语言学单元自测8 13页

I.　DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.　　⒈Sociolinguisticsisthesub-disciplineoflinguisticsthatstudiessocialcontexts.　　⒉Languageasameansofsocialcommunicationisahomogeneoussystemwithahomogeneousgroupofspeakers.　　⒊Languageusevariesfromonespeechcommunitytoanother，fromoneregionalgrouptoanother，fromonesocialgrouptoanother，andevenfromoneindividualtoanother.　　⒋Thegoalofsociolinguisticsistoexplorethenatureoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseamongavarietyofspeechcommunitiesandindifferentsocialsituations.　　5.Thelinguisticmarkersthatcharacterizeindividualsocialgroupsmayserveassocialmarkersofgroupmembership.　　6.Fromthesociolinguisticperspective，theterm“speechvariety”cannotbeusedtorefertostandardlanguage，vernacularlanguage，dialectorpidgin.　　7Functionalspeechvarietiesareknownasregionaldialects.　　8.Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisitsgrammarandusesofvocabulary.　　9.Geographicalbarriersaretheonlysourceofregionalvariationoflanguage.　　10.Aperson’ssocialbackgroundsdonotexertashapinginfluenceonhischoiceoflinguisticfeatures.　　11.Twospeakersofthesamelanguageordialectusetheirlanguageordialectinthesameway.　　12.Everyspeakerofalanguageis，inastrictersense，aspeakerofadistinctidiolect.　　13.Thestandardlanguageisabetterlanguagethannonstandardlanguages.　　14.Alinguafrancacanonlybeusedwithinaparticularcountryforcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplewithdifferentlinguisticbackgrounds.　　15.Pidginsarelinguisticallyinferiortostandardlanguages.\n　　16.Apidginusuallyreflectstheinfluenceofthehigher，ordominant，languageinitslexiconandthatofthelowerlanguageintheirphonologyandoccasionallysyntax.　　17.Themajordifferencebetweenapidginandacreoleisthattheformerusuallyhasitsnativespeakerswhilethelatterdoesn’t.　　18.Bilingualismanddiglossiameanthesamething.　　19.Thekindofnameortermspeakersusetocallorrefertosomeonemayindicatesomethingoftheirsocialrelationshiptoorpersonalfeelingsaboutthatindividual.　　20.Theuseofeuphemismshastheeffectofremovingderogatoryovertonesandthedisassociativeeffectassuchisusuallylong-lasting.　　II.Fillineachoftheblanksbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.　　21.Thesocialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeechc________.　　22.Speechv_________referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.　　23.Fromthesociolinguisticperspective，aspeechvarietyisnomorethanad__________varietyofalanguage.　　24.Languagestandardizationisalsocalledlanguagep_______.　　25.Socialvariationgivesrisetos_________whicharesub-divisibleintosmallerspeechcategoriesthatreflecttheirsocioeconomic，educational，occupationalbackground，etc.　　26.S_______variationinaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.　　27.Aregionaldialectmaygainstatusandbecomestandardizedasthenationaloro________languageofacountry.　　28.Thestandardlanguageisas_________，sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.　　29.Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandard，orv_______languages.\n　　30.Apidgintypicallylacksini_______morphemes.　　31.Linguistictabooreflectss_________taboo.　　32.Theavoidanceofusingtaboolanguagemirrorssocialattitudes，emotionsandvaluejudgmentsandhasnol_________basis.　　III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.　　33._______isconcernedwiththesocialsignificanceoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseindifferentspeechcommunities.A.Psycholinguistics　　　　B.SociolinguisticsC.HistoricallinguisticsD.Generallinguistics　　34.Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisits_____.A.useofwordsB.useofstructuresC.accent　　　　　　D.morphemes　　35.____isspeechvariationaccordingtotheparticularareawhereaspeakercomesfrom.A.RegionalvariationB.LanguagevariationC.SocialvariationD.Registervariation　　36._______arethemajorsourceofregionalvariationoflanguage.A.Geographicalbarriers\nB.Loyaltytoandconfidenceinone’snativespeechC.PhysicaldiscomfortandpsychologicalresistancetochangeD.Socialbarriers　　37._________meansthatcertainauthorities，suchasthegovernmentchoose，aparticularspeechvariety，standardizeitandspreadtheuseofitacrossregionalboundaries.A.LanguageinterferenceB.LanguagechangesC.LanguageplanningD.Languagetransfer　　38._________inaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.A.RegionalvariationB.ChangesinemotionsC.VariationinconnotationsD.Stylisticvariation　　39.A____isavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds.A.linguafrancaB.registerC.CreoleD.nationallanguage　　40.Although_______aresimplifiedlanguageswithreducedgrammaticalfeatures，theyarerule-governed，likeanyhumanlanguage.A.vernacularlanguagesB.creolesC.pidgins\nD.sociolects　　41.Innormalsituations，____speakerstendtousemoreprestigiousformsthantheir____counterpartswiththesamesocialbackground.A.female；maleB.male；femaleC.old；youngD.young；old　　42.Alinguistic____referstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe"polite"societyfromgeneraluse.A.slang　　　　　　B.euphemismC.jargon　　　　　　D.taboo　　　IV.Definethefollowingterms.43.sociolinguistics44.speechcommunity45.speechvariety46.languageplanning47.idiolect48.standardlanguage49.nonstandardlanguage50.linguafranca51.pidgin　　　　52.Creole53.diglossia　　　　\n54.Bilingualism　　55.ethnicdialect56.Sociolect57.register　　　　58.slang59.taboo　　　　60.euphemism　　V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary.　　61.Discusswithexamplesthatthespeechofwomenmaydifferfromthespeechofmen.　　62.DiscusswithexamplessomeofthelinguisticdifferencesbetweenStandardEnglishandBlackEnglish.　　63.Whatisalinguistictaboo？Whateffectdoesithaveonouruseoflanguage？　　SuggestedAnswers　　I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.1.F2.F3.T4.T5.T6.F\n7.F8.F9.F10.F11.F12.T13.F14.F15.F16.T17.F18.F19.T20.F　　II.Fillineachoftheblanksbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.21.community22.variety　23.dialectal　24.planning　25.sociolects26.Stylistic　27.official　28.superposed　29.vernacular\n30.inflectional　31.social　32.linguistic　　　III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.33.-37.BCAAC38.-42.DACAD　　　IV.Definethefollowingterms.　　43.　Sociolinguistics：Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinsocialcontexts.　　44.　Speechcommunity：Thesocialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeechcommunityoraspeechcommunityisagroupofpeoplewhoformacommunityandsharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguage.Theimportantcharacteristicofaspeechcommunityisthatthemembersofthegroupmust，insomereasonableway，interactlinguisticallywithothermembersofthecommunity.Theymaysharecloselyrelatedlanguagevarieties，aswellasattitudestowardlinguisticnorms.　　45.　Speechvariety：Speechvariety，alsoknownaslanguagevariety，referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.Thedistinctivecharacteristicsofaspeechvarietymaybelexical，phonological，morphological，syntactic，oracombinationoflinguisticfeatures.　　46.　Languageplanning：Languagestandardizationisknownaslanguageplanning.Thismeansthatcertainauthorities，suchasthegovernmentorgovernmentagencyofacountry，chooseaparticularspeechvarietyandspreadtheuseofit，includingitspronunciationandspellingsystems，acrossregionalboundaries.\n　　47.　Idiolect：Anidiolectisapersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombinesaspectsofalltheelementsregardingregional，social，andstylisticvariation，inoneformoranother.Inanarrowersense，whatmakesupone’sidiolectincludesalsosuchfactorsasvoicequality，pitchandspeechrhythm，whichallcontributetotheidentifyingfeaturesinanindividual'sspeech.　　48.　Standardlanguage：Thestandardlanguageisasuperposed，sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.Itisthelanguageemployedbythegovernmentandthejudiciarysystem，usedbythemassmedia，andtaughtineducationalinstitutions，includingschoolsettingswherethelanguageistaughtasaforeignorsecondlanguage.　　49.　Nonstandardlanguage：Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandardlanguages.　　50.Linguafranca：Alinguafrancaisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds.　　51.　Pidgin：Apidginisavarietyoflanguagethatisgenerallyusedbynativespeakersofotherlanguagesasamediumofcommunication.　　52.　Creole：ACreolelanguageisoriginallyapidginthathasbecomeestablishedasanativelanguageinsomespeechcommunity.　　53.　Diglossia：Diglossiausuallydescribesasituationinwhichtwoverydifferentvarietiesoflanguageco-existinaspeechcommunity，eachwithadistinctrangeofpurelysocialfunctionandappropriateforcertainsituations.　　54.　Bilingualism：Bilingualismreferstoalinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers，suchastheinhabitantsofaparticularregionoranation.　　55.　Ethnicdialect：Withinasociety，speechvariationmaycomeaboutbecauseofdifferentethnicbackgrounds.Anethniclanguagevarietyisasocialdialectofalanguage，oftencuttingacrossregionaldifferences.Anethnicdialectisspokenmainlybyalessprivilegedpopulationthathasexperiencedsomeformofsocialisolation，suchasracialdiscriminationorsegregation.　　56.　Sociolect：Socialdialects，orsociolects，arevarietiesoflanguageusedbypeoplebelongingtoparticularsocialclasses.　　57.　Register：Registersarelanguagevarietieswhichareappropriateforuseinparticularspeechsituations，incontrasttolanguagevarieties\nthatareassociatedwiththesocialorregionalgroupingoftheircustomaryusers.Formatreason，registersarealsoknownassituationaldialects.　　58.　Slang：Slangisacasualuseoflanguagethatconsistsofexpressivebutnon-standardvocabulary，typicallyofarbitrary，flashyandoftenephemeralcoinagesandfiguresofspeechcharacterizedbyspontaneityandsometimesbyraciness.　　59.　Taboo：Taboo，orratherlinguistictaboo，denotesanyprohibitionbythepolitesocietyontheuseofparticularlexicalitemstorefertoobjectsoracts.　　60.　Euphemism：Aeuphemism，then，isamild，indirectorlessoffensivewordorexpressionsubstitutedwhenthespeakerorwriterfearsmoredirectwordingmightbeharsh，unpleasantlydirect，oroffensive.　　V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary.　　61.Discusswithexamplesthatthespeechofwomenmaydifferfromthespeechofmen.　　Innormalsituations，femalespeakerstendtousemoreprestigiousformsthantheirmalecounterpartswiththesamegeneralsocialbackground.Forexample，standardEnglishformssuchas"Ididit"and"heisn't"canbefoundmoreofteninthespeechoffemales，whilethemorecolloquial"Idoneit"and"heain't"occurmorefrequentlyinthespeechofmales.　　Anotherfeatureoftenassociatedwithso-calledwomen'slanguageispoliteness.Usually，toughandroughspeecheshaveconnotationsofmasculinityandarenotconsideredtobedesirablefemininequalities.Ingeneral，men'slanguageismorestraightforward，lesspolite，andmoredirect，andwomen'slanguageismoreindirect，lessblunt，andmorecircumlocutory.　　Thisphenomenonofsex-preferentialdifferentiationisalsoreflectedintherelativefrequencywithwhichmalesandfemalesusethesamelexicalitems.Forexample，certainwordsthatarecloselyassociatedwithwomenmaysoundtypicallyfeminineasaresultofthatassociation.Forexample，someEnglishadjectiveslike"lovely"，"nice"，"darling"and"cute"occurmoreofteninfemalespeechesandthereforecausefeminineassociation.Femaleshavealsobeenshowntopossessagreatervarietyofspecificcolortermsthanmales，inspiteofthefactthatmendonotnecessarilypossesslessacutecolorperceptionthanwomen.Ontheotherhand，maleshave\nthereputationofpossessingalargervocabularyintraditionallymale-dominateddomainssuchassports，huntingandthemilitary.　　ArequestinEnglishsuchas"Closethedoorwhenyouleave"canbephrasedinanumberofwaysrangingfromaharshcommandtoaverypoliterequest：　　a.Closethedoorwhenyouleave.　　b.Pleaseclosethedoorwhenyouleave.　　c.Wouldyoupleaseclosethedoorwhenyouleave？　　d.Couldyouclosethedoorwhenyouleave？　　Althoughtheaboveoptionsareallavailabletobothmenandwomen，itisusuallythemorepoliteformsthatareselectedbyfemalespeakers.Ingeneral，femalesarefoundtousemorequestionsthandeclarativestatementsincomparisonwithmales.　　62.DiscusswithexamplessomeofthelinguisticdifferencesbetweenStandardEnglishandBlackEnglish.　　OneofthemostprominentphonologicalcharacteristicsofBlackEnglishisthefrequentsimplificationofconsonantclustersattheendofwordswhenoneofthetwoconsonantsisanalveolar/t/，/d/，/s/，or/z/.Theapplicationofthissimplificationrulemaydeletethepast-tensemorpheme，so"past"and"passed"arebothpronouncedlike"pass."　　AnothersalientcharacteristicofBlackEnglishphonologicalsystemconcernsthedeletionofsomeword-finalstopconsonantsinwordslike"side"and"borrowed."SpeakersofBlackEnglishfrequentlydeletetheseword-finalstops，pronouncing“side”like“sigh”and“borrowed”like“borrow.”　　Oneprominentsyntacticfeatureisthefrequentabsenceofvariousformsofthecopula"be"inBlackEnglish，whicharerequiredofStandardEnglish.ComparethefollowingexpressionsinBlackEnglishandStandardEnglish：　　（1）BlackEnglish　　　　StandardEnglish　　Theymine.　　　　　They'remine.　　Youcrazy.　　　　　　Yourecrazy.　　AnotherdistinctivesyntacticfeatureofBlackEnglishisthesystematicuseofdieexpression"itis"whereStandardEnglishuses"thereis"inthesenseof“thereexists”：\n　　IsitaMr.Johnsoninthisoffice？　　AnotheraspectofBlackEnglishistheuseofdoublenegationconstructions.Whenevertheverbisnegated，theindefinitepronouns"something"，"somebody"，and"some"becomethenegativeindefinites"nothing"，"nobody"，and"none"，forexample：　　Hedon'tknownothing.（Hedoesn'tknowanything.）　　63.Whatisalinguistictaboo？Whateffectdoesithaveonouruseoflanguage？　　Alinguistictabooreferstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe"polite"societyfromgeneraluse.Obscene，profane，andswearwordsarealltaboowordsthataretobeavoidedentirely，oratleastavoidedinmixedcompany.　　Insociolinguistics，alinguistictaboo，denotesanyprohibitionontheuseofparticularlexicalitemstorefertoobjectsoracts.Aslanguageuseiscontextualizedinparticularsocialsettings，linguistictaboooriginatesfromsocialtaboo.Whenanactistaboo，referencetothisactmayalsobecometaboo.Taboowordsandexpressionsreflecttheparticularsocialcustomsandviewsofaparticularculture.　　Aslinguistictabooreflectssocialtaboo，certainwordsaremorelikelytobeavoided，forexamples，thewordsrelatedtosex，sexorgansandexcrementinmanycultures.Theavoidanceofusingtaboolanguagemirrorssocialattitudes，emotionsandvaluejudgments，andhasnolinguisticbasis.　　Theavoidanceofusingtaboolanguagehasledtothecreationofeuphemisms.Aeuphemismisamild，indirectorlessoffensivewordorexpressionsubstitutedwhenthespeakerorwriterfearsmoredirectwordingmightbeharsh，unpleasantlydirect，oroffensive.Forexample，wesay"portly"insteadof"fat".　　Inmanycultures，peopleavoidusingdirectwordsthatpertaintodeathordyingbecauseitisthesubjectthateveryonefearsandisunpleasanttotalkabout.IntheEnglish-speakingworld，forexample，peopledonot“die”，but“passaway”.　　Euphemismsinvolveawiderangeoffields.Althoughtheuseofeuphemismshastheeffectofremovingderogatoryovertones，thedisassociativeeffectisneverlong-lasting.Oftenwhenthenegativeconnotationofawordisrecognizedinitseuphemisticform，aneweuphemismwillhavetobesoughtfor.However，anexcessiveuseofeuphemismmayhavenegativeeffects.Asamatteroffact，many\neuphemismshavebecomeclichésthataretobeavoidedinformalspeechandwriting.Theyalsotendtobewordyandtogivewritingatimidquality.Inaddition，euphemismcanbeevasiveorevendeceitful.Becausetheyareoftenimproperlyusedtoobscuretheintendedmeaning，manypeoplefindthemoffensiveandpreferplainlanguage.