语言学考试范围 4页

I.Termdefinition(5*3’=15)Arbitrariness:Thereisnoinherentconnectionbetweenmeaningandform.2.Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.3.ThestudyoftheuseofEnglishincontextfallsunderthecategoryofpragmatics.4.Contextreferstotheprecedingandfollowinglinguisticsitemsforagivenwordorsentence.5.Illocutionaryactreferstotheintendedactbehindsayingsomething.6.phonologyisconcernedwiththeexplorationofthepatternsgoverningsoundcombinations.7.TheModestyMaxim:minimizepraiseofself;maximizedispraiseofself(self-perspective)8.Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyoflanguagemeaning.9.phoneme:aphonemeisasoundthatissemanticallyorfunctionallydistinctiveinlanguagesystem.10.illocutionaryact:theintendedactbehindsayingsomething11.Phone:Languagecanbeusedtotalkaboutwhathappenedinthepast,whatishappeningatpresent,orwhatwillhappeninthefuture.Also,wecanuselanguagetorefertothingsnomatterhowfarawaytheyareorwhethertheyarepresentorabsent.12.Morpheme:thesmallestperceptiblediscretesegmentofsoundinastreamofspeechiscalledaphone.13.Deicticorindexicalexpressions:thesmallestunitofmeaning.14.Endophoricreference:thestudyoflanguageinuse.15.Antonymous:theintendedactbehindsayingsomething.\nⅡStatewhethereachofthefollowingsentencesistrue(T)orfalse(F).(15*2’=30)1.Thereisuniversalagreementabouttheoriginoflanguage.()2.Petdogscanspeakhumanlanguage.()3.Allhumaninfantscanspeaksomelanguage.()4.Thesamesetofvowelsisusedinalllanguages.()5.Englishisatonelanguage.()6.ThemarkingofwordstressisarbitraryforthemostpartinEnglish.()7.EveryEnglishsentencehasasubject.()8.EveryEnglishparagraphcontainsatopicsentence,supportingdetailsandasummarysentence.()9.Inorderfortwoneighboringsentencestobecohesive,onemustusesomeexplicitdevicetoconjointhem.()10.Allsyllablesmustcontainatleastonevowel.()11.NotallEnglishphonemeshaveallophones.()12.WordorderplaysanimportantroleintheorganizationofEnglishsentences.()13.Bycreativitywemeanthecreativeuseoflanguageasoftenpracticedbypoets.()14.Withdifferentculturestherewillbedifferentlanguages.()15.Clippingisoneofthethreemostimportantdevicesofword-formationinEnglish.()1.Allhumaninfantscanspeaksomelanguage.()2.Petdogscanspeakhumanlanguage.()3.Withdifferentculturestherewillbedifferentlanguages.()\n4.NotallEnglishphonemeshaveallophones.()5.Englishisatonelanguage.()6.ThemarkingofwordstressisarbitraryforthemostpartinEnglish.()7.IdiomsinEnglisharemodifiableinsomegrammaticalways.()8.Allambiguoussentencesresultfromourfailuretouseproperorganization.()9.EveryEnglishparagraphcontainsatopicsentence,supportingdetailsandasummarysentence.()10.Withtransformations,wecanorganizeasentencethewaywelike.()11.LikeEnglish,modernChineseisaSVOlanguage.()12.Onemaytellastorywhenarguingforathesis.()13.Differentlanguagesrepresenttheworldincompletelydifferentways.()14.WordorderplaysanimportantroleintheorganizationofEnglishsentences.()15.Clippingisoneofthethreemostimportantdevicesofword-formationinEnglish.()ⅣPleaseanswerthefollowingquestionsinbriefwords.（5*5’=25）1.Pleasegivethedefiningfeaturesoflanguage.Languagehasthefollowingdesignfeatures:1)arbitrariness2)dualityofstructure/doublearticulation3)creativity4)displacement5)culturaltransmission2.Whatarethethreebranchesofphonetics?Articulatoryphonetics----fromthespeakers’pointofview,“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”.Auditoryphonetics----fromthehearers’pointofview,“howsoundsareperceived”.Acousticphonetics----fromthephysicalwayormeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother.3.Illocutionaryactsarecategorizedintofivemajortypes.Whatarethefivecategorizations?1)representatives2)directives3)commisives4)expressives5)declarations4.PleasegivethedefinitionofCooperativePrinciple.Cooperativeprinciple(CP)----AccordingtoGrice,inmakingconversation,thereisageneralprinciplewhichallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserve.Itgoesas\nfollows:Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.5.Whatarethethreemostimportantdevicesofword-formationinEnglish?Pleasegivesomecorrespondingexamples1)gradableantonyms(tall---short,strong---weak)2)complementaryantonyms(dead---alive,married---unmarried)3)converseantonyms(husband---wife,child---parent)6.Whatarethethreedifferentcategoriesofmorphemes?(Givesomeexamples)a.boundmorphemes:-able,-ful,re-b.affixmorphemes:-ful,re-androotmorphemes:-ceive,suitc.derivationalmorphemes:-ful,re-andinflectionalmorphemes:-est,-ed7.Pleasewritethethreesemanticrelationsandgivesomeexamplestoeachsemanticrelation..synonymy:broad-wideAntonyms:gradableantonyms:tall-shortcomplementaryantonyms:dead-aliveRelationalopposites:husband-wife8.WhatarethemajorthreespeechactsdefinedbyAustin?locutionaryact,illocutionaryact,perlocutionaryact9.PleasenamethemajorsixmaximsofthePolitenessPrinciple.ThePolitenessPrinciplecanbedefinedintermsofsixmajormaxims:1)thetactmaxim2)thegenerositymaxim3)theapprobationmaxim4)themodestymaxim5)theagreementmaxim6)thesympathymaxim10.Pleasewritethethreecategorizationsofantonymsandgivesomeexamplesforeachcategory.1)gradableantonyms(tall---short,stong---weak)2)complementaryantonyms(dead---alive,married---unmarried)3)converseantonyms(husband---wife,child---parent)11.PleasenamethemaximsoftheCooperativePrinciple.quantitymaxim,qualitymaxim,relevancemaxim,mannermaxim,