英语语言学lecture three 3页

LecturethreeSpeechSound(Phonetics&Phonology)Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.Aspeechsoundgoesthroughathree-stepprocess.(speechproduction--------speechtransmission----speechperception)(articulatoryphonetics----acousticphonetics------auditoryphonetics)Ifweareinvestigatinghowindividualsoundsegmentsarearticulated,wecanfindanswersinphonetics.Butnaturalspeechisacontinuousprocess,thewordsstreaming/flowingfrommouth.Sosoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbours.PhonologyPhonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguagesSoundpattern:whichsoundunitsareusedandhowtheyareputtogetherandaimtodiscovertherulesthatunderliethesoundpatternse.g.theconsonantclustersconsistofavoicelessfricative摩擦音andavoicedplosive爆破音inEnglish.Inconsonantclustersofplosivesandfricatives,theyusuallysharethesamevoicefeature.ThethreevariantsofthepluralforminEnglishareappliedinthefollowingfashion:a.The[s]appearsaftervoicelesssounds.[t,k]b.The[z]appearsaftervoicedsounds.[l,n,b,d,g]c.The[iz]appearsaftersibilants.齿擦音[s,xi,qi]Soundpattern:theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatarephonemesHowspeechsoundsaremade?1.Speechorgans/vocalorgans发声器官Thosepartsofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech:thelungs,thetrachea,thethroat,thenoseandthemouth.Vocaltract:thepharynx咽,mouth,andnose(鼻腔nasalcavity,口腔oralcavity)theresonatingcavities.Themannerofarticulationtheactualrelationshipbetweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofthevocaltract1.Stop(orplosive)爆发音:completeclosureofthearticulatorsisinvolvessothattheairstreamcannotescapethroughthemouth.[p,b,t,d,k,g]2.Nasal鼻音:iftheairisstoppedintheoralcavitybutthesoftpalateisdownsothatitcangooutthroughthenasalcavity.[m.n.]3.Fricative摩擦音:africativeisproducedwhenthereiscloseapproximationoftwoarticulatorssothattheairstreamispartiallyobstructedandturbulentairflowisproduced.[f.v...s.z...h]4.Approximant近音:thisisanarticulationinwhichonearticulatorisclosetoanother.Thegapbetweenthearticulatorsisthereforelargerthanforafricativeandnoturbulence(friction)isgenerated.[w.r.j]As[j.w]canalsobeanalyzedasvowels,itisanimportantpointtonotethatthiscategory\noverlapswiththatofvowel.1.Lateral边音;theobstructionoftheairstreamisatapointalongthecerteroftheoraltract,withincompleteclosurebetweenoneorbothsidesofthetongueandtheroofofthemouth.[l]2.Affricate塞擦音:affricatesinvolvemorethanoneofthesemannersofarticulationinthattheyconsistofastopfollowedimmediatelyafterwardsbyafricativeatthesameplaceofarticulation.[,]TheplaceofarticulationTheplaceofarticulationreferstothepointwhereaconsonantismade.Practicallyconsonantsmaybeproducedatanyplacebetweenthelipsandthevocalfolds.1.Bilabial双唇音:bilabialconsonantsaremadewiththetwolips.InEnglish[p.b.m]2.Labiodental唇齿音:thesearemadewiththelowerlipandtheupperfrontteeth.[f.v]3.Dental齿音:dentalsoundsaremadebythetonguetiporblade(dependingontheaccentorlanguage)andtheupperfrontteeth.[,]4.alveolar齿龈音:alveolarsaremadewiththetonguetiporbladeandthealveolarbridge.[t.d.n.s.z.r.l]5.Postalveolar齿龈后音:thesearemadewiththetonguetipandthebackofthealveolarridge.[,]6.Palatal硬腭音:palatalsoundsaremadewiththefrontofthetongueandthehardpalate.[j]7.Velar软腭音:velarsaremadewiththebackofthetongueandthesoftpalate.[k.g.]AchartofEnglishconsonantsMannerofarticulationPlaceofarticulationbilabiallabiodentaldentalalveolarpostalveolarpalatalvelarglottalStop/plosivep.btdkgNasalmn*Fricativef,v**sz**hApproximant(w)rjwLaterallaffricate**NowtheconsonantsofEnglishcanbedescribedinthefollowingway:[p]voicelessbilabialstop[b]voicedbilabialstop[s]voicelessalveolarfricativeWhenthevocalfoldsareapart,theaircanpassthrougheasilyandthesoundproducedissaidtobevoiceless.[p,st]Whentheyareclosetogether,theairstreamcausesthemtovibrateagainsteachotherandtheresultantsoundissaidtobevoiced.[b.z.d]\nvowelthecardinalvowelsthecardinalvowelsdiagraminIPAisasetofhypotheticalpositionforvowelsusedasreferencepoints.Thesystemdefineseight“primary”cardinalvowels,inrelationtowhichafurthersetof“secondary”cardinalvowelscanbedefined.Byconvention,theeightprimarycardinalvowelsarenumberedfromonetoeightasfollows:P33pure/monophthongvowels&vowelglidespurevowelsarethosewherethequalityremainsconstantthroughoutthearticulation.Vowelglidesarethosewherethereisanaudiblechangeofquality.Diphthongs&triphthongsIfasinglemovementofthetongueisinvolved,theglidesarecalleddiphthongs.[wei],[hau][toi]Adoublemovementproducestriphthongs.[waie][taue]RP(ReceivedPronunciation)标准发音&GA(GeneralAmerican)大众美语RPoneformofEnglishpronunciationisthemostcommonmodelaccentintheteachingofEnglishasaforeignlanguge.ManypeoplealsocallitBBCEnglish,OxfordEnglish,orKing’s/Queen’sEnglish.ItisalsowidelyusedinpublicschoolsandspokenbymostnewsreadersoftheBBCnetwork.IntheUSA,thewidelyacceptedaccentusedbymosteducatedspeakersisoftenreferredtoasGeneralAmerican.ThedifferencesbetweenRPandGAinconsonantsaremuchlessnoticeablethanthoseofthevowels.P36tableandlinesthedescriptionofEnglishvowelsneedstofulfillfourbasicrequirements:P37PHONOLOGYInphoneticsweknowhowindividualsoundsegmentsarearticulated,butspeechisacontinuousprocess,sothevocalorgansdonotmovefromonesoundsegmenttothenextinaseriesofseparatesteps.Rather,soundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.