英语语言学术语解释 7页

1.Designfeature:arefeaturesthatdefineourhumanIanguages,suchasarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,etc.2.Function:theuseoflanguagetocommunicate,tothink,etc.Languagefunctionsincludeinformativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunionrecreationalfunctionandmetalingualfunction.3.etic:atermincontrastwithemicwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike'sdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Beingeticmansmakingfartoomany,aswellasbehaviouslyinconsequential,differentiations,justaswasofterthecasewithphoneticvx.phonemicanalysisinlinguisticsproper.4.emic:atermincontrastwitheticwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPike'sdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Anemicsetofspeechactsandeventsmustbeonethatisvalidatedasmeaningfulviafinalresourcetothenativemembersofaspeechcommunithratherthanviaqppealtotheinvestigator'singenuithorintuitionalone.5.synchronic:akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent)，asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind・6.diachronic:studyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.7.prescriptive:thestudyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.8.prescriptive:akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobej.e」ayingdownrulesforlanguageuse.9.descriptive:akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsarejustdescribed.10.arbitrariness:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage9whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.11.duality:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofarecomposedofelementsofthesecondary」evelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.12.displacement:onedesignfeatureofhumanIanguage,whichmeanshumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthemomentofcommunication.13.Apheticcommunion:onefunctionofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage.14.Metlanguage:certainkindsoflinguisticsignsortermsfortheanalysisanddescriptionofparticularstudies.15.macrolinguistics:heinteractingstudybetweenIanguageandIanguage-relateddisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,ethnograph,scienceoflawandartificialintelligeneeetc.Branchesofmacrolinguisticsincludepsycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,anthropologicallinguistics,et\n16・competence:languageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.17.performance:theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.18.langue:thelinguisticcompeteneeofthespeaker.19.parole:theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances).2Q.Articulatoryphonetics:thestudyofproductionofspeechsounds.21•Coarticulation:akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved..Coarticulationcanbefurtherdividedintoanticipatorycoarticulationandperseverativecoarticulation.22.Voicing:pronouncingasound(usuallyavoweloravoicedconsonant)byvibratingthevocalcords.23.Broadandnarrowtranscription:theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;while,theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasnarrowtranscription.24•Consonant:aresoundsegmentsproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.25-Phoneme:theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.26•Allophone:anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme(eg.isanallophoneof/t/inEnglish.When/t/occursinwordslikestep,itisunaspirated.Bothandareallophonesofthephoneme/t/.27.Vowkaresoundsegmentsproducedwithoutsuchobstruction,sonoturbulenceofatotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.28.Mannerofarticulation:intheproductionofconsonants,mannerofarticulationreferstotheactualrelationshipbetweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofthevocaltract.29.Placeofarticulation:intheproductionofconsonants,placeofarticulationreferstowhereinthevocaltractthereisapproximation,narrowing,ortheobstructionofair.30.Distinctivefeatures:atermofphonology,i.e.apropertywhichdistinguishesonephonemefromanother.31•Complementarydistribution:therelationbetweentowspeechsoundsthatneveroccurinthesameenvironment.Allophonesofthesamephonemeareusuallyincomplementarydistribution.32.IPA:theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,whichisdevisedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationin1888thenithasundergonganumberofrevisions.IPAisacomprisedsystememployingsymbolsofallsources,suchasRomansmallletters,italicsuprighted,obsoleteletters,Greekletters,diacritics,etc.33-Suprasegmentaksuprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprincipalsupra-segmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone„andintonation.\n34.Suprasegmentakaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprinciplesuprasegmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,andintonation.35.morpheme:thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpression」andcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.36.compoundolymorphemicwordswhichconsistwhollyoffreemorphemes,suchasclassroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.37.inflection:themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber5person,finiteness5aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.38.affix:thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem).39.derivation:differentfromcompounds,derivationshowstherelationbetweenrootsandaffixes40.root:thebasefromofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallassofidentity.41.allomorph:anyofthedifferentformofamorpheme.Forexample,inEnglishthepluralmorthemeisbutitispronounceddifferentlyindifferentenvironmeritsas/s/incats,as/z/indogsandas/iz/inclasses.So/s/,/z/,and/iz/areallallomorphsofthepluralmorpheme.42.Stem:anymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.43.boundmorpheme:anelementofmeaningwhichisstructurallydependentontheworlditisaddedto,e.g.thepluralmorphemein"dog's”.44.freemorpheme:anelementofmeaningwhichtakestheformofanindependentword.45.lexeme:Aseparateunitofmeaning,usuallyintheformofaword(e.g.ndoginthemanger”)46.lexicon:alistofallthewordsinalanguageassignedtovariouslexicalcategoriesandprovidedwithsemanticinterpretation.47.Grammaticalword:wordexpressinggrammaticalmeanings,suchconjunction,prepositions9articlesandpronouns.48.lexicalword:wordhavinglexicalmeanings,thatis,thosewhichrefertosubstanee,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives5andverbs.49.open-class:awordwhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited,suchasnouns9verbs,adjectives,andmanyadverbs.50.blending:arelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.51.Loanword:aprocessinwhichbothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyaslightadaptation,insomecases,toehphonologicalsystemofthenewlanguagethattheyenter.52.Loanblend:aprocessinwhichpartoftheformisnativeandpartisborrowed,butthemeaningis\nfullyborrowed.50.Leanshift:aprocessinwhichthemeaningisborrowed,buttheformisnative.51.Acronym:ismadeupformthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.52.Loss:thedisappearanceoftheverysoundasamorphemeinthephonologicalsystem.53.Back-formation:anabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongformalreadyinthelanguage.54.assimilation:thechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichismorespecificallycalled."contact”or^contiguous^assimilation.55.dissimilation:theinflueneeexercised.Byonesoundsegmentuponthearticulationofanother,sothatthesoundsbecomelessalike9ordifferent.56.folketymology:achangeinformofawordorphrase,resultingfromanincorrectpopularnationoftheoriginormeaningofthetermorfromtheinflueneeofmorefamiliartermsmistakenlytakentobeanalogous57.category:partsofspeechandfunction,suchastheclassificationofwordsintermsofpartsofspeech.theidentificationoftermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoffunctionsofwordsintermofsubject,predicate9etc.61.concord:alsoknownasagreement,istherequirementthattheformsoftwoormorewordsinasyntacticrelationshipshouldagreewitheachotherintermsofsomecategories.62.syntagmaticrelationbetweenoneitemandothersinasequenee,orbetweenelementswhichareallpresent.63.paradigmaticrelation:arelationholdingbetweenelementsreplaceablewitheachotherataparticularplaceinastructure5orbetweenoneelementpresentandheothersabsent.64.immediateconstituentanalysis:theanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents—wordgroups(orphrases),whichareintrunanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentsarereached.65.endocentricconstruction:oneconstructionwhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent，。!0approachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecentre,orhead,ofthewhole.Henceanendocentricconstructionisalsoknownasaheadedconstruction.66.exocentricconstruction:aconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanytoanyofitsconstituents.67.deepstructure:theabstractrepresentationofthesyntacticpropertiesofaconstructionj.e.theunderlyinglevelofstructuralrelationsbetweenitsdifferentconstituents,suchsatherelationbetween,theunderlyingsubjectanditsverb,oraverbanditsobject.68.surfactestructure:thefinalstageinthesyntacticderivationofaconstruction5whichcloselycorrespondstothestructuralorganizationofaconstructionpeopleactuallyproduceandreceive69.c-command:oneofthesimilarities,orofthemoregeneralfeatures,inthesetwogovernment\nrelations,istechnicallycalledconstituentcommand,c-commandforshort.65.governmentandbindingtheory:itisthefourthperiodofdevelopmentChomsky'sTGGrammar,whichconsistsofX-bartheme:thebasis,orthestartingpoint,oftheutterance.71.communicativedynamism:theextenttowhichthesentenceelementcontributestothedevelopmentofthecommunication.72.ideationalfunction:thespeaker'sexperienceoftherealworld,includingtheinnerworldofhisownconsciousness.73.interpersonalfunction:theuseoflanguagetoestablishandmaintainsocialrelations:fortheexpression」ofsocialroles,whichincludethecommunicationrolescreatedbylanguageitself;andalsoforgettingthingsdone,bymeansoftheinteractionbetweenonepersonandanother.・74.textualfunction:theuseoflanguagetheprovideformakinglinkswithitselfandwithfeaturesofthesituationinwhichitisused.75.conceptualmeaning:thecentralpartofmeaning,whichcontainslogical,cognitive,ordenotativecontent.76.denotation:thecoresenseofawordoraphradethatrelatesittophenomenaintherealworld77.connotation:aterminacontrastwithdenotation,meaningthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.78.reference:theuseoflanguagetoexpressapropostion,meaningthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.79.reference:theuseofanguagetoexpressaproposition,i.e.totalkaboutthingsincontext.80.sense:theliteralmeaningofawordoranexpressions,independentofsituationalcontext.81.synonymy:isthetechnicalnameforthesamenessrelation.82.complentaryantonymy:membersofapairincomplementaryantonymyarecomplementarytoeachfieldcompletely,suchasmale,female,absent.83.gradableantongymy:membersofthiskindaregradable,suchaslong:short,big;small,fat;thin9etc.84.converseantonymy:aspecialkindofantonymyinthatmemembersofapairdonotconstituteapositive-negativeopposition,suchasbuy;sell,lend5borrow5above5below,etc.85.relationalopposites:converseantonymyinreciprocalsocialroles,kinshiprelations,temporalandspatialrelations.Therearealwaystwoentitiesinvolved.Onepresupposestheother.Theshorter,better;worse.etcareinstancesofrelationalopposites.86.hyponymy:arelationbetweentowwordsjnwhichthemeaningofoneword(thesuperordinate)isincludedinthemeaningofanotherword(thehyponym)87.superordinate:theupperterminhyponymy,i.e.theclassname.Asuperordinateusuallyhasseveralhyponyms.Underanimal,forexample,therearecats,dogs,pigs,etc,88.semanticcomponent:adistinguishableelementofmeaninginawordwithtwo\nvalues,e.g<+human>82.compositionality:aprincipleforsentenceanalysis,inwhichthemeaningofasentencedependsonthemeaningsoftheconstituentwordsandthewaytheyarecombined.83.selectionrestriction:semanticrestrictionsofthenounphrasesthataparticularlexicalitemcantake5e.g.regretrequiresahumansubject.91.prepositionallogic:alsoknownasprepositionalcalculusorsententialcalculus,isthestudyofthetruthconditionsforpropositions:howthetruthofacompositepropositionsandtheconnectionbetweenthem.92.proposition;whatistalkaboutinanutteranee,thatpartofthespeechactwhichhastodowithreference.93.predicatelogic:alsopredicatecalculus,whichstudiestheinternalstructureofsimple.94.assimilationtheory:language(sound,word,syntax,etc)changeorprocessbywhichfeaturesofoneelementchangetomatchthoseofanotherthatprecedesorfollows.95.cohorttheory:theoryoftheperceptionofspokenwordsproposedinthemid-1980s.ltsaaumesa^recognitionlexiconJ,inwhicheachwordisrepresentedbyafullandindependenfrecognistionelemenf'.Whenthesystemreceivesthebeginningofarelevantacousticsignal,allelementsmatchingitarefullyacticated,and，asmoreofthesignalisreceived,thesystemtriestomatchitindependentlywitheachofthem,Whereveritfailstheelementisdeactivated;thisprocesscontinuesuntilonlyoneremainsactive.96.contexteffect:thiseffecthelppeoplerecognizeawordmorereadilywhentherecedingwordsprovideanappropriatecontextforit.97.frequencyeffect:describestheadditionaleasewithwhichawordisaccessedduetoitsmorefrequentusageinlanguage.98.inferenceincontext:anyconclusiondrawnfromasetofpropositionJromsomethingsomeonehassaid,andsoon」tincludesthingsthat,whilenotfollowinglogically,areimpliedjnanordinarysense,e.g.inaspecificcontext.99.immediateassumption:thereaderissupposedtocarryouttheprogressesrequiredtounderstandeachwordanditsrelationshiptopreviouswordsinthesentenceassoonasthatwordinencountered.100」anguageperception:languageawarenessofthingsthroughthephysicalsenses,esp,sight.Synchronic:saidofanapproachthatstudieslanguageatatheoretical"point”intime・Diachronic:saidofthestudyofdevelopmentoflanguageandlanguagesovertime・Arbitrariness:theabsenceofanyphysicalcorrespondencebetweenlinguisticsignalsandtheentitiestowhichtheyrefer.Duality:thestructuralorganizationoflanguageintotwoabstractlevels;meaningfulunitsandmeaninglesssegments・\nCompetence:unconsciousknowledgeofthesystemofgrammaticalrulesinalanguage・Performance:thelanguageactuallyusedbypeopleinspeakingorwriting・Langue:thelanguagesystemsharedbya“speechcommunity.Parole:theconcreteutterancesofspeake匚Morpheme:thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsoftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical・Inflection:isthemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixessuchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcasestowhichtheyareattached・Root:referstothebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithoutlossofidentity・Stem:isanymorphemeorcombinationsofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded・Acronym:ismadeupfromthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.Syntax:thestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructure・Subordination:theprocessorresultoflinkinglinguisticunitssothattheyhavedifferentsyntacticstatus,onebeingdependentupontheother,andusuallyaconstituentoftheotherDenotation:denotationinvolvestherelationshipbetweenalinguisticunitandthenon-linguisticentitiestowhichitrefers・Connotation:propertiesoftheentityaworddenote.Synonymy:synonymyisthetechnicalnameforoneofthesenserelationsbetweenlinguisticunits,namelythesamenessrelation.Hyponymy:thetechnicalnameforinclusivenesssenserelation,isamatterofclassmembership.Entailment:Thisalogicrelationshipbetweentwosentencesinwhichthetruthofthesecondnecessarilyfollowsfromthetruthofthefirst,whilethefalsityofthefirstfollowsfromthefalsityofthesecond・Trafficlightdoesnothaveduality.Obviously,itisnotadouble-levelsystem・Thereisonlyone-to-onerelationshipbetweensignsandmeaningbutthemeaningunitscannotbedividedintosmallermeaninglesselementsfurther.Sothetrafficlightonlyhastheprimarylevelandlacksthesecondarylevellikeanimals^call.