语言学-2.Speech 58页

LinguisticsChapter2Speechsounds—PhoneticsandPhonology语言学教程（第三版）1\nChapter2SpeechsoundsTeachingobjectives:letthestudentshavethegeneralideaaboutphoneticsandphonologyTeachingFocus:descriptionofconsonantsandvowels;basicknowledgeaboutphonologyTeachingdifficulties:phoneme;allophone;minimalpair;complementarydistributionTimeAllocation:Phonetics30minutesPhonology30minutesTeachingMethods&Strategies:teacherpresentationandclassdiscussion2\nTeachingProcedures1.Phonetics1.1Speechproductionandperception1.2Speechorgans(articulators)1.3phonetictranscription1.4Englishspeechsounds2.Phonology2.1phonologyandphonetics2.2phonemes,phonesandallophones2.3Minimalpairsandcomplementarydistribution2.4Distinctivefeatures2.5Suprasegmentalfeatures3.Task3\n■Ashumanbeingswearecapableofmakingallkindsofsounds,butonlysomeofthesesoundshavebecomeunitsinthelanguagesystem.■Wecananalyzespeechsoundsfromvariousperspectivesandthetwomajorareasofstudyarephoneticsandphonology.■Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.2.0BriefIntroduction\n■Naturally,thestudyofsoundsisdividedintothreemainareas,eachdealingwithonepartoftheprocess:■ArticulatoryPhoneticsisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.■AcousticPhoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds.■PerceptualorAuditoryPhoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.■Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.■Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.■Inphonologywenormallybeginbyanalyzinganindividuallanguage,sayEnglish,inordertodetermineitsphonologicalstructure,i.e.whichsoundunitsareusedandhowtheyareputtogether.■Thenwecomparethepropertiesofsoundsystemsindifferentlanguagesinordertomakehypothesesabouttherulesthatunderlietheuseofsoundsinthem,andultimatelyweaimtodiscovertherulesthatunderliethesoundpatternsofalllanguages.\n1.Whatisacousticphonetics?[人大2003研]【答案】Acousticphoneticsisatechnicalareaoflinguistics.Itisthestudyofsoundwavesmadebythehumanvocalorgansforcommunication.2.Auditoryphoneticsstudieshowsoundsareperceivedbythespeaker.[清华2001研]【答案】F英语专业考研真题精选\nIntroductionTherearetwobranchesinlinguistics,whichdealwithspeechsounds.Theyarephonetics(thestudyofsounds)andphonology(thestudyofsoundpatterns).7\nPhoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.1.Phonetics语音学Speechproduction(A)Speechperception(B)SpeechTransmission(soundwaves)Figure2.1Theprocessofspeechproductionandperception1.1Speechproductionandperception8\nThreebranchesofphoneticsArticulatoryphonetics----fromthespeakers’pointofview,“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”Auditoryphonetics----fromthehearers’pointofview,“howsoundsareperceived”Acousticphonetics----fromthephysicalwayormeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother.发音语音学听觉语音学声学语音学9\n1.2Speechorgans(vocalorgans)—referstothepartsofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech.Thethreecavitiesofthevocaltract（声道）:thepharynx(pharyngealcavity),themouth(oralcavity),andthenose(nasalcavity).Theair-streamcomingfromthelungsismodifiedinvariouswaysinthesecavities,resultingintheproductionofvarioussounds.10\nThediagramofspeechorgansLipsTeethTeethridge(alveolar)齿龈Hardpalate硬腭Softpalate(velum)软腭Uvula小舌TipoftongueBladeoftongue舌面BackoftongueVocalcords声带Pharyngealcavity咽腔Nasalcavity鼻腔11\nTheprincipalcavities（腔）orresonators（共鸣器）:pharyngealcavity（咽腔）oralcavity（口腔）nasalcavity（鼻腔）labialcavity（唇腔）Thevocaltract:thelongtubularstructureformedbythepharyngealcavity,oralcavityandnasalcavityThevocaltract12\nThepharyngealcavity咽腔Larynx(喉):atthetopofthetrachea(气管),thefrontofwhichistheAdam’sapple.Thisisthefirstplacewheresoundmodificationmightoccur.vocalfolds(vocalcords):Vocalcordsaretwomembranes,thepositionsofwhichgivesdifferentsounds.●Whenthevocalcordsareapart,theaircanpassthrougheasilyandthesoundproducedissaidtobevoiceless.e.g.[p,s,t]●Whentheyareclosetogether,theairstreamscausethemtovibrateandproducesvoicedsounds.e.g.[b,z,d]●Whentheyaretotallyclosed,noaircanpassbetweenthem,thenproducetheglottalstop[?]13\nTheoralcavity口腔Theoralcavityprovidesthegreatestsourceofmodification.Tongue:themostflexibleUvula,theteethandthelipsHardpalate,softpalate(velum)Alveolarridge:therough,bonyridgeimmediatelybehindtheupperteethVariousobstructionscreatedwithintheoralcavityleadtotheproductionofvarioussounds[p][b];[s][z];[k][g]14\nThenasalcavity鼻腔Thenasalcavityisconnectedtotheoralcavityatthebackofthemouth.Thesoftpartoftherootofthemouth,thevelum(softpalate)canbedrawbacktoclosethepassage(鼻腔)sothattheaircanonlygothroughthemouthandproducevowelsandmostconsonants.Thepassagecanalsobeleftopentoallowairtoexitthroughthenoseandproducenasalconsonants[m][n][g]15\n1.3phonetictranscription语音标示/音标—amethodofwritingdownspeechsoundsinasystematicandconsistentway.theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabetItisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.IPA:OttoJesperson(1860-1943)16\n1.3IPA(InternationalphoneticAlphabet)ThedevelopmentoftheIPA:TheDanishgrammarianOttoJesperson(1860-1943)(叶斯柏生)firstproposedtheideain1886.ThefirstversionofIPAwaspublishedinAugust1888.Thelatestversionwasdevisedin1993andcorrectedin1996and2005.Thebasicprinciple:usingaseparateletterselectedfrommajorEuropeanlanguagesforeachdistinctivesoundandthesamesymbolshouldbeusedforthatsoundinanylanguageinwhichitappears.17\n1.4Englishspeechsounds1.4.1ClassificationEnglishspeechsoundsConsonantsVowelsSemi-vowels(semi-consonants)soundsproducedbyconstrictingandobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplace.soundsproducedwithnoobstruction.thesoundsproducedwithlittleobstruction.Eg.[w],[y](alsocalledglidesortransitionsounds)18\n1.4.2DescriptionThreeparameterstoidentifyaconsonant:①placeofarticulation:placeinthemouthwhereobstructionoccurs②mannersofarticulation:waysinwhicharticulationcanbeaccomplished③stateofvocalcords:voicedVS.voicelessConsonants19\nMannerofarticulationofconsonants20\nPlaceofarticulationofconsonants21\nVoicing带声性/声带振动性voicelessvoicedvoicelessvoiced22\nAchartofEnglishconsonants23\nMaryMac'smother'smakingMaryMacmarryme.Mymother'smakingmemarryMaryMac.WillIalwaysbesomerrywhenMary'stakingcareofme?WillIalwaysbesomerrywhenImarryMaryMac?Nasal鼻音[m]24\nIfashipshapeshipshopstockssixshipshapeshop-soiledships,howmanyshipshapeshop-soiledshipswouldsixshipshapeshipshopsstock?Fricative擦音[f],[s],[F]25\n26\n—Englishvowelscanbedividedintotwolargecategories:Monophthongsorpure/singlevowels单元音Diphthongsorglidingvowels双元音—thequalityofvowelsdependonpositionoftongueandtheshapeoflips.Vowels1.4.2Description27\nFourcriteria(parameters)ofvoweldescription:1.theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low);2.thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back);3.thelengthortensenessofthevowel(tensevs.laxorlongvs.short),and4.lip-rounding(roundedvs.unrounded).Vowels28\n29\n30\nDiphthongs/glidingvowels31\nClassificationofpurevowels32\nThroughthreecheesetreesthreefreefleasflew.Whilethesefleasflew,freezybreezeblew.Freezybreezemadethesethreetreesfreeze.Freezytreesmadethesetrees'cheesefreeze.That'swhatmadethesethreefreefleassneeze.highfronttenseunroundedvowel[i:]33\n2.Phonology音系学Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmittedandreceived.Itisconcernedwiththeactualphysicalarticulation,transmissionandperceptionofspeechsounds.Phonologyisessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsounds.ItisconcernedwiththeabstractandmentalaspectofthesoundsinlanguagePhonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.34\n2.1phoneticsandphonologySomeremainingphoneticstudies:1)Co-articulation协同发音Simultaneous/overlappingarticulationbecauseoftheinfluenceoftheneighborsound(s)eg.:“map”where[æ]isinfluencedby[m],makingitabitnasalized.“lamb”where[æ]becomesmorelikethefollowingsound[m].35\nAnticipatory/perseverativecoarticulationIfthesoundbecomesmorelikethefollowingsound,asinthecaseoflamb,itisknownasanticipatorycoarticulation先期协同发音.Ifthesoundshowstheinfluenceoftheprecedingsound,itisperseverativecoarticulation后滞协同发音,asisthecaseofmap.36\nDiacritic变音符Thefactthatthevowel[a]inlambhassomequalityofthefollowingnasalisaphenomenonwecallnasalization.Toindicatethatavowelhasbeennasalized,weaddadiacritictothetopofthesymbol[æ],as[æ~].eg:façade上所加的变音符号résumé上表示发高音的记号37\n2)broad/narrowtranscription宽式和严式标音Whenweuseasimplesetofsymbolsinourtranscription,itiscalledabroadtranscription.Theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasanarrowtranscription.Botharephonetictranscriptionssoweputbothformsinsquarebrackets[].38\nBroad/narrowtranscription39\nPhone（音素):thesmallestperceptiblediscretesegmentofsoundinastreamofspeech.(inthemouth)Phoneme（音位）：Asoundwhichiscapableofdistinguishingonewordoroneshapeofawordfromanotherinagivenlanguageisaphoneme.(inthemind)2.2phonemes,phonesandallophonesi)phoneticunitii)notnecessarilydistinctiveofmeaningiii)physicalasheardorproducediv)markedwith[]i)phonologicalunitii)distinctiveofmeaningiii)abstract,notphysicaliv)markedwith//.40\nallophone(音位变体):phonicvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophoneofthesamephoneme.Physicallydifferentbutpsychologicallythesametospeakers.So/p/isaphoneme/p/=[p],[ph],[p¬]or/p/={p,ph,p¬}Notation://=phoneme[]=phone{}=setofallophones2.2phonemes,phonesandallophonese.g.:pot,spot,cup:[ph]vs.[p]vs.[p¬](unreleased)41\n1)Phoneticenvironment/context:thesound(s)precedingandthat/thosefollowingit.e.g:Thephoneticenvironmentof[i]in[pit]is[p_t]andthatof[p]is[#_it](#representssilenceorwordboundary).Question:Whatisthephoneticenvironmentof[t]in[pit]?2.3Minimalpairs&complementarydistributionKey:[pi_]42\n2)Minimalpairs最小对立体Threerequirementsforidentifyingminimalpairs:1)differentinmeaning;2)onlyonephonemedifferent;3)thedifferentphonemesoccurinthesamephoneticenvironment.e.g.aminimalpair:pat-fat;lit-lip;phone-toneminimalset:pat,mat,bat,fat,cat,hat,etc43\n3)complementarydistribution互补分布Phoneticallysimilarsoundsmightberelatedintwoways.Iftheyaretwodistinctivephoneme,theymightformacontrast;e.g./p/and/b/in[pit]and[bit];Iftheyareallophonesofthesamephoneme,thentheydon’tdistinguishmeaning,butcomplementeachotherindistribution,i.e.theyoccurindifferentphoneticcontext.Purposeforthenotionofminimalpair:tofindoutthedistinctivesounds.Contrastivedistribution:[bit]vs.[but];[pit]vs.[bit]Complementarydistribution:peak-speak:[phi:k]vs.[spi:k]44\n45\n2.4Distinctivefeatures区别特征—thefeaturethatcandistinguishonephonemefromanotherwhenotherfeaturesarealike.eg:/p/,itsdistinctivefeaturesare[-voiced],[+bilabial],[-nasal].However,[aspirated]isnotadistinctivefeaturefor/p/.Distinctivefeaturesarelanguage-specific.e.g.“ba”(爸)“pa”(怕)InChinese,thesetwosoundsaredistinguishedbyaspiration,whileinEnglishtheyaredistinguishedby“voicing”46\n2.5Suprasegmentalfeatures超音段特征—featuresthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegment,suchasstress（重音），length（音程）,rhythm（节奏），tone（音调），intonation（语调）及juncture（音渡）．StressTherearetwokindsofstressthatareimportanttoachievinggoodpronunciation.eg:1.47\n.1)word-levelstress2)phrase-levelorsentence-levelstress1.advert/advertisement5.photograph/photographer2.popular/popularity6.organise/orgnisation3.celebrate/celebrity7.publish/publicity4.music/musician8.evacuate/evacuation1.IwantTWOticketstoLondon.2.IwanttwoTICKETStoLondon.3.IwanttwoticketstoLONDON.Stress48\nintonationWhenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.TypesofintonationpatternsEnglishcanbespokencorrectlyandnaturallywiththefollowingthreeintonationpatterns:falling,risingandfalling-rising.2.49\nForexample:1)IMEThiminthe↘LAB.I’llFINISHitTO↘DAY.2)Didyou↗SEEhim?CanIREADitTO↗WORROW?3)↘↗Manyofthem.Hewas↘very↗friendly.FallingintonationRisingintonationFalling/risingintonation50\ntoneTonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferentratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Pitchvariationscandistinguishmeaning.Themeaning-distinctivefunctionofthetoneisespeciallyimportantinwhatwecalltonelanguages.（声调语言）eg:Chineseisatypicaltonelanguage.Englishisnotatonelanguage.Chinesehasfourtones:level,rise,fall-rise,andfall.Changeoftonecancertainlychangethemeaning.(八，拔，靶，爸)3.51\n中英文语言对比Chinese:syllable-timedlanguage以音节(字)为计时单位。汉语中,音节(字)的数目是韵律的基础,除了一些助词念得较快较含糊外,一般每个字所占用的时间大致相等,读得也清清楚楚。讲究字正腔圆。52\nEnglish:stress-timedlanguage以重音为计时单位，在英语中,重音和轻音是交替出现的,而重读音节才是节奏的基础、主体。重读音节总是声调较高,响度较大,发音清楚,所占时间较长；而轻读音节则声调较低,响度小,读得快而含糊,所占时间较短。所以,重音与重音之间总是保持大致相等的实际距离。重音之间的轻读音节越多,就读得越快越含糊。Eg:Myclassmate/hasfinished/thework.（３个意群）Myclassmate/areworking/inafactory.53\n2.5Suprasegmentalfeatures超音段特征使用不同的节拍和停顿，会有以下四种意义：（1）“下雨天，留客天，留我不留？”（2）“下雨天留客，天留我不留。”（3）“下雨，天留客，天留我不留。”（4）“下雨天，留客天，留我不？留。”eg:Iscream/icecreamTheproblemisthatwehaven’tenoughtime.研究性实验室过路人等不得在此小便．“下雨天留客天留我不留”54\n1.Phonetics1.1Speechproductionandperception1.2Speechorgans(articulators)1.3phonetictranscription1.4Englishspeechsounds2.Phonology2.1phonologyandphonetics2.2phonemes,phonesandallophones2.3Minimalpairsandcomplementarydistribution2.4Distinctivefeatures2.5SuprasegmentalfeaturesSummary55\nHomeAssignmentReading&Writing56\nHomeAssignment1.ReadthematerialfromP49-53,finishthefollowingexercise:Howmanywaysthatwecanutterthesentence“JackThomaswasborninLondon”andwhat’sthemeaningdifference?2.Exemplifytherelationshipbetweenphone,phonemeandallophone.(东南大学2002年硕士研究生考题)57\nFeedbackfromStudentsPaymoreattentiontotheunderstandingoftechnicalterms.Givemoreexamplestoillustratetheabstractnotions.58