语言学概论总试卷 17页

一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共20分）在下列每小题的四个备选答案中选出一个正确的答案，并将其字母标号填入题干的括号内。1.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?__________A.treeB.crashC.typewriterD.bang2.________madethedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.A.SaussureB.ChomskyC.BloomfieldD.Sapir3.Conventionallya______isputinslashes.A.allophoneB.phoneC.phonemeD.morpheme4.Theword“hospitalize”isanexampleof__________.A.compoundB.derivationC.inflectionD.blending5.Constituentsentencesisthetermusedin___________.A.structurallinguisticsB.functionalanalysisC.TGGrammarD.traditionalgrammar6.Coldandhotisapairof___________antonyms.A.gradableB.complementaryC.reversalD.converse7.AccordingtoSearle,thoseillocutionaryactswhosepointistocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofactionarecalled________.A.commissivesB.directivesC.expressiveD.declaratives8.Speechvarietymaybeusedinsteadof_______.A.vernacularlanguage,dialect,pidgin,creoleB.standardlanguageC.bothAandBD.noneoftheabove9.______dealswithhowlanguageisacquired,understoodandproduced.A.SociolinguisticsB.PsycholinguisticsC.PragmaticsD.Morphology10.Discoveringproceduresarepracticedby________.A.descriptivegrammarB.TCGrammarC.traditionalgrammarD.functionalgrammar11.Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreescentigrade”is_________.A.interrogativeB.directiveC.informativeD.performative\n12._________referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.A.ParoleB.LangueC.SpeechD.Writing13.Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredas_________.A.glottisB.vocalcavityC.pharynxD.uvula14.________referstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.A.MorphologyB.SyntaxC.SemanticsD.Phonology15.“Whendidyoustoptakingthismedicine?”isanexampleof_________insenserelationships.A.entailmentB.presuppositionC.assumptionD.implicature16.Idiomsare________.A.sentencesB.namingunitsC.phrasesD.communicationunits17.Anillocutionaryactisidenticalwith________.A.sentencemeaningB.thespeaker’sintentionC.languageunderstandingD.thespeaker'scompetence18.Insociolinguistics,______referstoagroupofinstitutionalizedsocialsituationstypicallyconstrainedbyacommonsetofbehavioralrules.A.domainB.situationC.societyD.community19.______referstothegradualandsubconsciousdevelopmentofabilityinthefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallycommunicativesituations.A.LearningB.CompetenceC.PerformanceD.Acquisition20.InwhichofthefollowingstagedidChomskyaddthesemanticcomponenttohisTGGrammarforthefirsttime?__________A.TheClassicTheoryB.TheStandardTheoryC.TheExtendedStandardTheoryD.TheMinimalistProgram1.InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosaysuisuipingan(everyyearbesafeandhappy)asameansofcontrollingthe\nforceswhichthebeliversfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctiondoesitperform?__________A.interrogativeB.EmotiveC.PerformativeD.Recreational2.Whichofthefollowingpropertiesoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?___________A.InterchangeableB.DualityC.DisplacementD.Arbitrariness.3.Whichofthefollowingisnotthemajorbranchoflinguistics?___________A.PhonologyB.PragmaticsC.SyntaxD.Speech4._______dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.A.LinguisticgeographyB.SociolinguisticsC.AppliedlinguisticsD.Comparativelinguistics5.Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled_________.A.minimalpairsB.allomorphsC.phonesD.allophones6.Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtomannersofarticulation?_________A.[z]B.[w]C.[h]D.[v]7.________doesn’tbelongtothemostproductivemeansofword-formation.A.AffixationB.CompoundingC.ConversionD.Blending8.Nouns,verbs,andadjectivescanbeclassifiedas__________.A.lexicalwordsB.grammaticalwordsC.functionwordsD.formwords9.________referstotherelationsholdingbetweenelementsreplaceablewitheachotheratparticularplaceinstructure,orbetweenoneelementpresentandtheothersabsent.A.SyntagmaticrelationB.ParadigmaticrelationC.Co-occurrencerelationD.Hierarchicalrelation10.AccordingtoStandardTheoryofChomsky,________containalltheinformation\nnecessaryforthesemanticinterpretationofsentences.A.deepstructureB.surfacestructuresC.transformationalrulesD.PS-rules11.________describeswhetherapropositionistrueorfalse.A.TruthB.TruthvalueC.TruthconditionD.Falsehood12.“JohnhitPeter”and“PeterwashitbyJohn”arethesame________.A.propositionB.sentenceC.utteranceD.truth13.________isabranchoflinguisticswhichisthestudyofmeaninginthecontextofuse.A.MorphologyB.SyntaxC.PragmaticsD.Semantics14.________isthestudyofhowspeakerofalanguageusesentencestoaffectsuccessfulcommunication.A.SemanticsB.PragmaticsC.SociolinguisticsD.Psycholinguistics15.______isdefinedasanyregionallyorsociallydefinablehumangroupidentifiedbysharedlinguisticsystem.A.AspeechcommunityA.AraceC.AsocietyD.Acountry16.______variationoflanguageisthemostdiscernibleanddefinableinspeechvariation.A.RegionalB.SocialC.StylisticD.Idiolectal17.Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildrenusually_________grammaticalrulesfromthelinguisticinformationtheyhear.A.useB.acceptC.generalizeD.reconstruct18.Bythetimechildrenaregoingbeyondthe______stage,theybegintoincorporatesomeoftheinflectionalmorphemes.A.telegraphicB.multiwordC.two-wordD.one-word19.AccordingtoHalliday,thethreemetafunctionsoflanguageare________.A.ideational,interpersonalandtextualB.ideational,informativeandtextual\nC.metalinguistic,interpersonalandtextualD.ideational,interpersonalandreferential20.Thepersonwhoisoftendescribedas“'fatherofmodernlinguistics”is_______.A.FirthB.SaussureC.HallidayD.Chomsky1.Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?___________-Aniceday,isn’tit?-Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.A.EmotiveB.PhaticC.PeformativeD.Interpersonal2.Unlikeanimalcommunicationsystems,humanlanguageis__________.A.stimulusfreeB.stimulusboundC.underimmediatestimuluscontrolD.stimulatedbysomeoccurrenceofcommunalinterest3.Whichbranchoflinguisticsstudiesthesimilaritiesanddifferencesamonglanguage?___________A.DiachroniclinguisticsB.SynchroniclinguisticsC.PrescriptivelinguisticsD.Comparativelinguistics4.__________hasbeenwidelyacceptedastheforefatherofmodernlinguistics.A.ChomskyB.SaussureC.BloomfieldD.JohnLyons5.Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothetonguepositionofvowels?___________A.[i]B.[u]C.[e]D.[a]6.Liquidsareclassifiedinthelightof__________.A.mannerofarticulationB.placeofarticulationC.placeoftongueD.noneoftheabove\n7.Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalled_____morphemes.A.inflectionalB.freeC.boundD.derivational8.Thereare_______morphemesintheworddenationalization.A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.six9.InEnglish,themeandrhymeareoftenexpressedby________and________.A.subject,objectB.subject,predicateC.predicate,objectD.object,predicate10.Thesemantictriangleholdsthatthemeaningofaword________.A.isinterpretedthroughthemediationofconceptB.isrelatedtothethingitreferstoC.istheideaassociatedwiththatwordinthemindsofspeakersD.istheimageitisrepresentedinthemind.11.“JohnkilledBillbutBilldidn’tdie”isa(n)___________.A.entailmentB.presuppositionC.anomalyD.contradiction12.________foundthatnaturallanguagehaditsownlogicandconcludescooperativeprinciple.A.JohnAustinB.JohnFirthC.PaulGriceD.WilliamJones13._______proposedthatspeechactscanfallintofivegeneralcategories.A.AustinB.SearleC.SapirD.Chomsky14.______isnotatypicalexampleofofficialbilingualism.A.CanadaB.FinlandC.BelgiumD.Germany15.ThemostrecognizabledifferencebetweenAmericanEnglishandBritishEnglisharein_____andvocabulary.A.diglossiaB.bilingualismC.pidginizationD.blending16.______transferisaprocessthatismorecommonlyknownasinterference.A.AcquisitionB.PositiveC.NegativeD.Interrogative17.Ingeneral,thetwo-wordstagebeginsroughlyinthe_____halfofthechild’ssecond\nyear.A.earlyB.lateC.firstD.second18.ThemostimportantcontributionofthePragueSchooltolinguisticsisthatitseeslanguageintermsof________.A.functionB.meaningC.signsD.system19.TheprincipalrepresentativeofAmericandescriptivelinguisticsis________.A.BoasB.SapirC.BloomfieldD.Harris20.Atthe_______stagenegationissimplyexpressedbysinglewordswithnegativemeaning.A.prelinguisticsB.multiwordC.two-wordD.one-word1.Whichofthefollowingisthemostimportantfunctionoflanguage?___________A.InterpersonalfunctionB.PerformativefunctionC.InformativefunctionD.Recreationalfunction2.Indifferentlanguages,differenttermsareusedtoexpresstheanimal"狗",thisshowsthenatureof______ofhumanlanguage.A.arbitrarinessB.culturaltransmissionC.displacementD.discreteness3.Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalled____________.A.generallinguisticsB.sociolinguisticsC.psycholinguisticsD.appliedlinguistics4.Thestudyoflanguagemeaningiscalled__________.A.syntaxB.semanticsC.morphologyDpragmatics5.InEnglish,thereisoneglottalfricative.Itis_______.A.[I]B.[h]C.[k]D.[f]6.Thephoneticsymbolfor“voicedbilabialglide”is_________.A.[v]B.[d]C.[f]D.[w]7.InEnglish-iseand-tionarecalled________.\nA.prefixesB.suffixesC.infixesD.freemorphemes8.Morphologyisgenerallydividedintotwofields:thestudyofword-formationand______.A.affixationB.etymologyC.inflectionD.root9.Thesenserelationshipbetween“Johnplaystheviolin”and“Johnplaysamusicalinstrument”is________.A.hyponymyB.antonymyC.entailmentD.presupposition10.Conceptualmeaningis________.A.denotativeB.connotativeC.associativeD.affective11.Promising,undertaking,vowingarethemosttypicalofthe_______.A.declarationsB.directivesC.sociolinguisticsD.Chomsky12.Theviolationofoneormoreoftheconversational_______(oftheCP)can,whenthelistenerfullyunderstandsthespeaker,createconversationalimplicatures,andhumorsometimes.A.standardsB.principlesC.levelsD.maxim13._______varietyreferstospeechvariationaccordingtotheparticularareawhereaspeakercomesfrom.A.RegionalB.SocialC.StylisticD.Registervariety14.Inaspeechcommunitypeoplehavesomethingincommon______-alanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguageandrulesforusingit.A.sociallyB.linguisticallyC.culturallyD.pragmatically15.TheoptimumageforSLAis_______.A.childhoodB.earlyteensC.teensD.adulthood16.Ingeneral,________languageacquisitionreferstochildren'sdevelopmentoftheirlanguageofthecommunityinwhichachildhasbeenbroughtup.A.firstB.secondC.thirdD.fourth\n17.Childrenfollowasimilar________scheduleofpredictablestagesalongtherouteoflanguagedevelopmentacrosscultures.A.learningB.studyingC.acquisitionD.acquiring18.Thetheoryof_______considersthatallsentencesaregeneratedfromasemanticstructure.A.CaseGrammarB.StratificationalGrammarC.RelationalGrammarD.GenerativeSemantics19._______grammaristhemostwidespreadandthebestunderstoodmethodofdiscussingIndo-Europeanlanguage.A.TraditionalB.StructuralC.FunctionalD.Generative20.HjelmslevisaDanishlinguistandthecentralfigureofthe______.A.PragueSchoolB.CopenhagenSchoolC.LondonSchoolD.GenerativeSemantics一、判断题（每小题1分，共20分）判断下列说法是否正确。在题前的括号内正确的填“T”，错误的填“F”。得分评卷人复查人21.Therelationbetweenformandmeansinhumanlanguageisnatural.22.Descriptivelinguisticsstudiesonespecificlanguage.23.Phoneticsisthesciencethatdealswiththesoundsystem.24.Phonologyisthestudyofspeechsoundsofallhumanlanguages.25.Allconsonantsareproducedwithvocal-cordvibration.26.Inflectionalmorphologyisoneofthetwosub-branchesofmorphology.27.Thestructureofwordsisnotgovernedbyrules.28.Ifawordhassense,itmusthavereference.29.“Hedidn'tstopsmoking”presupposesthathehadbeensmoking.30.Alocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention.\n31.Atextisbestregardedasasemanticunit,aunitnotofformbutofmeaning.32.Althoughtheageatwhichchildrenwillpassthroughagivenstagecanvarysignificantfromchildtochild,theparticularsequenceofstagesseemstobethesameforallchildrenacquiringagivenlanguage.33.It’snormallyassumedthat,bytheageoffive,withanoperatingvocabularyofmore2,000words,childrenhavecompletedthegreaterpartofthelanguageacquisitionprocess.34.“TomhitMaryandMaryhitTom”isanexocentricconstructionwhile“menandwomen”isanendocentricconstruction.35.FollowingSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparole,Trubetzkoyarguedthatphoneticsbelongedtolanguewhereasphonologybelongedtoparole.36.Thesubject-predicatedistinctionisthesameasthethemeandfunctionallinguistics.37.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.38.Consonantsoundscanbeeithervoicedorvoiceless,whileallvowelsoundsarevoiceless.39.Thestandardlanguageisasuperposed,sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.40.Anillocutionaryactisidenticalwiththespeaker’sintention.21.Whenlanguageisusedtogetinformationfromother,itservesaninformativefunction.22.AlltheEnglishwordsarenotsymbolic.23.Allsoundsproducedbyhumanspeechorgansarelinguisticssymbols.24.Thereare72symbolsforconsonantsand25forvowelsinEnglish.25.Thesound[z]isanoralvoicedpost-alveolarfricative.26.Amorphemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofmorphology.27.Derivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.28.Thegrammaticalmeaningofasentencereferstoitsgrammaticality.\n29.Thereisonlyoneargumentinthesentence“Kidslikeapples”.30.WhileconversationparticipantsnearlyalwaysobservetheCP,theydonotalwaysobservethesemaximsstrictly.31.Inviting,suggesting,warning,orderingareinstanceofcommissives.32.Cohesionandcoherenceisidenticalwitheachotherinessence.33.Ithasbeenrecognizedthatinidealacquisitionsituation,manyadultscanreachnative-likeproficiencyinallaspectsofasecondlanguage.34.Allrootsarefreemorphemeswhilenotallfreemorphemesareroots.35.IntheClassicaltheory,Chomsky’saimistomakelinguisticsascience.Thistheoryischaracterizedbythreefeatures:emphasisonprescriptionoflanguage,introductionoftransformationalrules,andgrammaticaldescriptionregardlessoflanguageformation.36.Generativegrammarisasystemofrulesthatinsomeexplicitandwell-definedwayassignsstructuraldescriptionstosentences.37.Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainarootmorpheme.38.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstandhowwordsandphrasesformsentences,andsoon.39.Promising,undertaking,vowingarethemosttypicalofthepsycholinguistics.40.Halliday’sSystemicGrammarcontainsafunctionalcomponent,andthetheorybehindhisFunctionGrammarissystemic.21.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemslacktheprimarylevelofarticulation.22.Langueismoreabstractthanparoleandthereforeisnotdirectlyobservable.23.Generallinguisticsdealswiththewholehumanlanguage.24.Auditoryphoneticsinvestigateshowasoundisperceivedbythelistener.25.InEnglish,therearetwonasalconsonants.Thereare[m]and[n].26.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.\n27.Themeaningofthewordweoftenusedistheprimarymeaning.28.Meaningiscentraltothestudyofcommunication.29.Ofthethreespeechacts,linguistsaremostinterestedintheillocutionaryactbecausethiskindofspeechisidenticalwiththespeaker’sintention.30.Astheprocessofcommunicationisessentiallyaprocessofconveyingmeaninginacertaincontext,pragmaticscanalsobeconsideredasakindofmeaningstudy.31.Ifatexthasnocohesivewords,wesaythetextisnotcoherent.32.TheoptimumageforSLAalwaysaccordswiththemaximof“theyoungerthebetter”.33.Ingeneral,languageacquisitionreferstochildren’sdevelopmentoftheirfirstlanguage,thatis,thenativelanguageofthecommunityinwhichachildhasbeenbroughtup.34.TheLondonSchoolisalsoknownassystemiclinguisticsandfunctionallinguistics.35.Coarticulationreferstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.36.Bandmorphemesareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves.37.InthehistoryofAmericanlinguistics,theperiodbetween1933and1950isalsoknownastheBloomfieldianAge.38.PaulGricefoundthatartificiallanguagehaditsownlogicandconcludecooperativeprinciple.39.Culturaltransmissionreferstothefactthatlanguageisculturaltransmitted.Itispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.40.LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure’slangueandChomsky’sperformance.21.Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.22.Competenceismoreconcretethanperformance.23.Descriptivelinguisticsattemptstoestablishatheorywhichaccountsfortherulesof\nlanguageingeneral.24.Thespacebetweenthevocalcordsiscalledglottis.25.Stopscanbedividedintotwotypes:plosivesandnasals.26.Allrootsarefreeandallaffixesarebound.27.Thesentence“Tom,smoke!”and“Tomsmokes”havethesamesemanticpredication.28.Thesentencethatcontainsthesamewordsisthesameinmeaning.29.Asentenceisagrammaticalunitandanutteranceisapragmaticnotion.30.“JohnhasbeentoAsia”entails“JohnhasbeentoJapan”.31.Coherenceisalogical,orderlyandaestheticalrelationshipbetweenparts,inspeech,writing,orargument.32.Languageacquisitionisinaccordancewithlanguagelearningontheassumptionthattherearedifferentprocesses.33.SLAisprimarilythestudyofhowlearnersacquireorlearnanadditionallanguageaftertheyacquiredtheirfirstlanguage.34.AccordingtoFirth,asystemisasetofmutuallyexclusiveoptionsthatcomeintoplayatsomepointinalinguisticstructure.35.AmericanstructuralismisabranchofdiachroniclinguisticsthatemergedindependentlyintheUnitedStatesatthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury.36.Phonologicalknowledgeisanativespeaker’sintuitionaboutthesoundsandsoundpatternsofhislanguage.37.Phoneticshasthreesub-branches:acousticphonetics,auditoryphoneticsandarticulatoryphonetics.38.Theparadigmaticalrelationshowsustheinnerlayeringofsentences.39.Anethnicdialectisspokenmainlybyalessprivilegedpopulationthathasexperiencedsomesortofsocialisolation,suchasracialdiscrimination.40.Searleproposedthatspeechactcanfallintosixgeneralcategories.\n三、填空题（每小题1分，共10分）得分评卷人复查人41._______istheactualrealizationofone'slinguisticknowledgeinutterances.42.Combiningtwopartsoftwoalreadyexistingwordsiscalled________inword-formation.43.Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith_______.44.A________isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.45._______studiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.46.Insemanticanalysis,________istheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.47.Aspeech_______isagroupofpeoplewhosharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguage.48.Inlearningasecondlanguage,alearnerwillsubconsciouslyusehisL1knowledge.Thisprocessiscalledlanguage_______.49.Thedevelopmentofafirstornativelanguageiscalledfirstlanguage________.50.________isabranchoflinguisticswhichisthestudyofmeaninginthecontextofuse.41.Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed_________orcreative.42.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa___________study.43.Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthe_________andthelips.44.Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithout___________.45.________________isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening.46.For______________________antonyms,itisamatterofeitheroneortheother.\n47.A___________languageisoriginallyapidginthathasbecomeestablishedasanativelanguageinsomespeechcommunity.48.Alinguistic_____________referstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe“polite”societyfromgeneraluse.49.Forthevastmajorityofchildren,languagedevelopmentoccursspontaneouslyandrequireslittleconscious_____________onthepartofadults.50.Systemic-FunctionalGrammarisa(n)_________________orientedfunctionallinguisticsapproach.41.Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof_______overwriting.42.___________isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheformofwords.43.Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda____________,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalleda___________.44.____________isasciencethatisconcernedwithhowwordsarecombinedtoformphrasesandhowphrasesarecombinedbyrulestoformsentences.45.The________________relationisakindofrelationbetweenlinguisticformsinasentenceandlinguisticformsoutsidethesentence.46.Thevariousmeaningsofa_____________wordarerelatedtosomedegree.47.Thepre-schoolyearsarea____________periodforfirstlanguageacquisition.48.Whorfproposedthatallhigherlevelsofthinkingaredependenton____________.49._______________dealswithhowlanguageisacquired,understoodandproduced.50.Structuralismisbasedontheassumptionthatgrammaticalcategoriesshouldbedefinednotintermsofmeaningbutintermsof________________.41.Languageisasystemofarbitrary_________symbolsusedforhumancommunication.42.Langueorcompetenceis_________andnotdirectlyobservable,whileparoleorperformanceisconcreteanddirectlyobservable.43.Thevocaltractcanbedividedintotwoparts:theoralcavityandthe__________.\n44.Thecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwordsincalled_____________.45.ThewordsofEnglishareclassifiedintonativewordsand__________words.46.Languageitselfisnotsexist,butitsusemayreflectthe______________attitudeconnotedinthelanguagethatissexist.47._____________referstothegradualandsubconsciousdevelopmentofabilityinthefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallycommunicativesituations.48.Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildrenusually__________grammaticalrulesfromthelinguisticinformationtheyhear.49.ThestartingpointofChomsky'sTGGrammarishis___________hypothesis.50.A____________analysisofanutterancewillrevealwhatthespeakerintendstodowithit.一、名词解释（每小题3分，共15分）得分评卷人复查人51.discreteness52.competence53.triphthongs54.boundmorpheme55.syntax51.designfeatures52.performance53.minimalpair54.morpheme55.polysemy51.arbitrariness52.langue53.vowel54.affixs55.reference51.language\n52.phonemes,phones53.backformation54.lexicalsemantics55.speechcommunity一、简答题（每小题5分，共25分）得分评卷人复查人56.Howdoesalinguistconstructarule?57.Howcanwedecideaminimalpairoraminimalset?58.Explaintheinterrelationsbetweensemanticandstructuralclassificationsofmorphemes.59.Listthedifferencesbetweensurfacestructureanddeepstructureofasentence.60.Howdoescompetencedifferfromperformance?56.Explainthedifferencesbetweenlangueandparole.57.Useexamplestoillustratethedifferencebetweenacompulsoryconstituentandanoptionalconstituent.58.Definethetwoterms:phonemesandallophones.59.Whatarethethreetypesofdistribution?60.Howmanytypesoflinguisticknowledgedoesanativespeakerpossess?Whatarethey?56.Whatarethefivesub-branchesoflinguistics?57.Whatarethesuprasegmentalfeaturesare?58.Whatisthedifferencebetweencohesionandcoherence?59.Whatisethnicdialect?60.Whatislearnerlanguageandtargetlanguage?56.Whatisthedifferencebetweensynchroniclinguisticsanddiachroniclinguistics?57.Whatarethefunctionsoflanguage?58.Explaintherelationshipbetweenspeechandwriting.59.Analyzetheword“disestablishment”byICanalysis:60.Whatdoesmorphologystudy?二、论述题（每小题10分，共10分）得分评卷人复查人61.Whatarethedifferencesbetweeninflectionalandderivationalaffixesintermsofbothfunctionandposition?61.Listthedifferencesbetweensurfacestructureanddeepstructureofasentence.61.Definethethreetypesofdistributionrespectively.61.DescribewithexamplesvarioustypesofmorphemeusedinEnglish.