语言学期末论文 17页

Corpora-BasedAnalysisofFeaturedWordsInAmericanPresidents9InauguralSpeechAbstract:Acorpus-basedanalysisofdiscoursesofAmericanpresidentspeechiscarriedoutondataobtainedfromMillCenteroftheUniversityofVirginiaforPresidentialSpeechArchivewebsite.FeaturedwordsinpresidentinauguralspeechestogetherwiththeircollocationsarereviewedtoshowthelinguistictracesinAmericanpresidentialspeech.Shortlyafter1789,presidentsofthenew-bornAmericaapparentlypaymoreattentiontodomesticaffairs.Wordlike“government”，"constitute^and"country"arefavoredbythepresidentstoaddresstheirpeople.Theninatimespanofmorethan200years,Americanpresidents'wordskeepchanging,"executive","liberty","war","education”,"political","world","freedom"gotplacesinthehighfrequencyword-list,thoughanalysis,itisfoundthatchangesaresynchronizedwiththecriticaleventsinAmericanhistory.KeyWords:corpusstudy,discourseanalysis,Americanpresident,Inauguralspeech,socialfactorIntroduction:Adiscoursecanbeconceptualisedasa"systemofstatementswhichcon-structsanobject99(Parker1992:5).DiscourseisfurthercategorisedbyBurr(1995:48)as"asetofmeanings,metaphors,representations,images,stories,statementsandsoonthatinsomewaytogetherproduceaparticularversionofevents".Discourseisnotvividdescriptionofindividuafs“beliefs"or"opinions”asitisoftenregarded,insteaditconnectedtopracticesandstructuresinsocietywhicharechangingwiththetime.Duetoitsrelativedeparturefromsubjectivity,discoursecanactasafineindicatorforsocialconcerns,economicissuesevenforInternationalenvironment.Criticaldiscourseanalysis(CDA)isaformofcriticalsocialresearchthatcanbeappliedtoarangeoftextsinordertoinvestigatehowthesocietyfunctions.WodakandMeyer(2001:96)refertoCDAas"discourseanalysiswithanattitude^.VanDijk(2001:353)notesthatCDAdoesnothaveaunitarytheoreticalframeworkalthoughthereareconceptualandtheoreticalframeworks(e.g.Marxism)closelylinkedtoCDA.TwobasicquestionsforCDAare“Howdo(more)powerfulgroupscontrolpublic\ndiscourse"and"Howdoessuchdiscoursecontrolthemindandactionof(less)powerfulgroups•⑶Fairclough(1989,2003)offersatextualanalysisframeworkforanalyzingtexts,basedaroundfeaturessuchasmetaphor,agency,nominalisationandpronounuseinadditiontoexaminingthemodesofproductionandreceptionoftexts.Followingresearcherstendtoemploycomputer-aid-methodtoanalyzemassoftextsandfocusmoreonthequantitativeanalysisofwordsandphrases.Computationalcorpusstudyhelpseliminatethedrawbacksofintuitiveinferenceandprovidetonsofinformationaboutthewordfrequency,themewords,collocation,wordclustersinthetexts.Itstrengthens,reputesormodifiesresearchers9judgment.TheemergenceofCorpus-basedsoftwarehasmadebreakthroughsinthequantitativeanalysisofdiscourses.Statisticresultsmaketherepetitivepatternsoflanguagesalient.Togetherwithcollocationandconcordance,thepurposeoflanguageuserandthesocialphenomenonthatthe“abnomiarwordpatternreflectscanbewelldefined・Itistheintentionofthispapertofurtherthecontributionofcorpuslinguistics,bycarryingoutcorpora-basedanalysisondominantfigures9discourse.Asitisthecommonsensethatinpublicspeech,importantfiguresorleaderstendtoemploybigwordstostiruptheiraudienceemotionandgainsupport.Infactthediscoursesdonotmerelyrevealthespeakers5individualopinionsasmentionedabove,instead,thegeneralpublichascastinfluenceonthespeakerasarepresentative.Inaddition,individuaFsdestinyfluctuateswiththecountry'sdestiny,thesituationthecountryisingivessubtleeffectonthespeaker^mindandattitudewhichcaneasilycapturedbyhisselectionofwords.Thispaperillustratesthefunctionofcorporainquantitativediscourseresearchwhichhelpsresearchersunderstandthemutablepatternofthelanguage.President'sinauguralspeechisahigh-qualityoccasioninwhichtheleaderretrospecttheeffortspaidpreviously,analyzethecurrentsituationandmakeadelicateplanforthefuture.Astheleaderoftheleadingcountryintheworld,thesignificanceofUSpresidentswordscannotbeignored・Inahistoryofmorethantwohundredyears,43presidentstookchargeofwhitehouse.SincethefirstpresidentGeorgeWashingtondeliveredhisinauguralspeechin1789,38Americanpresidentsgiveinauguralspeech,leavingarecordofmorethan1billionwords.\nHowever,thereislimitednumberofresearchfocusingontheinauguralspeechesandmostoftheresearchesthemewiththestylisticfeaturesofthespeeches-MethodInthepaper,collectionofspeechesfromMillCenter(http://millercenter.org/president)isusedtobuildacorporaforintendeddiscourseanalysis.AmericahistoryhasbeendividedintosevenperiodsaccordingtothecriticaleventsinAmericaorintheworld:EarlyRepublic(1789-1829),JacksonianDemocracy(1829-1853),SectionalConflict(1853-1881),GildedAge(1881-1897),ProgressiveEra(1897-1921),Depression&WorldConflict(1921-1961),SocialChange&SovietRelations(1961-1989)andGlobalization(1989-).Forconvenienceofanalysis,ImergeGildedAge(1881-1897)andProgressiveEra(1897-1921)intooneperiod.ThetextswillbeanalyzedwiththehelpofcorporaanalysissoftwareAntConc.Somepropertiesofthespeechlikethefrequencyofthewordsandcollocationofthewordswillbeanalyzedtoshowpresident'spreferenceofthefeaturedwordsandtheinnercorrelationbetweenthewordusageandthehistoricalbackground.Thefollowingtableshowsthecorporabuiltforthepaper:\nPeriodNumberofSpeechesNumberofWordsEarlyRepublic(1789-1829)35484JacksonianDemocracy(1829-1853)416354SectionalConflict(1853-1881)413836GildedAge(1881-1897)433950ProgressiveEra(1897-1921)Depression&WorldConflict(1921-1961)512928SocialChange&SovietRelations(1961-1989)46365Globalization(1989-).510038Toatal2998955Table1.SummaryoftheCorporaUsedinthepaperInthefollowingpartofthepaper,speechesbelongtothesevenperiodsofAmericanhistorywillbeanalyzedinsequencetogetherwithadetailedexplanationoftherelationshipbetweenthediscoursesandsocialfactors.EarlyRepublic(1789-1829)AsthefounderofAmerica,GeorgeWashingtonhasmuchconcernwiththeconsolidationofthegovernmentandconsolationofthepublic，suneasepost-waremotion,"government^and“public^arefeaturedwordsinhisspeech.Asthetableshows,"government'and"public，'togetherappears14timesinWashingtion'sauguralspeech:heimpressionsunderwhichIhave,inobediencetothepublicsummons,repairedtothepresentstation;\nandhappinessofthePeopleoftheUnitedStates,aGovernmentinstitutedbythemselvesfortheseessentialIntenderingthishomagetotheGreatAuthorofeverypublicandprivategood,1assuremyselfjustaccomplishedinthesystemoftheirUnitedGovernment,thetranquildeliberationsandvoluntaryconsentinfluenceofwhich,theproceedingsofanewandfreeGovernmentcanmoreauspiciouslycommence・Bythearticleestablishofprivatemorality;andthepre-eminenceofafreeGovernment,beexemplifiedbyalltheattributeswhichcanonestandmagnanimouspolicy,andthesolidrewardsofpublicprosperityandfelicity:Sinceweoughttobenoofliberty,andthedestinyoftheRepublicanmodelofGovernment,arejustlyconsideredasdeeply,perhapsastireconfidenceinyourdiscernmentandpursuitofthepublicgood:ForIassuremyselfmightendangerthebenefitsofanUnitedandeffectiveGovernment,orwhichoughttoawaitthefuturelessonscharacteristicrightsoffreemen,andaregardforthepublicharmony,willsufficientlyinfluenceyourbelimitedtosuchactualexpendituresasthepublicgoodmaybethoughttorequire・fordecidingwithunparcllcllcdunanimityonaformofGovernment,forthesecurityoftheirUnion,andtheadvancement.andthewisemeasuresonwhichthesuccessofthisGovernmentmustdepend.Table2FeaturedwordsinGeorgeWashington'sinauguralspeech(1789)DuringandaftertheIndependenceWar,the13stateswereunitedunderaweakfederalgovernmentestablishedbytheArticlesofConfederation.Everythingneededtoberegulated,Washingtonhimselfwasmerelyanexploreroftheidealgovernment\nmodel.Thegovernmenthasnotgotenoughcontroloftheterritory,Washingtontriedtogivehiscitizensenoughconfidenceontheissueslikecivilrightsandsocietyharmony,thatiswhy"government^and“public”togetherwithcollocates“free"and“goocTareoftenreferencedinthespeech.AnotherdominantfeatureinthefirstAmerican'sspeechisthatheusedfor23timeswhileheonlysaid“we'，tohisaudienceonce・Duetohismeritoriousmilitaryservice,Washingtonwasregardedasaherobyhisaudience,hiswordsshareindividualismcharacteristicstosomeextent.Theusageofpersonalpronounindicatesthatattheinitialstageofdemocracy,collectivewillhasnotbeenfirmlyimplantedinAmericanpeopledmind.ThesecondpresidentJohnAdamsandthethirdpresidentThomasJefferson^sspeechesarealsoanalyzedasexamplesoftheEarlyage.BesidesthefeaturedwordsinWashington'sspeech,thereareadditionslistedbelowinTable3:FrequencyWord10Constitute10peace8Foreign7equal7free7justice7confidence7liberty7administration7order7principleTable3:Emergenceofnewhigh-frequencywordsinJohnAdamsandThomsonJefferson'sinauguralspeechWashington^followersstillpaidmuchattentiononthe“principalofthegovernment,andtheydiscussedmoreaboutthenewlyadopted"constitution^.Meanwhile,theycaredmoreabouthumanrights:"justice，：“free，：“equal",Tiberty"areusedtoaddresstheir\ncitizens.Safetyisacriticalconcernforanewborncountry,especiallywhentheEuropeancolonistshadnotretreatedentirely.Interestingly,Americanleadersprotestagainstforeigncountry^interferenceonAmericandomesticissuesandexpresstheirdeterminationincreatingapeacefulenvironment,theusageoftheword"peace”showsanewcountry'sattempttodealwiththe“insecurity”broughtbyforeignpower:Table4:Usageof"peace，，inJohnAdamsandThomsonJefferson^speechaministration,anddelightinitseffectsuponthepeace,order,prosperity,andhappinessofthenationatriotismandloveoflibertytoindependenceandpeace,toincreasingweahhandunexampledprosperityallopenorsecretenemiesofhiscountry^peace・Thisexamplehasbeenrecommendedifaninflexibledeterminationtomaintainpeaceandinviolablefaithwithallnationsatalltimesandtoallnations,andmaintainpeace,friendship,andbenevolencewithalltheworld;everstateorpersuasion,religiousorpolitical;peace,commerce,andhonestfriendshipwithallnationsconstitutionalvigor,asthesheetanchorofourpeaceathomeandsafetyabroad;ajealouscareoftheawcll-disciplincdmilitia,ourbestrelianceinpeaceandforthefirstmomentsofwartillregularsstepsandtoregaintheroadwhichaloneleadstopeace,liberty,andsafety・best,andgivethemafavorableissueforyourpeaceandprosperity.JacksonianDemocracy(1829-1853)Afterthefirstperiodofconstruction,Americansawapoliticalactiveera,inwhichtheFederalistPartyandtheFirstPartySystemweredead,andwithnoeffectiveopposition,theoldDemocratic-RepublicanPartywitheredaway.OnepartysystemexpiredandpresidentAndrewJacksonhadhissupportersformedthemodernDemocraticPartywhilehisbitter\nopponentsformedWhigParty.Despitethepoliticalchaosinthisperiod,AmericahadsubstantialdevelopmentinsuffragerightsandaexpansionofterritoryintoMexicooracrossthePacific.What'smore,presidentJacksonandhisfollowersfulfilledtheircompromisetoimposemorepublicinfluenceonthegovernment.PresidentJacksonandhisfollowerspromotedthestrengthofthepresidencyandexecutivebranchattheexpenseofCongress.Theadjustmentingovernmentfunctionandofficiafspowerwerereflectedintheuseoftheword"executive”：Table5Termsrelatedwith“executive”inpresidentsinauguralspeechinJacksonianDemocracy(part)isourhappinesstobelievearenotfoundontheexecutivecalendarofanycountry.AmongthemweandintelligibleastoconstitutearuleofExecutiveconductwhichleaveslittletomydiscretion,inuefortheresidueofmylifetofillthechiefexecutiveofficeofthisgreatandfreenation,IappearoninthewantoflimittothecontinuanceoftheExecutivepowerinthesamehands,thereisd,indeed,thattheConstitutionhasgiventotheExecutivethepowertoannultheactsofthelegislativehisdifferencebetweenthesegrantsofpower:TheExecutivecanputhisnegativeupontheactsofthewhereasineveryinstancewherethevetooftheExecutiveisapplieditmaybeovercomebyavoteofnegativeupontheactsofthelegislativebytheexecutiveauthority,andthatinthehandsofoneutintwo,andinoneofthesetherewasapluralexecutive.Ifwewouldsearchforthemotiveswhichmighlbeexpected.Suchaonewasaffordedbytheexecutivedepartmentconstitutedbythepower,thereforegivenbytheConstitutiontotheExecutiveoftheUnitedStatessolelyasavariedcircumstancesinactsofthelegislative,executive,andjudicialbranchesoftheGovernmentvershadowedbythegreatincreaseofpowerintheexecutivedepartmentoftheGeneralGovernment,yisandmorecompletelyunderthecontroloftheExecutivewillthantheirconstructionoftheirpowersnotbytheextentofitspatronage\nalonethattheexecutivedepartmenthasbecomedangerous,Theword"executive”iscloselyrelatedtoadministration.Intheirspeeches,Jacksonianpresidentmentionedthe"executive”powerofgovernmentdepartment,whichindicatestheireffortsonreformingthegovernmentstructure.Wecanalsoseefeaturedwordslike"patronage"5(“spoilssystem冷placingpoliticalsupportersintoappointedoffice"0'1inthespeeches,revealingthespecificpoliciesatthattime.SectionalConflictTheissueofslaveryexplodedin1850sinAmerica,thenewRepublicanpowertookpoliticalcontroloftheNorthandpromisedtostoptheexpansionofslavery,whichimplieditseventualdeath.WhenAbrahamLincolnasaRepublicanwonthepresidentialelectionin1860,arevoltwastriggeredbythesouthelevenslavestates.Thefollowingtableliststheallformsof"slavery”intheinauguralspeechesinthatera:Table6:sensitiveterm“slave"inSectionalConflict(1853-1881)ofthequestionofdomesticslaveryintheTerritories.CongressisneitherHtolegisheTerritories.CongressisneitherHtolegislateslaveryintoanyTemtoryorStatenortoexcludeitthe"shallbereceivedintotheUnionwithorwithoutslavery,astheirconstitutionmayprescribeatthetimebecauseallagreethatundertheConstitutionslaveryintheStatesisbeyondthereachofanyhumanpowerlificsourceofgreatevilstothemaster,totheslave,andtothewholecountry.Ithasalienatedandcwnearlyforgotten.ButthisquestionofdomesticslaveryisoffargraverimportancethananymerepoliticonofthelawsforthesuppressionoftheAfricanslavetradehasbeenconfidedtotheDepartmentofthealsuccess.Fivevesselsbeingfittedoutfortheslavetradehavebeenseizedandcondemned・aborersareeitherhiredlaborersorwhatwecallslaves.Andfurther,itisassumedthatwhoeverisonceityofthewholepeopleofallcolorsareneitherslavesnormasters,whileintheNorthernalargemajoritycapitalontheonehandnorofhiredlaborersorslavesontheother.ItisnotforgottenthataconsiderOne-eighthofthewholepopulationwerecoloredslaves,notdistributedgenerallyovertheUnion,butlo•butlocalizedinthesouthernpartofit.Theseslavesconstitutedapeculiarandpowerfulinterest.cometh.MIfweshallsupposethatAmericanslaveryisoneofthoseoffenseswhich,intheprovidenceThemodernRepublicanPartywasfoundedbyanti-slaveryactivistsin1854,whenRepublicanpresidentstookchargeoftheWhiteHouseatthattime,theyexpressedtheir\nsympathytowardsslaves.Wecanseefromthetableabovethat"salve"iscollocatedwith"neither^,"greatevil，："offense，，thepresidentscondemneddomesticslaveryanditistheirhopetoresortto"constitution^,“legislation"facingtheproblemofslavery.Inaddition,presidentsconnected"slave”toeconomicterms"capital'：Tabor”.Atthattime,Americaneconomywasprecludedbyslavery.ThebloodyAmericanCivilWar(1861-65)leavetracesonthepresidentspeeches,thefrequencyof“waF‘inthespeechesisabnormallyhigh,theTablebelowshowsthecollocatesof“war'，：Table7:collocatesof“war"insectionalconflictRankFreqFreq(L)Freq(R)Collocate115114the210100of3550and4404have5422a6312to7312power8321in9110terrible10101insurgent11110civil12101againstThepresidentsdescribedthe"war"as"terrible”,buttheydidnotfear,instead,theyadvancedtheArmyupon"insurgent^states-GildedAge(1881-1897)&ProgressiveEra(1897-1921)Aftercivilwar,Americagainedatighterbondofstates.Thefollowingagesawarapidgrowthinindustrialization.Tosupporttheindustrialdevelopment,Americanpresidentsfirstcastsightintotheissueofeducation.Theerawasnotableforadramaticexpansioninthenumberofschoolsandstudentsserved,especiallyinthefast-growingmetropolitancities.\nTable8:"education'5inpresideninauguralspeechesinGildedAge(1881-1897)&ProgressiveEra(1897-1921)antheirfatherswere・Thefacilitiesforpopulareducationhavebeenvastlyenlargedandmoregenerallydiff・Atleastuntilthegoodofficesofkindnessandeducationhavebeenfairlytriedthecontraryconclusioncanoraneeamongtheelectors,theobviousienledyiseducation.ThesympathyandhelpofourpeoplewillnothehighesthonortheStatethathasmostpromotededucation,virtuejustice,andpatriotismpromoteducation,virtue,justice,andpatriotismpromotededucation,virtueJustice,andpatriotismamongitspeopledofsupplementarylegislation.Thoroughmilitaryeducationmustbeprovided,andinadditiontotheregularsnadditiontotheregularstheadvantagesofthiseducationshouldbegiventotheofficersoftheNationalhehigherbranchesofthisart.AtWestPointtheeducationshouldbeofthekindmostapttoturnoutmenessenceasdemocraticandAmericanasthecommonschoolsystemitself.Itsimplymeansthatinclericalasameasthoseofthewhites.Intheschoolstheeducationshouldbeelementaryandlargelyindustrial.Theentaryandlargelyindustrial.TheneedofhighereducationamongtheIndiansisvery,verylimited,rdefromvotingbothnegroesandwhitesnothavingeducationorotherqualificationsthoughttobenecessaryndinfluentialelementinfavoroftheindustrialeducationofthenegroandtheencouragementoftheracetoantheirfatherswere・Thefacilitiesforpopulareducationhavebeenvastlyenlargedandmoregenerally.Atleastuntilthegoodofficesofkindnessandeducationhavebeenfairlytriedthecontraryconclusionnoranceamongtheelectors,theobviousremedyiseducation.ThesympathyandhelpofourpeoplehehighesthonortheStatethathasmostpromotededucation,virtuejustice,andpatriotismpromotedOntheotherhand,politicalreformationwasactiveinthisage,themainimprovementiseliminationofcorruptionbyexposingandundercuttingpoliticalmachinesandbosses,terminationofthepoliticalpoweroflocalbossesbasedinsaloons.Atthesametime,women'ssuffragewaspromotedtobringaHpurernfemalevoteintothearena.Wecanseetheword“politica厂werefavoredinpresidents'speechofthisera:Table9:"political"and“reform”intheGildedAge(1881-1897)&ProgressiveEra(1897-1921)ualcivilandpoliticalrights.Enteringthussolemnlyintocovenantwiththatcommercialemancipationmustbeaddedtothepoliticalfreedomwhichhadbeensobravelywon.ThesdutyIhopetodosomethingmoretoadvancethereformofthecivilservice.Theideal,orevenmyownthegeneralinterestnowbeingmanifestedinthereformofourelectionlaws.Thosewhohavebeenforyeanofanywhodidnotsosoondiscovertheneedofreform・TheNationalCongresshasnotasyettakencontrpeoplearestable,\npatriotic,andlaw-abiding.Nopoliticalpartycanlongpursueadvantageattheexpenseofebitteranimositiesincidenttopubliclife.Hispoliticalopponentswerethefirsttobeartheheartiestancriminalitybyassertingthatitisexercisedforpoliticalends,inveighagainstwealthandirresponsiblepotopublicoffice.PresidentMcKinleyfilledthatpoliticalofficeforwhichtheentirepeoplevote,andnoPisoutrageousinitsimpudentfalsity;forifthepoliticalinstitutionsofthiscountrydonotaffordopportinarymurderer.Heisnotthevictimofsocialorpoliticalinjustice.Therearenowrongstoremedyinhiscellthesweepingchanges,alikeinindustrialandpoliticalconditions,whichweretotakeplacebythebeginountrieswithwhichwehavedealings,wouldbeofpoliticalaswellascommercialbenefit.Fromeveryeislandswithanyreferencetoconsiderationsofpoliticalinfluence,ortoaughtelseSavethefitnessoftItisdemandednotmerelyforcommercialbutforpoliticalandmilitaryconsiderations・Eitherthehem,wegladlyhailtheirmaterialprosperityandpoliticalstability,andareconcernedandalarmedifanyondalarmedifanyofthemfallintoindustrialorpoliticalchaos.WedonotwishtoseeanyOldWorldThepresidentsintheirspeechesmentionedthepoliticalreformonlawsandcivilservice,buttheywerealsoafraidthereformationcouldbringaboutpoliticalchaos.Thiswellreflectstheirdiscretionatpolicymaking.Depression&WorldConflict(1921-1961)Americaenjoyedshortperiodofprosperityin1920s,butthenwashitbytheGreatDepression.Americanswereannoyedbytheflawsintheireconomicsystems.EconomicissueswerefavoredbyAmericanpresident.Theydiscussedwaysofamelioratingtheeconomicsystemsandcreatinganewone.PresidentRoosevelt,whoisfamousforhiscontributioninsavingAmericaneconomy,paidmuchattentiontocoirectingthe"blind"economicsystemand"seekingeconomicprogress^.Asthetablebelowillustrates,"economy-related^wordsareusedfor23timesinthespeechesofthisera:Table10:economy-relatedwordsinpresidentsinauguralspeechesinDepression&WorldConflict(1921-1961)\nThereturnsareathousandfoldineconomicbenefits,andinfinitelymoreinreductionofwehavenodesireforterritorialexpansion,foreconomicorotherdominationofotherpeoples・engrossedinthebuildingforthemselvesofaneweconomicsystem,anewsocialsystem,aneworousenforcementofthelaws;thecontinuanceofeconomyinpublicexpenditure;thecontinuedgovernment;theperfectionofjusticewhetherineconomicorinsocialfields;themaintenanceofofficialsforfitnesstooffice;thedirectionofeconomicprogresstowardprosperityforthefurtherecondarytotheestablishmentofasoundnationaleconomy.Ifavorasapracticalpolicytheputtingofnoefforttorestoreworldtradebyinternationaleconomicreadjustment,buttheemergencyathomewthatwemustfindpracticalcontrolsoverblindeconomicforcesandblindlyselfishmen.Weofthenotadmitthatwecouldnotfindawaytomastereconomicepidemicsjustas,aftercenturiesoflityhascometheconvictionthatinthelongruneconomicmoralitypays.Wcarcbeginningtowipeoutimateandourrediscoveredabilitytoimproveoureconomicorder,wehavesetourfeetupontheroadonsweareindividualists.Butinourseekingforeconomicandpoliticalprogressasanation,weallgoOneofthegreatestdangerstopeaceliesintheeconomicpressuretowhichpeoplefindthemselvesstandsoutwiththegreatestclearnessisthatofeconomyinpublicexpenditurewithreductionandwhatothersmaywant,thesepeoplewantadrasticeconomy.Theyareopposedtowaste.Theyknowtherewardsoftheirlabor.Ifavorthepolicyofeconomy,notbecauseIwishtosavemoney,buthattheirlifewillbesomuchthemoreabundant.Economyisidealisminitsmostpracticalform,destmethodofsolvingourtaxproblemisthrougheconomy.Fortunately,ofallthegreatnationsthisorrectcoursetofollowintaxationandallothereconomiclegislationisnottodestroythosewhohaveanddisregardtheseobligations.Theresultofeconomicdissipationtoanationisalwaysmoralofbetterinternationalunderstandings,greatereconomy,andlowertaxeshavecontributedlargelytoSocialChange&SovietRelations(1961-1989)AfterWorldWarII,Americabecameoneofthetwosuperpowersintheworld,competingwiththeSovietUnioninArmyRaceandspaceRace.Presidentsshowedtheirhostilitytowardscommunismandsocialism,itisveryclearinthetablebelow:Table11:communismininauguralspeechduringSocialChange&SovietRelations(1961-1989)arctheirreward・Thatfalsephilosophyiscommunism.CommunismisbasedonthebeliefthatmanissoThatfalsephilosophyiscommunism・Communismisbasedonthebeliefthatmanissoweaktogovernhimselfwithreasonandjustice・Communismsubjectstheindividualtoarrestwithoutlawfulintheexerciseofthoseabilitiesofhis.Communismmaintainsthatsocialwrongscanbecorrectedcanbeachievedthroughpeacefulchange・Communismholdsthattheworldissowidelydividedalastingpeace・ThesedifferencesbetweencommunismanddemocracydonotconcerntheUnitedsuch,butbecausetheactionsresultingfromtheCommunistphilosophyareathreattotheeffortsoffreeAmericanpresidentscriticizedcommunismfiercelyinthediscourses.Duetothedifferenceinvalue,theyregardedcommunismas“false","wrong""threattotheeffortsoffreen\n.Apparently,atAmericanpresidents5standpoint,democracyhassuperiorityuponcommunism・TheattitudesofAmericanleaderswellreflectthedivisionofthetemporalunioninthewar.Liberalismandcivilrightsarealsocentraltopicsinthisera.LedbydomineeringfigureslikeRosaParksandMartinLutherKing,Jr.Theclimaxofliberalisminmid1960s,presidentsuse"rights55and"liberty，，alotintheirspeech:Table12:"liberty”and“rights"duringSocialChange&SovietRelations(1961-1989)respectforindividualhumanrights.Wedonotseektointimidate,atissuearoundtheglobejathebeliefthattherightsofmancomenotfromthegenerosityofthestatewitnessorpermittheslowundoingofthosehumanrightstowhichthisnationhasalwaysbeencommittedanyfoetoassurethesurvivalandthesuccessofliberty.Thismuchwepledgejaandmore・becausewcseektheirvotes,butbecauseitisright.Ifafreesocietycannothelpthemanywhoarcwiththisland・Conceivedinjustice,writteninliberty,boundinunion,itwasmeantonedaytoinspirethoughhisforebearscreatedthisNation.Libertywasthesecondarticleofourcovenant.Itwasself-government.ItwasourBillofRights・Butitwasmore.AmericawouldbeaplacewhereIIandfewagainstthewilderness,thesuccessoflibertydemandedthestrengthofunion.orgenerations・Underthiscovenantofjustice,liberty,andunionwchavebecomeanation『prosperous,day'spursuits,wearebelieversinjusticeandlibertyandinourownunion.WebelievethateverymanPresidentLyndonLyndonB.passedhisGreatSocietyprogramsincludedcivilrights,theendofsegregation,Medicare,extensionofwelfare.That'stheevidencethatPresidents'discoursesfirmlycorrespondtotheiracts.Globalization(1989-)AftertheSovietUniondissolvedin1991,Americawasleftasthesolesuperpowerintheworld・SincePresidentGeorgeH.W・Bush,Americanmoreandmoreactsasthe"worldleader59and"worldpolice”.Inabackgroundofglobalization,Americanpresidentsusedtheterm“wotIcTmuchmorefrequentlythaneverbefore.Exceptpersonalnouns,pronouns,conjunctionsandtheparticular“America，'worlcTranksfirstintermsoffrequency(47times),thisindicatestheAmerican'sambitionininfluencingandleadingtheworld:Table13:"world”inpresidents9inauguralspeeches(part)duringGlobalization(1989-)\n1reachthedarkestcornersofourworld・AfewAmericanshaveacceptedthehardestme,theunfinishedworkofAmericanfreedom.Inaworldmovingtowardliberty,wcarcdeterminedtoungcentury,proclaimslibertythroughoutalltheworldandtoalltheinhabitantsthereof.Renewedinouoseendwewillnotsee.Itisthestoryofanewworldthatbecameafriendandliberatoroftheold,afreedom,thestoryofapowerthatwentintotheworldtoprotectbutnotpossess,todefendbutnottodmakenomistake:Americaremainsengagedintheworldbyhistoryandbychoice,shapingabalanceofpoloodofgenerations・Thoseidealsstilllighttheworld,andwcwillnotgivethemupforexpedience'ssaelinesoftribeshallsoondissolve;thatastheworldgrowssmaller,ourcommonhumanityshallrevealusheringinaneweraofpeace・TotheMuslimworld,weseekanewwayforward,basedonmutualintereringoutsideourborders;norcanweconsumetheworldfsresourceswithoutregardtoeffect.FortheworHd'sresourceswithoutregardtoeffect.Fortheworldhaschanged,andwemustchangewithit.wehavedutiestoourselves,ournation,andtheworld,dutiesthatwedonotgrudginglyacceptbutadlothepeople:HLelitbetoldtothefutureworld...thatinthedepthofwinter,whennothingbuthtbythewordswespeakandthefacesweshowtheworld,weforcethespring,aspringrebornintheworldweforcethespring,aspringrebornintheworld'soldestdemocracythatbringsforththevisionboldlydeclaredAmerica'sindependencetotheworldandourpurposestotheAlmighty,theyknewthatofthecoldwarassumesnewresponsibilitiesinaworldwarmedbythesunshineoffreedombutthreatenedosperity,weinheritaneconomythatisstilltheworld'sstrongestbutisweakenedbybusinessfailures,Asameansofimplantinginfluenceontheworld,Americansattemptstopushtheirsystemofdemocracytoothercountries.Wecanseecluesoftheactinthespeeches,"freedom^-asymbolofdemocracyandhumanrightappears40timesinthespeechesIselected:Table14"freedom^inpresidents^inauguralspeeches(part)-Globalizaion(1989-)itsprogress.Andonedaythisuntamedfireoffreedomwillreachthedarkestcornersofourworld・ialworkathome,theunfinishedworkofAmericanfreedom.Inaworldmovingtowardliberty,wearengandpromiseofliberty・InAmerica^idealoffreedom,citizensfindthedignityandsecurityofeconomyestiny,wewillgiveourfellowAmericansgreaterfreedomfromwantandfearandmakeoursocietymoreperousandjustandequal.InAmerica'sidealoffreedom,thepublicinterestdependsonprivatecharactererday,today,andforever・InAmerica'sidealoffreedom,theexerciseofrightsisennobledbyserviceanofracism,becausewecannotcarrythemessageoffreedomandthebaggageofbigotryalthesametime・andfew:Didourgenerationadvancethecauseoffreedom?Anddidourcharacterbringcredittothatcausebybirthareboundtooneanotherinthecauseoffreedom・Wehaveknowndivisions,whichmustbehealedfelttheunityandfellowshipofourNationwhenfreedomcameunderattack,andourresponsecamelikeathcompleteconfidenceintheeventualtriumphoffreedom,notbecausehistoryrunsonthewheelsof\ninevitdchoosesasHewills・Wehaveconfidencebecausefreedomisthepermanenthopeofmankind,thehungerensmarchedinpeacefuloutrageunderthebanner'FreedomNow,”theywereactingonanancienthopethatyforthegreatestachievementsinthehistoryoffreedom.MayGodblessyou,andmayHewatchovertheaslave-holdingsocietythatbecameaservantoffreedom,thestoryofapowerthatwentintotheworldtooughmuchofthelastcentury,America'sfaithinfreedomanddemocracywasarockinaragingsea.small・Ifourcountrydoesnotleadthecauseoffreedom,itwillnotbeled.Ifwedonotturntheheartsbychoice,shapingabalanceofpowerthatfavorsfreedom.Wewilldefendouralliesandourinterests.Wenoredactsofdecencywhichgivedirectiontoourfreedom.Sometimesinlifewearecalledtodosupthelong,ruggedpathtowardsprosperityandfreedom・Forus,theypackeduptheirfewworldlypossessWhenthepresidentssaid"freedom^inthespeech,theyreferparticularlytothe"Americanfreedom5^withsubsequentwishtobroaden“freedom"intheworld・Actually,Americanpresidents9wordsfirmlyrelatedtotheactionsofthecountry,TwoGulfWarsandAfghanistanWarproveAmerica^determinationinbring"Americanfreedom^tothe“darkestcornersintheworld.Interestingly,theonewhoclaimed"freedom5"themost-GeorgeW.Bushhascarriedoutthemostcriticalactions-ConclusionAmericanpresidentsusedistinctfeaturedwordsinatime-spanof200yearswhileallofthefeaturedwordshavecorrelationwithsocialfactors.Therefore,theycanserveasindicatorsofacountry，spower:inthebeginningofAmericanhistory,whenthecountrypowerwasweak,presidentsprotestedtheinterferenceonAmericandomesticaffairsfromtheworldandjustwanttomaintain“peace，'athomewhileintheGlobalizationEra,presidentscallforworldwidepeaceandaimtobroaden"freedom"totheworldwithAmericarankingthefirstintheworld.Ontheotherhand,featuredwordsinpresidents5speecharesignsofimportantsocialevents.Whenpoliticalmovementsreachedtheirclimax,thepolitic-relatedterm“political："executive"werealsofavoredinpresidents5speech.What^smore,thewords"economy”and"education'，riseinthespeechesatthesametimeasrelatingpolicieswerecarriedoutbythegovernment.\nTheanalysisoftheAmericanpresidents5speechesreputesthecommonlyholdviewthatdiscoursesjustreflectanindividuaFsstandpoint.Actually,whenanindividualdeliversadiscourse,itisinevitablymarkedwiththecharacteristicsofsocietyandera.Ifthereisnoamplehistoricalrecordsofthecriticalevents,discoursescanserveasanalternativeforsocialresearch.Certainly,enoughsamplesoradequatecorporaneedtobeestablishedtoreducethedeviations.Corpora-basedanalysisispromising,withthehelpofit,keytotheexplanationofsocialphenomenonwillbefound・Reference:1・Baker,P,A.McEnery.Acorpus-basedap-proachtodiscoursesofrefugeesandasylumseek-ersinUNandnewspapertext.LanguageandPolitics・20052.Burr,V.1995・AnIntroductionloSocialConstructionism・London:Routledge.3.DonaldB.Cole,ThePresidencyofAndrewJackson(1993)4.EricAltermanandKevinMattson,TheCause:TheFightforAnlericanLiberalismfromFranklinaRoosevelttoBarackObama(2012)5.Fairclough,N・19X9・LanguageandPower.London:L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