语言学起源和分类 13页

Theoriginandclassificationoflanguage\nThebeliefthatalllanguagesoriginatedfromasinglesourceisfoundinGenesis(起源).Itsaysthatthewholeearthwasofonelanguage,andofonespeech.Attheendofthe18thcentury,attemptsweremadetodiscoverthehistoryoftheworld’slanguages.\nTheexperimentsinseekingtheoriginofhumanlanguageIn7thcenturyB.C.theEgyptianPharaoh(法老)PsammetichusSent2infantstoanisolatedmountainhutThefirstwordutteredwasbekosBekoswasthewordforbreadinPhrygian(弗里吉亚语)JamesIVofScotland(1473-1513)Hebrew（希伯来语）wasthelanguageusedintheGardenofEden(伊匐园)\nTheoriginoflanguageCreation(DivineOrigin)EvolutionInvention\nCreationThedivineorigintheoristsproposethatinthebeginningtherewasonelanguagefromonesource,whichlaterbecomecorruptedintomanylanguages.\nEvolutionLanguageevolvedasanadjuncttoearlycommunication(pointing,gesturing,grunting,imitationofanimalsounds,etc.).Theevolutionistscontendthattherewereatthebeginningmanyconcurrentlanguageswhichovertimemergedsothatthelanguagesshowsomesimilarities.\nInventionTheinventiontheoryseestheoriginoflanguageintheimitationofnaturalsoundsandseekstoexplainthecorrespondencebetweensoundandmeaning.Inthemid-18thcentury,JeanJacquesRousseauproposedtheviewthattheearliestmanifestations(表现)oflanguagewere“criesofnature”thatmansharedwithanimals.\nLanguagefamilies语系Geneticclassification谱系分类法Typologicalclassification类型学分类法\nGeneticclassificationThisisahistoricalclassification,basedontheassumptionthatlanguageshavedivergedfromacommonancestor.Twolanguagesmightsharesomefeaturesincommonbecauseoneofthemhasborroweditfromtheother.\nTypologicalclassificationThisisbasedonacomparisonoftheformalsimilaritieswhichexistbetweenlanguages.Itisanattempttogrouplanguagesintostructuraltypesratherthanintermsofanyrealorassumedhistoricalrelationship.\nThedefectofthetwotypesBothtypesofclassificationignoretherelevanceofculturallinksbetweenlanguages.Withthepassageoftimeandthedevelopmentofinterculturalcommunication,languagesinfluenceeachotherbycontractandmayborrowwordsfromeachother.\nAccordingtoCrystal,thereareatleast29languagesfamiliesintheworld.AmongthemtheIndo-Europeanisthelargestfamily.ItcoversmostofEuropeandNorthIndia,predominatesinNorthandSouthAmerica,andAustralasia.\nTheend