语言学辅音分类 24页

ByClass6Group22.2.4.1ClassificationofEnglishconsonants\nDefinitionofconsonants:Inarticulatoryphonetics,aconsonantisaspeechsoundthatisarticulatedwithcompleteorpartialclosureofthevocaltract.Generallyspeaking,thereare24consonantsinEnglish.Butsomepeoplesaythereare28.Thatisalsorighttosomedegree.Theleft4are[ts],[dz],[tr],[dr].\nEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedin2ways:Oneisintermsofmannerofarticulation（发音方法）;Theotherisintermsofplaceofarticulation（发音部位）.\nMannerofarticulationStopsFricativesAffricatesLiquidsNasalsGlides010203040506\nMannerofarticulationStopsFricativesAffricatesLiquidsNasalsGlides010203040506\nMannerofarticulationStopsFricativesAffricatesLiquidsNasalsGlides010203040506010203040506Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thesoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledastoporaplosive.[p][b],[t][d],[k][g]\nMannerofarticulation010203040506stopsFricativesAffricatesLiquidsNasalsGlides\nMannerofarticulation010203040506StopsFricativesAffricatesLiquidsNasalsGlidesWhentheobstructionispartialandtheairisforcedthroughanarrowpassageinthemouthsoastocausedefinitelocalfrictionatthepoint,thespeechsoundthenisafricative.[f][v][s][z][ʃ][ʒ][θ][ð][h]\nMannerofarticulation010203040506StopsFricativesAffricatesLiquidsNasalsGlides\nMannerofarticulation01020304050607StopsFricativesAffricatesLiquidsNasalsGlidesWhentheobstruction,completeatfirst,isreleasedslowlywiththefrictionresultingfrompartialobstrution(asinfricatives),thesoundsareaffricates.[tʃ][dʒ]\nMannerofarticulationGlides010203040506StopsFricativesAffricatesLiquidsNasals\nMannerofarticulation010203040506StopsFricativesAffricatesLiquidsNasalsGlidesWhentheairflowisobstructedbutisallowedtoescapethroughthepassagebetweenpartorpartsofthetongue(thetiporthesides)andtheroofofthemouth,thesoundsarecalledliquids.[l][r]\nMannerofarticulationGlides010203040506StopsFricativesAffricatesLiquidsNasals\nMannerofarticulation010203040506StopsFricativesAffricatesLiquidsNasalsGlidesWhenthenasalpassageisopenedbyloweringthesoftpalateatthebackofthemouthandtheairisallowedtopassthroughit,thesoundsarenasals.[m][n][ŋ]\nMannerofarticulationGlides010203040506StopsFricativesAffricatesLiquidsNasals\nGlidesMannerofarticulation010203040506StopsFricativesAffricatesLiquidsNasalsGlides,sometimescalled“semivowels”,arearathermarginalcategory.Theyarewithanarrowpassagebetweenthelipsorbetweenthetongueandthehardpalatetocausesomeslightnoisefromthelocalobstruction.[w][j]areformedinthesamemannerasthevowels[u][i].\nBilabialDentalAlveolarPalatalLabiodentalzzplovezzpPlaceofarticulationBilabial(双唇音）:theupperandthelowerlipsarebroughttogethertocreateobstruction.[p][b][w][m]GlottalVelar\nBilabialDentalAlveolarPalatalLabiodentalzzplovezzpPlaceofarticulationLabiodental(唇齿音）:thelowertipisbroughtintocontactwiththeupperteeth,thuscreatingtheobstruction.[f][v]GlottalVelar\nBilabialDentalAlveolarPalatalLabiodentalzzplovezzpPlaceofarticulationDental(齿音):theobstructioniscreatedbetweenthetipofthetongueandtheupperteeth.[θ][ð]GlottalVelar\nBilabialDentalAlveolarPalatalLabiodentalzzplovezzpPlaceofarticulationAlveolar(齿槽音）:thetipofthetongueisbroughtintocontacttheupperteeth-ridgetocreatetheobstruction.[t][d][s][z][n][l][r]GlottalVelar\nBilabialDentalAlveolarPalatalLabiodentalzzplovezzpPlaceofarticulationPalatal(腭音):theobstructionisbetweenthebackofthetongueandthehardpalate.[j][ʃ][ʒ][tʃ][dʒ]GlottalVelar\nBilabialDentalAlveolarPalatalLabiodentalzzplovezzpPlaceofarticulationVelar(软腭音):thebackofthetongueisbroughtintocontactwiththevelum,orthesoftpalate.[k][g][ŋ]GlottalVelar\nBilabialDentalAlveolarPalatalLabiodentalzzplovezzpPlaceofarticulationGlottal(喉音):thevocalcordsarebroughtmomentarilytogethertocreatetheobstruction.[h]GlottalVelar\nThankyou