thetwowordsarecalledminimalpairs﹡Minimalsets:morethantwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexcept\nforonesoundsegmentthatoccursinthesameplaceinthestring,thewordsarecalledminimalsets8.Complementarydistribution互补分布（分析题—见原来那张练习）Whentwoormoresoundsneveroccurinanidenticalphonemiccontextorenvironment,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution9.Pitch音高Intonation语调---pitchdifferencesthatextendoverphoneticunitslargerthanthesyllablesTone声调---pitchvariations10.Morpheme:Amorphemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitthatcarriesgrammaticaland/orsemanticmeaning.可分为freemorphemeandboundmorpheme.freemorpheme：somemorphemeslikecar,talk,friend,canstandaloneaswords.(定义题)又可分为lexicalmorphemeandfunctionalmorphemeboundmorpheme(affixes):themorphemeswhichcannotstandalone,butfunctiononlyaspartsofwords.（定义题）又可分为derivationalmorphemeandinflectionalmorpheme11.Wordformation(简答题)①Compounding合成词②Derivation派生词③Conversion词形不变，词性变化④abbreviation(clipping和initials＆acronyms)缩略词⑤blending混合词⑥backformation逆构词(减词缀)⑦neologism创造新词⑧borrowing外来词12.ICAnalysis(ImmediateConstituentsAnalysis)（定义题）Thesegmentationofthesentenceupintoitsimmediateconstituentsbyusingbinarycuttingsuntilitsultimateconstituentsisobtained.13.Sentencetypes⑴structuralapproach①simplesentence②coordinateorcompoundsentence③complexsentence⑵functionalapproach①declarativesentence②interrogativesentence③imperativesentence④exclamatorysentence\n8.Leech’sseventypeofmeanings⑴conceptualmeaning概念意义⑵associativemeaning联想意义connotativemeaning内涵意义SocialmeaningAffectivemeaningReflectedmeaning词义间联系Collocativemeaning⑶thematicmeaning主位意义9.SemanticfieldTheorganizationofrelatedlexemesintoasystemwhichshowstheirrelationshiptooneanother10.Synonymy＆Antonymy﹡synonymy--wordsorexpressionswiththesameorsimilarmeaning﹡antonymy--therelationshipofoppositenessofmeaning分类①complementaryantonyms②gradableantonyms③relationalopposites11.Intersententialsemanticrelations(前两条重点)⑴entailment蕴含关系Somethingthatlogicallyfollowswhatisassertedintheutterance⑵presupposition前提Whatisassumedbythespeakerand/orassumedbyhimorhertobeknowntothehearerbeforeheorshemakestheutterance⑶implicature含义，言外之意Incommunicativepractice,thespeakermayuseanutterancetoimplyfurtherinformation.Heorshemayimplywhatheorshedosenotliterallymeans.Suchinformationiscalledimplication12.SpeechActTheory---Sentencesarenotalwaysutteredjusttosaythings,butrather,theyareusedtodothings13.SpeechAct①locutionaryact②illocutionaryact③perlocutionaryact14.ThecooperativeprincipleandthePolitenessPrinciple⑴Thecooperativeprinciple①themaximofquality②themaximofquantity③themaximofrelevance④themaximofmanner⑵ThePolitenessPrinciple①tactmaxim得体②generositymaxim慷慨③approbationmaxim赞誉④modestymaxim谦虚\n⑤agreementmaxim一致⑥sympathymaxim同情23.Dialect--anyregional,socialorethnicvarietyofalanguage.分类：①regionaldialect—thelanguagevarietyusedinageographicalreligion.②socialdialect—isusedtodescribedifferencesinspeechassociatedwithvarioussocialgroupsorclasses.Itcouldbefurtherdistinguishedbygender,age,ethnicgroup,religionandclass.③temporaldialect④standarddialect24.register语域thefunctionalvarietyoflanguagethatisdefinedaccordingtoitsuseincontext﹡Halliday’sregistertheory–registerisdeterminedby3factors①fieldofdiscourse话语范围②modeofdiscourse话语方式③tenorofdiscourse话语意旨25.Sapir-WhorfHypothesis⑴linguisticdeterminism语言决定论﹡Thelanguageweusetosomeextentdeterminesthewayinwhichweviewandthinkabouttheworldaroundus﹡2versions(strongdeterminismandweakdeterminism)⑵linguisticrelativity语言相关论﹡Distinctionsencodedinonelanguageareuniquetothatlanguagealone,andthereisnolimittothestructuraldiversityoflanguages26.LanguageplanningAdeliberateattempt,usuallyatthelevelofthestateorgovernmentadministration,toaffectlanguageuseinordertopreventorsolvesomeproblemsofcommunication27.StatusplanningItchangesthefunctionofalanguageoravarietyofalanguageandtherightsofthosewhouseit.28.Developmentoffirstlanguageacquisition(4stages)①thebabblingstage②theone-wordstage③thetwo-wordstage①thetelegraphtoinfinitystage29.Languagetesting:thediscretepointtest,thecommunicativetesttheintegrativetest---clozedictation,oralclozetest,question&answer,paraphraserecognition\nAccordingtothepurpose,testsfallintotheachievementtest,theproficiencytest,theaptitudetest,thediagnosistest.Alltestsfallintothesubjecttest&theobjectivetest.