语言学单元自测9 7页

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.　　⒈Thelinguisticabilityofhumanbeingsdependsprimarilyonthestructureofthevocalcords.　　⒉Humanbeingsaretheonlyorganismsinwhichoneparticularpartofthelefthalfofthebrainislargerthanthecorrespondingpartoftherighthalf.　　3.ThecaseofPhineasGagesuggeststhatifourlanguageabilityislocatedinthebrain，itisclearthatitisnotsituatedrightatthefront.　　⒋Ingeneral，therightsideofthebraincontrolsvoluntarymovementsof，andrespondstosignalsfrom，theleftsideofthebody，whereastheleftsidecontrolsvoluntarymovementsof，andrespondstosignalsfrom，therightsideofthebody.　　5.Languagefunctionsarebelievedtobelateralizedprimarilyinthelefthemisphereofthebrain.　　6.Thelanguagewespeakdeterminesthewayweperceivetheworldandthereforethenatureofthought.　　7.Humanbeingscannotthinkwithoutlanguage，justastheycannotspeakwithoutthinking.　　8.Ifalanguagelacksaword，itsspeakerswillnotbeabletograspitsconcept.　　9.Generallyspeaking，lefthemisphereisresponsibleforlanguageandspeech，analyticreasoning，associativethought，etc.，whiletherighthemisphereisresponsibleforperceptionofnonlinguisticsounds，holisticreasoning，recognitionofmusicalmelodies，etc.　　10.Languagebynomeansdeterminesthewaysweperceivetheobjectiveworld，butbyitsconvenience，availability，andhabitualuse，doesinfluencetheperceptionsofhumanbeing. 　　II.Fillineachoftheblanksbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.　　11.P_________isthestudyoflanguageinrelationtothemind.　　12.Themostimportantpartofthebrainistheoutsidesurfaceofthebrain，calledthecerebralc_________，whichisthedecision-makingorganofthebody.　　13.Thebrainisdividedintotworoughlysymmetricalhalves，calledh_________，oneontherightandoneontheleft.　　14.Thelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptualfunctionsinaparticularsideofthebrainiscalledl__________.　　15.Brainlateralizationisg__________programmed，buttakestimetodevelop.　　16.Inadditiontothem________areawhichisresponsibleforphysicalarticulationofutterances，threeareasofthelefthemispherearevitaltolanguage，namely，Broca’sarea，Wernicke’sareaandtheangulargyrus.　　17.Therelationshipbetweenthenameandthemeaningofawordisquitea______________.　　18.Whenlanguageandthoughtareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeachother，wemayregardthoughtass________speechandspeechaso__________thought.　　19.Becauselanguagesdifferinmanyways，Whorfbelievedthatspeakersofdifferentlanguagesperceiveandexperiencetheworlddifferently，relativetotheirlinguisticbackground.Thisnotioniscalledlinguisticr__________.\n　　20.Thebasicessentialsofthefirstlanguageareacquiredintheshortperiodfromaboutagetwotopuberty，whichiscalledthec____periodforfirstlanguageacquisition.　　21.ThestrongversionofSapir-Whorfhypothesishastwoaspects：linguisticd_______andlinguisticrelativism. 　　III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.　　22.Humanlinguisticabilitylargelydependsonthestructureanddynamicsof_________.A.humanbrainB.humanvocalcordsC.humanmemoryD.human 　　23.Psychologists，neurologistsandlinguistshaveconcludedthat，inadditiontothemotorareawhichisresponsibleforphysicalarticulationofutterances，threeareasoftheleftbrainarevitaltolanguage，namely，_______.A.Broca’sarea，Wernicke’sareaandtheangulargyrusB.Broca’sarea，Wernicke’sareaandcerebralcortexC.Broca’sarea，Wernicke’sareaandneuronsD.Broca’sarea，Wernicke’sareaandExner’sarea 　　24.The____agefortheacquisitionofthefirstlanguagecoincideswiththeperiodofbrainlateralization.A.youngestB.flexibleC.optimum　　　　D.relevant 　　25.Linguistic____isthebrain’sneurologicalspecializationforlanguage.A.fossilization　　　　B.performanceC.competence　　　　D.lateralization 　　26.Ourlinguisticabilityisa________giftofthespecies’geneprogram.A.chemical　　　　　B.physicalC.scientific　　　　　D.biological 　　27.________showsthatifourlanguageabilityislocatedinthebrain，itisclearthatitisnotsituatedrightatthefrontofthebrain.A.ThecaseofGenieB.ThecaseofPhineasGageC.ThecomponentialanalysisD.Thecontrastiveanalysis 　　28.Themostimportantpartofthebrainistheoutsidesurfaceofthebrain，called_________.A.theneuronsB.nervepathwaysC.cerebralcortexD.sensoryorgans 　　29.Accordingtolateralizationtheory，whichofthefollowingisnottheprimaryfunctionof\nthelefthemisphereofthebrain？A.analyticreasoningB.temporalorderingC.associativethoughtD.visualandspatialskills 　　30._______iscommonlyheldtobeanevolutionarypreconditionofthedevelopmentofsuperiorintelligenceaswellasapreconditionoflanguageacquisition.A.LateralizationB.MaturationC.BrainseparationD.Memorycapacity 　　31.Thedichoticlisteningresearchshowsthatthelefthemisphereisnotsuperiorforprocessingallsounds，butonlyforthosethatare________innature.A.non-linguisticB.musicalC.linguistic　　　　　D.natural 　32.　_______isresponsibleforphysicalarticulationofutterances.A.ThemotorareaB.Broca’sareaC.Wernicke’sareaD.Theangulargyrus 　　33.Languagedisorderresultingfromadamageto_________inthebrainrevealsword-findingdifficultiesandproblemswithsyntax.A.themotorareaB.Broca’sareaC.Wernicke’sareaD.theangulargyrus 　　34.In1874，theyoungGermanphysicianCarlWernickepublishedhisdiscoveryinapaperwhichcontributedtothehypothesisthat__________.A.therewasonlyonelanguageareaintheleftbrainB.therewasnolanguageareaintheleftbrainC.therewasonelanguageareaintherightbrainD.therewasmorethanonelanguageareaintheleftbrain 　　35.__________isthelanguagecenterprimarilyresponsibleforconvertingavisualstimulusintoanauditoryformandviceversa.A.ThemotorareaB.Broca’sareaC.Wernicke’sareaD.Theangulargyrus 　　36.TheneurobiologistEricLennebergisamajorproponentoftheideathat________.A.thereisadistinctionbetweenacquisitionandlearningB.thereisacriticalperiodforlanguageacquisitionC.languageinfluencesthinkingD.thereisinterrelationshipbetweenlanguageandthinking 　　37.ThecaseofGenieshowsthat____________.A.languagecannotbeacquiredatallafterthecriticalperiod\nB.CerebralplasticityafterpubertyisstillhighenoughtoforasuccessfulmasteryofanewlanguageC.thelanguagefacultyofanaveragehumandegeneratesafterthecriticalperiodD.thelanguagelearningshouldbedoneasearlyaspossible 　　IVExplainthefollowingterms.38.    psycholinguistics39.    brainlateralization40.    dichoticlistening41.    Broca'sarea42.    angulargyms43.    cerebralplasticity44.    linguisticdeterminism45.    sub-vocalspeech46.    cerebralcortex47.    linguisticlateralization48.    rightearadvantage49.    criticalperiodhypothesis50.    Sapir-Whorfhypothesis51.    linguisticrelativism52.    overtthought53.    intrapersonalcommunication54.    interpersonalcommunication 　　　V.Answerthefollowingquestions.　　55.　Whatarethebiologicalfoundationsoflanguage？　　56.　Whatarethemajormentalfunctionsunderthecontrolofeachhemisphere？　　57.　Whatcanwedobymeansofdichoticlisteningtests？　　58.　WhatisthesafeconclusionfromGenie'scase？　　59.　Howarelanguageandthoughtrelatedtoeachother？　　SuggestedAnswers 　　I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.1.F2.T3.T4.T5.T6.F7.F8.F9.T10.T　　　II.Fillineachoftheblanksbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.11.      Psycholinguistics12.      cortex　13.      hemispheres　14.      lateralization　15.      genetically16.      Motor　17.      arbitrary　18.      sub-vocal，overt19.      relativism20.      critical　21.      determinism  　　III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.22.A23.A24.C25.D26.D27.B28.C29.D30.A31.C32.A33.B34.D35.D36.B37.C　　　IV.Explainthefollowingterms.　　38.Psycholinguistics：Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtothemind.\n　　39.Brainlateralization：Thelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptualfunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrainiscalledbrainlateralization.　　40.Dichoticlistening：aresearchtechniquewhichhasbeenusedtostudyhowthebraincontrolshearingandlanguage，withwhichsubjectswearearphonesandsimultaneouslyreceivedifferentsoundsintherightandleftear，andarethenaskedtorepeatwhattheyhear.Dichoticlisteningresearchmakesuseofthegenerallyestablishedfactthatanythingexperiencedontheright-handsideofthebodyisprocessedinthelefthemisphereofthebrain，andviceversa.Abasicassumption，thus，wouldbethatasignalcomingintherightearwillgotothelefthemisphereandasignalcomingintheleftearwillgototherighthemisphere.　　41.Broca'sarea：Itreferstothefrontallobeintheleftcerebralhemisphere，whichisvitaltolanguage.ThisareaisdiscoveredbyPaulBroca，aFrenchsurgeonandanatomist.　　42.Angulargyms：TheangulargyrusliesbehindWernicke'sarea.Theangulargyrusisthelanguagecenterresponsibleforconvertingavisualstimulusintoanauditoryformandviceversa.Thisareaiscrucialforthematchingofaspokenformwithaperceivedobject，forthenamingofobjects，andforthecomprehensionofwrittenlanguage，allofwhichrequireconnectionsbetweenvisualandspeechregions.　　43.Cerebralplasticity：AccordingtoLenneberg，priortotheendofthecriticalperiod，bothhemispheresareinvolvedtosomeextentinlanguageandonecantakeoveriftheotherisdamaged.Thisneurologicalflexibilityiscalledcerebralplasticity.　　44.Linguisticdeterminism：atheoryputforwardbytheAmericananthropologicallinguistsSapirandWhorf，whichstatesthatthewaypeopleviewtheworldisdeterminedbythestructureoftheirnativelanguage.　　45.Sub-vocalspeech：atermusedtorefertothoughtwhenthoughtandlanguageareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeachother.　　46.Cerebralcortex：theoutsidesurfaceofthebrainwhichreceivesmessagesfromallthesensoryorgansandwherehumancognitiveabilitiesreside.　　47.Linguisticlateralization：Itrefersthebrain’sneurologicalspecializationforlanguage.　　48.Rightearadvantage：Thespeechsignalspresentedintherighteargoesdirectlytotheleftbrain，whilethespeechsignalsintheleftearmustfirstgototherighthemisphere，fromwhereitistransferredtotheleftsideofthebrainforprocessing.Sincethespeechsignalsinthelefteartakesanon-directrouteandalongertimebeforeprocessingthanalinguisticsignalreceivedthroughtherightear，linguisticstimuliheardinthelefteararereportedlessaccuratelythanthoseheardintherightear.Thisphenomenoniscalledtherightearadvantage.　　49.Criticalperiodhypothesis：Thecriticalperiodhypothesisreferstoaperiodinone'slifeextendingfromaboutagetwotopuberty，duringwhichthehumanbrainismostreadytoacquireaparticularlanguageandlanguagelearningcanproceedeasily，swiftly，andwithoutexplicitinstruction.　　50.Sapir-Whorfhypothesis：atheoryputforwardbytheAmericananthropologicallinguistsSapirandWhorfwhichstatesthatthewaypeopleviewtheworldisdeterminedwhollyorpartlybythestructureoftheirnativelanguage.　　51.Linguisticrelativism：Whorfbelievedthatspeakersofdifferentlanguagesperceiveandexperiencetheworlddifferently，relativetotheirlinguisticbackground，hencethenotionoflinguisticrelativism.　　52.Overtthought：Whenlanguageandthoughtareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeach\nother，wemayregardspeechas"overtthought.”　　53.Intrapersonalcommunication：Itmeansthatlanguageusersuselanguagetofacilitatethinking，speechbehaviorandactionfortheindividual.　　54.Interpersonalcommunication：Itmeanslanguageusersuselanguagetoconveyinformation，thoughtsandfeelingsfromonepersontoanother，ortocontroleachother'sbehavior.　　V.Answerthefollowingquestions.　　55.Whatarethebiologicalfoundationsoflanguage？　　Ofallorganisms，humanbeingsaretheonlyspontaneouscreatorsandusersofhighlysophisticatedlanguagesthatpermitthecommunicationofawiderangeofknowledgeandideas.Evidently，ourlinguisticabilitydoesnotdependprimarilyonthestructureofourvocalcords，forothermammalsalsohavevocalcords.Humanlinguisticabilitylargelydepends，instead，onthestructureanddynamicsofthehumanbrain.Asfarasiscurrentlyknown，humanbeingsaretheonlyorganismsinwhichoneparticularpartofthelefthalfofthebrainislargerthanthecorrespondingpartoftherighthalf.Thishasledtothebeliefthathumanlanguageisbiologically，ormoreexactly，neurologically，based.　　56.Whatarethemajormentalfunctionsunderthecontrolofeachhemisphere？　　Psychologicalresearchsuggeststhatbothhemispheresperformimportantmentalfunctionsandtheydifferonlyinthemannerinwhichtheytreatincomingstimuli.Forexample，therighthemisphereprocessesstimulimoreholisticallyandthelefthemispheremoreanalytically.　　Brainlateralizationformajormentalfunctionsunderthecontrolofeachhemisphereisgivenasfollows：　　　（1）Lefthemisphere　　　Righthemisphere　　languageandspeech　　perceptionofnonlinguisticsounds　　analyticreasoning　　holisticreasoning　　temporalordering　　visualandspatialskills　　readingandwriting　　recognitionofpatterns　　calculation　　　　recognitionofmusicalmelodies　　associativethought　　Becauseeachcerebralhemispherehasuniquefunctionalsuperiority，itisaccuratetothinkofthehemispheresascomplementarilyspecialized.　　57.Whatcanwedobymeansofdichoticlisteningtests？　　Dichoticlisteningresearchmakesuseofthegenerallyestablishedfactthatanythingexperiencedontheright-handsideofthebodyisprocessedinthelefthemisphereofthebrain，andviceversa.Abasicassumption，thus，wouldbethatasignalcomingintherightearwillgotothelefthemisphereandasignalcomingintheleftearwillgototherighthemisphere.Bymeansofdichoticlisteningtests，wecananalyzethecharacteristicsofincomingstimuliprocessedbytheindividualhemispheres.　　Dichoticlisteningtestcanshowthatthelefthemisphereisnotsuperiorforprocessingallsounds，butonlyforthosethatarelinguisticinnature，thusprovidingevidenceinsupportoftheviewthattheleftsideofthebrainisspecializedforlanguageandthatitiswherelanguagecentersreside.　　58.WhatisthesafeconclusionfromGenie'scase？　　AsafeconclusionfromGenie'scaseisthatthelanguagefacultyofanaveragehumanbeing\ndegeneratesafterthecriticalperiodandconsequently，mostlinguisticskillscannotdevelop.　　59.Howarelanguageandthoughtrelatedtoeachother？　　Languageandthoughtmaybeviewedastwoindependentcirclesoverlappinginsomeparts，wherelanguageandthoughtareconsistentwitheachotherandoneneveroccurswithouttheother.Whenlanguageandthoughtareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeachother，wemayregardthoughtas"sub-vocalspeech"，andspeechas"overtthought".Insuchacase，speakingandthinkingtakeplacesimultaneously.